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Avrupa Birliği Üyesi Ülkelerde Yenilenebilir Enerjiye Sağlanan Teşvikler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 104, 1 - 26, 01.03.2017

Öz

Avrupa Birliği’nde Yenilenebilir Enerjiye YEN sağlanan temel teşvik tarife garantisidir. AB’de ayrıca az sayıda ülkede YEN’in teşvikinde Yenilenebilir Portföy Standardı kullanılmaktadır. Vergi teşvikleri tüm dünyada olduğu gibi AB’de de tamamlayıcı/yardımcı politika aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda en cazip teşvik gelir vergisi kredisidir. Bunun yanında harcama vergisi indirimleri, emlak vergisi muafiyeti ve ulaştırma yakıtları için indirimli vergi oranları söz konusudur. Avrupa’da bir diğer uygulama da fosil yakıtlardan enerji/karbon vergisi alınmasıdır. YEN kaynaklarından üretilen elektrik, bu vergiden istisna tutulmak suretiyle, YEN’e rekabet avantajı sağlanmaktadır. Türkiye’de YEN’e sağlanan en önemli teşvik tarife garantisidir. Ancak AB ile karşılaştırıldığında garantiden yararlanma süresinin daha kısa olduğu görülmektedir. Türkiye’de YEN yatırımlarına yönelik spesifik vergi düzenlemeleri bulunmaması da YEN yatırımlarının gelişimi açısından büyük eksikliktir. YEN yatırımlarınının teşvik edilmesi, ithalata olan bağımlılığı azaltacak ve ekonomik gelişmeyi hızlandıracaktır

Kaynakça

  • Abolhosseini, Shahrouz ve Almas Heshmati (2014), “The Main Support Mechanisms to Finance Renewable Energy Development”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 8182, May.
  • Aguirre Mariana ve Gbenga Ibikunle (2014), “Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis”, Energy Policy, 69: 374–384.
  • Antonelli Marco ve Umberto Desideri (2014), “The Doping Effect of Italian Feed-in Tariffs on the PV Market”, Energy Policy, 67: 583–594.
  • Artigues PereMir ve Pablo del Río (2014), “Combining Tariffs, Investment Subsidies and Soft Loans in a Renewable Electricity Deployment Policy”, Energy Policy, 69: 430–442.
  • Ayoub Nasser ve NakaYuji (2012), “Government Alintervention Approaches to Promote Renewable Energies-Special Emphasison Japanese feed-intariff” , Energy Policy, 43: 191–201.
  • Bahar Heymi, Jagoda Egeland ve Ronald Steenblik (2013), Domestic Incentive Measures for Renewable Energy with Possible Trade Implications, OECD Trade and Environment Paper No. 2013/01.
  • Belhamadia Ahmed, Muhamad Mansor ve Mahmoud A. Younis (2014), “A Study on Wind and Solar Energy Potentials in Malaysia”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 4 (4): 1042-1048.
  • Berry Trent ve Mark Jaccard (2011), “The Renewable Portfolio Standard: Design Considerations and an Implementation Survey”, Energy Policy, 29: 263- 277.
  • BNEF (2015), “Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http:// www.fs-unep-centre.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2016).
  • Cansino Jose´ M., Marı´a del P.Pablo-Romero, Rocı´o Roma´ n ve Rocı´o Yniguez (2010), “Tax Incentives to Promote Green Electricity: An Overview of EU- 27 Countries”, Energy Policy 38: 6000–6008.
  • Carley Sanya (2009), “State Renewable Energy Electricity Policies: An Empirical Evaluation of Effectiveness”, Energy Policy, 37: 3071–3081.
  • Clement David, Matthew Lehman, Jan Hamrin ve Ryan Wiser (2005), International Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy: Lessons for Public Policy, Draft Report, Center for Resource Solutions San Francisco, California, June 17.
  • CMS (2008), Comparative Study on the Main Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms in European Jurisdictions.
  • COM (2005), Commission of the European Communities, The Support of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources, Brussels, 7.12.2005, COM(2005) 627 final.
  • Ceylan, Ali (2016), Cari Açık Enerji İthalatımız ve Yenilikçilik, http://aliceylan. com.tr/V2/cari-acikenerji-ithalatimiz-ve-yenilikcilik/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30/12.2016).
  • Connor Peter, VeitB¨ urger, Luuk Beurskens, Karin Ericsson ve Christiane Egger (2013), “Devising Renewable Heat Policy: Overview of Support Options”, Energy Policy, 59: 3-16.
  • Dünya Gazetesi (2017), Yenilenebilirde AB Lideri İsveç, 16 Mart 2017 Perşembe.
  • EREC (2010), European Renewable Energy Council, Renewable Energy in Europe, Earthscan Ltd., UK.
  • Eser Levent Yahya ve Sedat Polat (2015), “Elektrik Üretiminde Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Kullanımına Yönelik Teşvikler: Türkiye ve İskandinav Ülkeleri Uygulamaları”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, Sayı 12, Ocak.
  • Frondel Manuel, Nolan Ritter, Christoph M. Schmidt ve Colin Vance (2010), “Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: The German Experience”, Energy Policy, 38: 4048–4056.
  • Ghiollarnath Carol Ni (2011), Renewable Energy Tax Incentives and WTO Law: Irreconcilably Incompatible? An Examination of the WTO-Consistency of Direct Corporate Tax Incentives for the Development of Renewable Energy, Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Hirvonen Janne, Genku Kayo, Sunliang Cao, Ala Hasan ve Kai Sirén (2015), “Renewable Energy Production Support Schemes for Residential-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Nordic Conditions”, Energy Policy, 79: 72–86.
  • Hogg Katy ve Ronan O’Regan (2009), “Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms: An Overview”, http://www.globelawandbusiness.com/RN/sample.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2013).
  • Hohler Alice, Chris Greenwood ve George Hunt (2005), UNFCCC Report on Investment in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.
  • IEA (2016a), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Belgium, 2016 Review, http:// www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2016b), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Portugal, 2016 Review, http:// www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2015), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Spain, 2015 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2016).
  • IEA (2014a), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Lüxembourg, 2014 Review, http:// www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2016).
  • IEA (2014b), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Austria, 2014 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2016).
  • IEA (2012), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, The United Kingdom, 2012 Review, http://www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2009a), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Italy, 2009 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2009b), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, France, 2009 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (25.05.2016).
  • Jacobs David (2009), “Framework Conditions and International Best Practices for Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms”, Bakü, Azerbaijan, 14-18 December.
  • Kemp William H. (2009), The Renewable Energy Handbook, Aztext Press, Kanada.
  • Klessmann Corinna, Anne Held, Max Rathmann ve Mario Ragwitz (2011), “Status and Perspectives of Renewable Energy Policy and Deployment in the European Union-What is Needed to Reach the 2020 Targets?”, Energy Policy, 39: 637–7657.
  • Knopf Brigitte, Paul Nahmmacher ve Eva Schmid (2015), “The European Renewable Energy Target for 2030-an Impactassess- Ment of the Electricity Sector”, Energy Policy, 85: 50–60.
  • KPMG (2015), Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy, September.
  • KPMG (2013), Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy, September.
  • KPMG (2012), Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy, June.
  • Lehr Ulrike, Christian Lutz ve Dietmar Edler (2012), “Green Jobs? Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy in Germany”, Energy Policy, 47: 358–364.
  • Lehtovaara Matti, Matti Karvonen ve Tuomo Kässi (2013), “The Role of Energy Support Schemes in Renewable Energy Market Penetration”, International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2(2): 30-40.
  • Linscott, Brad (2011), Renewable Energy, A Common Sense Energy Plan, Tate Publishing, USA.
  • Marata Gerard, Olegario Soldevila Ferrer, Jeff W Dorrill ve Erin Larkin Watkins (2010), “Renewable Energy Incentives in the United States and Spain: Different Paths –Same Destination?”, Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 28(4): 481-502.
  • MaRS (2010), Financing Renewable Energy, January.
  • Meeus Leonardo (2012), “Renewable Energy: Support Mechanisms Analysis”, http://fsr.eui.eu/Documents/Presentations/Energy/2012/120625- 29SummerSchool Energy/120628MeeusLeonardo1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2013).
  • Mezher Toufic, Gihan Dawelbait ve Zeina Abbas (2012), “Renewable Energy Policy Options for Abu Dhabi: Drivers and Barriers”, Energy Policy, 42: 315–328.
  • Nielsen Lene ve Tim Jeppesen (2003), “Tradable Green Certificates in Selected European Countries-Overview and Assessment”, Energy Policy, 31: 3–14.
  • Norden (2013), Efficient Strategy to Support Renewable Energy, Nordic Council of Ministers 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2013-545, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2016).
  • OECD (2012), Environmental Performance Review of Germany www.oecd.org/ env/countryreviews/germany, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2013).
  • OECD (2011), Optimising Incentives to Spur Investment in Renewable Energy in the MENA Region Key Findings from the 7th Meeting of the MENA-OECD Energy Task Force Presentation to the Euro-Mediterranean Energy Forum Barcelona, 24th and 25th October.
  • Palmer Karen, Anthony Paul, Matt Woerman ve Daniel C. Steinberg (2011), “Federal Policies for Renewable Electricity: Impact Sandinteractions”, Energy Policy, 39: 3975–3991.
  • Pegels Anna (2010), “Renewable Energy in South Africa: Potentials, Barriers and Options for Support”, Energy Policy, 38: 4945–4954.
  • REN (2015), Renewables 2015 Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/ wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2016).
  • REN (2012), Renewable Energy, Medium-Term Market Report, http://www. iea.org/ Textbase/npsum/MTrenew2012SUM.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2013).
  • Rio Pablo del ve Miguel Gual (2004), “The Promotion of Green Electricity in Europe: Present and Future”, European Environment Eur. Env., 14: 219– 234.
  • Rooijen Sascha N.M. van ve Mark T. van Wees (2006), “Green Electricity Policies in the Netherlands: Analysis of Policy Decisions”, Energy Policy, 34: 60–71.
  • Rowlands Ian H. (2005), “The European Directive on Renewable Electricity: Conflicts and Compromises”, Energy Policy, 33: 965–974.
  • Ruijs, A. ve H. R. Vollebergh (2013), “Lessons from 15 Years of Experience with the Dutch Tax Allowance for Energy Investments for Firms”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 55, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/5k47zw350q8v-en, (Erişim tarihi 06.12.2014).
  • Sangroya Deepak ve Jogendra Kumar Nayak (2015), “Development of Wind Energy in India”, Internatıonal Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 5(1): 1-13.
  • Shazmin S. A. A., I. Sipan ve M. Sapri (2016), “Property Tax Assessment Incentives for Green Building: A Review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60: 536–548.
  • Schleicher Tappeser Ruggero (2012), “How Renewables will Change Electricity Markets in the next Five Years”, Energy Policy, 48: 64–75.
  • Sherlock Molly F. (2011), Energy Tax Incentives: Measuring Value Across Different Types of Energy Resources, Congressional Research Service, August 10.
  • Tang Amy, Nicola Chiara ve John E. Taylor (2012), “Financing Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Formulation, Pricing and Impact of a Carbon Revenue Bond”, Energy Policy, 45: 691–703.
  • TR 83 Bölgesi Yenilenebilir Enerji Raporu (2011), http://www.ctso.org.tr/depo- dosya/b91e6d2481b7f475c6e80c3016e38ca5--bd-.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2015).
  • UNEP (2015), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http://www. fs-unep-centre.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2016) .
  • Ünlü, Didem Eray (2016), Kömürden Vazgeçenlerin Sayısı Artıyor, Dünya Gazetesi, 29 Aralık Perşembe.
  • Winkler, Harald (2005), “Renewable Energy Policy in South Africa: Policy Options for Renewable Electricity”, Energy Policy, 33: 27–38.
  • Zhang, Xiaoling, Liyin Shen ve SumYee Chan (2012), “The Diffusion of Solaren Energy Use in HK: What are the Barriers?”, Energy Policy, 41: 241–249.
  • Zhao Yong, KamKi Tang ve Li-liWang (2013), “Do Renewable Electricity Policies Promote Renewable Electricity Generation? Evidence from Panel Data”, Energy Policy, 62: 887–897.

AN EXAMINATION ON INCENTIVES PROVIDED FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER COUNTRIES

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 104, 1 - 26, 01.03.2017

Öz

Feed-in Tariff is the main incentive provided for renewable energy REN in the European Union. Also, Renewable Portfolio Standard RPS is used in a few EU countries for the promotion of REN. Tax incentives, as the case is all over the world, are used as a complementary policy instrument in the EU. In this context, the most attractive incentive is income tax credits. In addition to these incentives, there are expenditure tax reductions, estate tax exemption, and reduced tax rates for transport fuels. Another practice in Europe is to get energy/carbon tax from fossil fuels. Competitive advantage is provided to REN by maintaining energy tax exemptions for the electricity that is generated from REN sources. Feed-in tariff is the most important incentive provided for REN in Turkey. However, when compared with the EU, it seems that the period of guarantee utilization is shorter in Turkey. The lack of specific tax regulations for REN investments in Turkey is also a major drawback for the development of REN investments. Promoting REN investments will reduce dependence on import and accelerate economic development

Kaynakça

  • Abolhosseini, Shahrouz ve Almas Heshmati (2014), “The Main Support Mechanisms to Finance Renewable Energy Development”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 8182, May.
  • Aguirre Mariana ve Gbenga Ibikunle (2014), “Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis”, Energy Policy, 69: 374–384.
  • Antonelli Marco ve Umberto Desideri (2014), “The Doping Effect of Italian Feed-in Tariffs on the PV Market”, Energy Policy, 67: 583–594.
  • Artigues PereMir ve Pablo del Río (2014), “Combining Tariffs, Investment Subsidies and Soft Loans in a Renewable Electricity Deployment Policy”, Energy Policy, 69: 430–442.
  • Ayoub Nasser ve NakaYuji (2012), “Government Alintervention Approaches to Promote Renewable Energies-Special Emphasison Japanese feed-intariff” , Energy Policy, 43: 191–201.
  • Bahar Heymi, Jagoda Egeland ve Ronald Steenblik (2013), Domestic Incentive Measures for Renewable Energy with Possible Trade Implications, OECD Trade and Environment Paper No. 2013/01.
  • Belhamadia Ahmed, Muhamad Mansor ve Mahmoud A. Younis (2014), “A Study on Wind and Solar Energy Potentials in Malaysia”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 4 (4): 1042-1048.
  • Berry Trent ve Mark Jaccard (2011), “The Renewable Portfolio Standard: Design Considerations and an Implementation Survey”, Energy Policy, 29: 263- 277.
  • BNEF (2015), “Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http:// www.fs-unep-centre.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2016).
  • Cansino Jose´ M., Marı´a del P.Pablo-Romero, Rocı´o Roma´ n ve Rocı´o Yniguez (2010), “Tax Incentives to Promote Green Electricity: An Overview of EU- 27 Countries”, Energy Policy 38: 6000–6008.
  • Carley Sanya (2009), “State Renewable Energy Electricity Policies: An Empirical Evaluation of Effectiveness”, Energy Policy, 37: 3071–3081.
  • Clement David, Matthew Lehman, Jan Hamrin ve Ryan Wiser (2005), International Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy: Lessons for Public Policy, Draft Report, Center for Resource Solutions San Francisco, California, June 17.
  • CMS (2008), Comparative Study on the Main Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms in European Jurisdictions.
  • COM (2005), Commission of the European Communities, The Support of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources, Brussels, 7.12.2005, COM(2005) 627 final.
  • Ceylan, Ali (2016), Cari Açık Enerji İthalatımız ve Yenilikçilik, http://aliceylan. com.tr/V2/cari-acikenerji-ithalatimiz-ve-yenilikcilik/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30/12.2016).
  • Connor Peter, VeitB¨ urger, Luuk Beurskens, Karin Ericsson ve Christiane Egger (2013), “Devising Renewable Heat Policy: Overview of Support Options”, Energy Policy, 59: 3-16.
  • Dünya Gazetesi (2017), Yenilenebilirde AB Lideri İsveç, 16 Mart 2017 Perşembe.
  • EREC (2010), European Renewable Energy Council, Renewable Energy in Europe, Earthscan Ltd., UK.
  • Eser Levent Yahya ve Sedat Polat (2015), “Elektrik Üretiminde Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Kullanımına Yönelik Teşvikler: Türkiye ve İskandinav Ülkeleri Uygulamaları”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, Sayı 12, Ocak.
  • Frondel Manuel, Nolan Ritter, Christoph M. Schmidt ve Colin Vance (2010), “Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: The German Experience”, Energy Policy, 38: 4048–4056.
  • Ghiollarnath Carol Ni (2011), Renewable Energy Tax Incentives and WTO Law: Irreconcilably Incompatible? An Examination of the WTO-Consistency of Direct Corporate Tax Incentives for the Development of Renewable Energy, Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Hirvonen Janne, Genku Kayo, Sunliang Cao, Ala Hasan ve Kai Sirén (2015), “Renewable Energy Production Support Schemes for Residential-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Nordic Conditions”, Energy Policy, 79: 72–86.
  • Hogg Katy ve Ronan O’Regan (2009), “Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms: An Overview”, http://www.globelawandbusiness.com/RN/sample.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2013).
  • Hohler Alice, Chris Greenwood ve George Hunt (2005), UNFCCC Report on Investment in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.
  • IEA (2016a), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Belgium, 2016 Review, http:// www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2016b), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Portugal, 2016 Review, http:// www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2015), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Spain, 2015 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2016).
  • IEA (2014a), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Lüxembourg, 2014 Review, http:// www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2016).
  • IEA (2014b), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Austria, 2014 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2016).
  • IEA (2012), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, The United Kingdom, 2012 Review, http://www.iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2009a), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Italy, 2009 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2016).
  • IEA (2009b), Energy Policies of IEA Countries, France, 2009 Review, http://www. iea.org/t&c, (25.05.2016).
  • Jacobs David (2009), “Framework Conditions and International Best Practices for Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms”, Bakü, Azerbaijan, 14-18 December.
  • Kemp William H. (2009), The Renewable Energy Handbook, Aztext Press, Kanada.
  • Klessmann Corinna, Anne Held, Max Rathmann ve Mario Ragwitz (2011), “Status and Perspectives of Renewable Energy Policy and Deployment in the European Union-What is Needed to Reach the 2020 Targets?”, Energy Policy, 39: 637–7657.
  • Knopf Brigitte, Paul Nahmmacher ve Eva Schmid (2015), “The European Renewable Energy Target for 2030-an Impactassess- Ment of the Electricity Sector”, Energy Policy, 85: 50–60.
  • KPMG (2015), Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy, September.
  • KPMG (2013), Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy, September.
  • KPMG (2012), Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy, June.
  • Lehr Ulrike, Christian Lutz ve Dietmar Edler (2012), “Green Jobs? Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy in Germany”, Energy Policy, 47: 358–364.
  • Lehtovaara Matti, Matti Karvonen ve Tuomo Kässi (2013), “The Role of Energy Support Schemes in Renewable Energy Market Penetration”, International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2(2): 30-40.
  • Linscott, Brad (2011), Renewable Energy, A Common Sense Energy Plan, Tate Publishing, USA.
  • Marata Gerard, Olegario Soldevila Ferrer, Jeff W Dorrill ve Erin Larkin Watkins (2010), “Renewable Energy Incentives in the United States and Spain: Different Paths –Same Destination?”, Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 28(4): 481-502.
  • MaRS (2010), Financing Renewable Energy, January.
  • Meeus Leonardo (2012), “Renewable Energy: Support Mechanisms Analysis”, http://fsr.eui.eu/Documents/Presentations/Energy/2012/120625- 29SummerSchool Energy/120628MeeusLeonardo1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2013).
  • Mezher Toufic, Gihan Dawelbait ve Zeina Abbas (2012), “Renewable Energy Policy Options for Abu Dhabi: Drivers and Barriers”, Energy Policy, 42: 315–328.
  • Nielsen Lene ve Tim Jeppesen (2003), “Tradable Green Certificates in Selected European Countries-Overview and Assessment”, Energy Policy, 31: 3–14.
  • Norden (2013), Efficient Strategy to Support Renewable Energy, Nordic Council of Ministers 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2013-545, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2016).
  • OECD (2012), Environmental Performance Review of Germany www.oecd.org/ env/countryreviews/germany, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2013).
  • OECD (2011), Optimising Incentives to Spur Investment in Renewable Energy in the MENA Region Key Findings from the 7th Meeting of the MENA-OECD Energy Task Force Presentation to the Euro-Mediterranean Energy Forum Barcelona, 24th and 25th October.
  • Palmer Karen, Anthony Paul, Matt Woerman ve Daniel C. Steinberg (2011), “Federal Policies for Renewable Electricity: Impact Sandinteractions”, Energy Policy, 39: 3975–3991.
  • Pegels Anna (2010), “Renewable Energy in South Africa: Potentials, Barriers and Options for Support”, Energy Policy, 38: 4945–4954.
  • REN (2015), Renewables 2015 Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/ wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2016).
  • REN (2012), Renewable Energy, Medium-Term Market Report, http://www. iea.org/ Textbase/npsum/MTrenew2012SUM.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2013).
  • Rio Pablo del ve Miguel Gual (2004), “The Promotion of Green Electricity in Europe: Present and Future”, European Environment Eur. Env., 14: 219– 234.
  • Rooijen Sascha N.M. van ve Mark T. van Wees (2006), “Green Electricity Policies in the Netherlands: Analysis of Policy Decisions”, Energy Policy, 34: 60–71.
  • Rowlands Ian H. (2005), “The European Directive on Renewable Electricity: Conflicts and Compromises”, Energy Policy, 33: 965–974.
  • Ruijs, A. ve H. R. Vollebergh (2013), “Lessons from 15 Years of Experience with the Dutch Tax Allowance for Energy Investments for Firms”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 55, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/5k47zw350q8v-en, (Erişim tarihi 06.12.2014).
  • Sangroya Deepak ve Jogendra Kumar Nayak (2015), “Development of Wind Energy in India”, Internatıonal Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 5(1): 1-13.
  • Shazmin S. A. A., I. Sipan ve M. Sapri (2016), “Property Tax Assessment Incentives for Green Building: A Review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60: 536–548.
  • Schleicher Tappeser Ruggero (2012), “How Renewables will Change Electricity Markets in the next Five Years”, Energy Policy, 48: 64–75.
  • Sherlock Molly F. (2011), Energy Tax Incentives: Measuring Value Across Different Types of Energy Resources, Congressional Research Service, August 10.
  • Tang Amy, Nicola Chiara ve John E. Taylor (2012), “Financing Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Formulation, Pricing and Impact of a Carbon Revenue Bond”, Energy Policy, 45: 691–703.
  • TR 83 Bölgesi Yenilenebilir Enerji Raporu (2011), http://www.ctso.org.tr/depo- dosya/b91e6d2481b7f475c6e80c3016e38ca5--bd-.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2015).
  • UNEP (2015), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http://www. fs-unep-centre.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2016) .
  • Ünlü, Didem Eray (2016), Kömürden Vazgeçenlerin Sayısı Artıyor, Dünya Gazetesi, 29 Aralık Perşembe.
  • Winkler, Harald (2005), “Renewable Energy Policy in South Africa: Policy Options for Renewable Electricity”, Energy Policy, 33: 27–38.
  • Zhang, Xiaoling, Liyin Shen ve SumYee Chan (2012), “The Diffusion of Solaren Energy Use in HK: What are the Barriers?”, Energy Policy, 41: 241–249.
  • Zhao Yong, KamKi Tang ve Li-liWang (2013), “Do Renewable Electricity Policies Promote Renewable Electricity Generation? Evidence from Panel Data”, Energy Policy, 62: 887–897.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ali Çelikkaya Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 104

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelikkaya, A. (2017). Avrupa Birliği Üyesi Ülkelerde Yenilenebilir Enerjiye Sağlanan Teşvikler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Sayıştay Dergisi(104), 1-26.