Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Fonksiyonel Uygunluk: 60 – 94 Yaş Arası Normal ve Fazla Kilolu Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin Fonksiyonel Uygunluklarının Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı 60-94 yaş arası yaşlı yetişkinlerin Senior Fitness Test (SFT) sonuçlarının Vücut Kütle İndeksi (VKİ) ve yaş gruplarında cinsiyete göre, ikinci amacı elde edilen STF sonuçlarının standart norm değerleri ile karşılaştırmasıdır. Araştırmaya yaşları 60-94 arasında olan toplam 273 yaşlı yetişkin birey katılmıştır. VKİ değerleri 25 kg/m2 altında olan 151 (71 kadın, 80 erkek) birey normal kilolu ve 25 kg/m2 üzeri olan 122 (70 kadın, 52 erkek) birey fazla kilolu grubunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada tıbbi muayene gerekmeden kısa sürede uygulanabilen kas kuvveti, aerobik dayanıklılık, çeviklik/dinamik denge ve esneklik ölçümleri yapan ve altı farklı test parametresinden oluşan SFT kullanılmıştır. Çarpıklık basıklık değerleri ile normallik a nalizi yapılan veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği için bağımsız iki grup karşılaştırmasında bağımsız örneklem t testi, bağımsız ikiden fazla grubun karşılaştırılmasında tek yönlü varyans analizi ve yaş grupları arasındaki farkın kaynağının belirlenmesi için post hoc testlerinden Bonferroni testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler esneklik gerektiren testlerde kadınların daha yüksek değerlere ulaştığını, kuvvet, dayanıklılık, çeviklik/beceri gerektiren testlerde erkeklerin ölçüm değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğunu, ilerleyen yaş ile beraber incelenen performans değerlerinin düştüğünü, düşüşün özellikle 70 yaş üzeri grupta üst seviyeye ulaştığını; bacak kuvveti, kol kuvveti, dayanaklılık ve esneklik özelliklerinde artan yaş ile birlikte normal ve fazla kilolu gr uplar arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğunu göstermektedir (p<0,05). Esneklik gerektiren testlerde kadınlar daha yüksek değerlere ulaşırken, kuvvet, dayanıklılık, çeviklik/beceri gerektiren testlerde erkeklerin ölçüm değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar yaşlı yetişkinlerin fiziksel uygunluk değerlendirmeleri için önemli ipuçları vererek, fazla kilonun fiziksel performans üzerine olumsuz etki yaptığını ve katılımcıların testlerin büyük bölümünde standart norm değerlerinin altında kaldığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• SFT
• Fazla kilo
• Hareketlilik
• Fonksiyonel uygunluk
• fonksiyonel test

Functional Fitness for Older Adults: Comparison of Functional Fitness of Normal Weight and Overweight Older Adults between the ages of 60-94

Öz

The aim of the study is to compare the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) results of older adults aged 60 to 94 with body mass index (BMI) and the obtained STF results by age groups and gender with standard norm values. A total of 273 older adult aged between 60-94 participated in the study. 151 (71 women, 80 men) older adult with BMI values below 25 kg/m2 constituted the normal weight group and 122 (70 women, 52 men) older adult with BMI values above 25 kg/m2 constituted the overweight group. In the study, SFT, which consists of six different test parameters and measures muscle strength, aerobic endurance, agility/dynamic balance and flexibility, and can be applied in a short time without the need for medical examination was used. Since the data analyzed for skewness - kurtosis and normality analysis showed normal distribution, the independent sample t-test was used in the comparison of two independent groups, one-way analysis of variance in the comparison of more than two independent groups, and the Bonferroni test, one of the post-hoc tests, to determine the reason of the difference in source. The data obtained show that the performance decreases with the increasing age, the decline reaches the upper level especially in the group above the age of 70, and there is a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of leg strength, arm strength, endurance and flexibility with increasing age (p <0.05). The results give important clues for the elderly’s physical fitness assessments, showing that excess weight has a negative impact on physical performance and that participants fall below standard norm values in most of the tests. According to these results, it is assumed that excess weight will negatively affect achieving standard norm values.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Older people
• Functional test
• Overweight
• Mobility
• Functional fitness

Kaynakça

1. 1. Abdullah, A., Peeters, A., De Courten, M., ve Stoelwinder, J. (2010). The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 89(3), 309-319.
2. 2. Aksay, E. (2021). Rehabilitasyon Sporunun Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin Performans Düzeylerine Etkilerinin Senior Fitness Test ile Belirlenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(2), 247-264.
3. 3. Aksay, E., ve Göngörür, Ö. (2019). Rehabilitasyon Sporlarının Yaşlı Bireylerin Performans Düzeylerine Etkileri. 17. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi. Antalya.
4. 4. Aksay, E. (2013). Do simple warning signs enhance the use of stairs? Health Education Journal, 73(6), 683–692.
5. 5. Allmer, H. (2005). Physical activity and cognitive functioning in aging. Journal of Public Health, 13(4), 185-188.
6. 6. Baumgartner, T.A., Jackson, A.S., Mahar, M.T., Rowe, D.A. (2007). Measurement for evaluation in physical education and exercise science (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7. 7. Chmelo, E.A., Crotts, I.C., Newman, J.C., Brinkley, T.E., Lyles, M.F, Leng, X., Marsh, A.P., ve Nicklas, B.J. (2015). Heterogeneity of physical function responses to exercise training in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 63, 462-469.
8. 8. Chodzko-Zajko, W.J., Proctor, D.N., Fiatarone, M.A., Singh, M.D., Minson, C.T., Nigg, C.R., Salem, G.J., ve Skinner, J.S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41, 7, 1510-1530.

9. 9. Cohen, J. (1988). The analysis of variance. In Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (second ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. New York.
10. 10. Conzelmann, A., ve Blank, M. (2009). Entwicklung der Ausdauer. Baur J, Bös K, Conzelmann A, Singer R, (Ed.). Handbuch motorische Entwicklung. 2nd ed. Schondorf: Hofmann.
11. 11. Davi, G. (2018). Alzheimer’s disease in physicians – assessing professional competence and tempering stigma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378, 1073–5.
12. 12. Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund. (2016). Der Alltags-Fitness-Test. Deutsches Übungs-leitermanual. DOSB e.V. Geschäftsbereich Sportentwicklung: Frankfurt am Main.
13. 13. Dunn., A., Marsden, D.L., Van Vliet, P., Spratt, N.J., ve Callister, R. (2017). Independently ambulant, community-dwelling stroke survivors have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, mobility and knee strength compared to an age- and gender-matched cohort. Top Stroke Rehabilitation, 24(3),163–69.
14. 14. Eichberg, S., ve Mechling, H. (2009). Motorische Entwicklung im höheren Erwachsenenalter. Baur, J., Bös, K., Conzelmann, A., Singer, R. (Ed.). Handbuch motorische Entwicklung (s. 333–348). Schorndorf: Hofmann Verlag.
15. 15. Fiatrone, M.A., Marks, E.C., Ryan, N.D., Meredith, C.N., Lipsitz, L.A., ve Evans, W.J. (1990). High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. The Journal of American Medical Association, 263, 3029–3034.
16. 16. George, D., ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Pearson, Boston.
17. 17. Granacher, U., Gruber, M., ve Gollhofer, A. (2009). Resistance training and neuromuscular performance in seniors. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(9), 652 – 657.
18. 18. Guh, D.P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C.L., ve Anis, A.H. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 9:88
19. 19. Halvorsrud, L., ve Kalfoss, M. (2007). The conceptualization and measurement of quality of life in older adults: a review of empirical studies published during 1994–2006. European Journal Ageing 4, 229–246.
20. 20. Holviala, J.H., Sallinen, J.M., Kraemer, W.J., Alen, M.J., ve Häkkinen, K.K. (2006). Effects of strength training on muscle strength characteristics, functional capabilities, and balance in middle-aged and older women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 336–344.
21. 21. Jones, C.J., ve Rikli, R.E. (2002a). Senior fitness test manual. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity.10(1), 110.
22. 22. Jones, C.J., ve Rikli, R.E. (2002b). Measuring functional fitness of older adults. Journal on Active Aging,1(2), 24-30.
23. 23. Kilmen, S. (2015). Eğitim araştırmacıları için SPSS: Uygulamalı istatistik. Edge Akademi Yayıncılık: Ankara
24. 24. Kosel, H., ve Froböse, I. (1999). Rehabilitations- und Behindertensport. 2., völlig neu überarbeitete Auflage, neue Ausgabe. Pflaum. München
25. 25. Kostić, R., Pantelić, S., Uzunović, S., ve Djuraskovic, R. (2011). A comparative analysis of the indicators of the functional fitness of the elderly. The Facta Universitatis Series Physical Educatin and Sport, 9(2),161–171.
26. 26. Kubesch, S. (2007). Das bewegte Gehirn Körperliche Aktivität und exekutive Funktionen. Schorndorf: Hofmann.
27. 27. Kurth, B.M. (2012). Erste Ergebnisse aus der „Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland“ (DEGS) Bundesgesundheitsblatt -Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheits-schutz, 55(8), 980–990.
28. 28. Laake, K. (2003). Geriatri i praksis (Geriatrics in practice). 4th edn., Gyldendal Akademisk: Oslo.
29. 29. Langhammer, B., ve Stanghelle, J.K. (2018). Senior fitness test; a useful tool to measure physical fitness in persons with acquired brain injury, Brain Injury, 33(2), 183-188.
30. 30. Langhammer, B., ve Stanghelle, J.K. (2011). Functional fitness in elderly Norwegians measured with the senior fitness test advances in physiotherapy. Advances in Physiotherapy, 13(4), 137-144.
31. 31. Loellgen, H., ve Loellgen, D. (2011). Risikoreduktion kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen durch körperliche Aktivität. Der Internist, 53, 20-9.
32. 32. Macaluso, A., ve De Vito, G. (2004). Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people. European. Journal of Applied. Physiology, 91(4), 450–472.
33. 33. Mahar, M.R., ve Rowe, D.A. (2008). Practical guidelines for valid and reliable youth fitness testing. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12(3), 126–145.
34. 34. Mason, R.C., Horvat, M., ve Nocera, J. (2016). The effects of exercise on the physical fitness of high and moderate-low functioning older adult women. Journal of Aging Research, 2016(ID:8309284), 1-7.
35. 35. Mensink, G.B., Schienkiewitz, A., Haftenberger, M., Lampert, T., Ziese, T., ve Scheidt-Nave, C. (2013). Overweight and obesity in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 56(5-6), 786-94
36. 36. Morrow, J.R., Jackson, A.W., Disch, J.G., ve Mood, D.P. (2011). Measurement and evaluation in human performance (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
37. 37. Newton, R.U., Häkkinen, K., Häkkinen, A., McCormick, M., Volek, J., ve Kraemer, W.J. (2002). Mixed-methods resistance training increases power and strength of young and older men. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 34(8), 1367–1375.
38. 38. Oswald, W.D., Gunzelmann, T., Rupprecht, R., ve Hagen, B. (2006). Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: the SimA study in a 5- year perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 3, 179-192.
39. 39. Pandey, A, Patel, M.R., Willis, B., Gao, A., Leonard, D., Das, S.R. ve Berry, JD. (2016). Association between midlife cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of stroke: the cooper center longitudinal study. Stroke, 47(7), 1720–26.
40. 40. Puthoff, M.L, ve Nielsen, D.H. (2007). Relationships among impairments in lower-extremity strength and power, functional limitations, and dis- ability in older adults. Physical Therapy, 87(10), 1334–1347.
41. 41. Rikli, R.E., ve Jones, C.J. (2013a). Senior fitness test manual (2. Aufl.). Champain, USA: Human Kinetics.
42. 42. Rikli, R.E., ve Jones, C.J. (2013b). Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years. Gerontologist, 53(2), 255-67.
43. 43. Rikli, R.E., ve Jones, C.J. (1999a). Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 6, 127–159.
44. 44. Rikli, R.E., ve Jones, C.J. (1999b). Functional fitness normative scores for community-residing adults, ages 60-94. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 6, 160–179.
45. 45. Roaldsen, K., Halvarsson, A., Sahlstrom, T., ve Stahle, A. (2014). Task-specific balance training improves selfassessed function in community-dwelling older adults with balance deficits and fear of falling: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitatin, 28(12), 1189-1197.
46. 46. Rowe, J.W., ve Kahn, R.L. (1997). Successful aging. Gerontologist, 37(4), 433-40
47. 47. Schienkiewitz, A., Mensink, G.B.M., Kuhnert, R., ve Lange, C. (2017). Übergewicht und adipositas bei erwachsenen in Deutschland. Journal of Health Monitoring, 2(2), 21–28.
48. 48. Sherrill, D.L., Kotchou, K., ve Quan, S.F. (1998). Association of physical activity and human sleep disorders. Archives of Internal Medicine, 28;158(17), 1894-8.
49. 49. Statistisches Bundesamt. (2019). Annahmen und Ergebnisse der 14. koordinierten Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung - Bevölkerung im Wandel. Statistisches Bundesamt: Wiesbaden.
50. 50. Wessel, K., ve Hummel, A. (2019). Bewegung und Sport als alternsstabilisierende Aktivi-täten. Zeitschrift für Gerontologi und Geriatrie, 52, 290-291.
51. 51. Wollny, R. (2002). Motorische entwicklung in der lebens- spanne: warum lernen und optimieren manche menschen bewegungen besser als andere? Schorndorf: Hofmann.
52. 52. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (2007). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. AICR, Washington DC.
53. 53. World Health Organization (2013). Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013 – 2020. WHO. Geneva.
54. 54. World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO. Technical Report Series 894. Geneva
55. 55. Zimmermann, K. (2000). Gesundheitsorientiertes muskelkrafttraining: Theorie, empirie, praxisorientierung. Schorndorf: Hofmann.