Yabancı Futbolcu Kontenjanı ile Takım Performansı Arasındaki İlişki

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 105 - 118, 30.06.2025

Fatih Mehmet Parlar , Emre Uysal , Nedim Tekin

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1641475

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Süper Ligi'nde uygulanan yabancı oyuncu kontenjanları ile Türkiye Milli Takımı ve Süper Lig takımlarının Avrupa kupalarındaki performans göstergeleri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırmada nicel yaklaşım benimsenerek, TFF (Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu) Süper Ligi’nin 1996-2024 yıllarına ait yabancı futbolcu kontenjan uygulamalarına dair verileri analiz edilmiş ve yabancı oyuncu kontenjanları ile çeşitli performans göstergeleri arasındaki korelasyon araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, yabancı oyuncu kontenjanı ile milli takım ve kulüp performans göstergeleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Buna göre yıl bazında yabancı oyuncu kontenjanları ile A Milli Takım’ın yıllık ortalama puanı, UEFA ülke sıralaması, büyük turnuvalarda ulaşılan eleme aşamaları, A Milli Takım’ın Dünya Kupası ile Avrupa Şampiyonası’na katılım durumu, UEFA turnuvalarına katılan kulüp sayısı ve UEFA’nın Kulüpler düzeyindeki liglerinde oynanan maç sayıları arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon tespit edilmemiştir. Ancak, toplam yabancı oyuncu kontenjanı ile Türkiye Milli Takımı'nın ilk 11'inde Türkiye liglerinden çağırılarak yer alan oyuncu sayısı ortalamaları (r=-.739; p<0.01) ve diğer liglerden çağırılarak yer alan oyuncu sayısı ortalamaları (r=.739; p<0.01) arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Yine, ilk 11'deki yabancı oyuncu kontenjanı ile Türkiye Milli Takımı'nın ilk 11'inde Türkiye’den çağırılarak yer alan oyuncu sayısı ortalamaları (r=-642; p<0.01) ve diğer liglerden çağırılarak yer alan oyuncu sayısı ortalamaları (r=.642; p<0.01) arasında da anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, yabancı oyuncu kotasının milli takım veya kulüp takımlarının Avrupa kupalarındaki performansının birincil belirleyicisi olmadığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yabancı oyuncu kotası, Türkiye Süper Ligi, Türkiye Millî Takımı, Futbol, Performans yönetimi

The Relationship Between Foreign Football Player Quota and Team Performance

Öz

In this study, the relationship between the foreign player quotas applied in the Turkish Super League (TSL) and the performance indicators of the Turkish National Team and Super League teams in European cups is analyzed. By adopting a quantitative approach in the study, the data on the foreign player quota practices of the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) Super League for the years 1996-2024 were analyzed, and the correlation between the foreign player quota and various performance indicators was investigated. The results reveal that there is no statistically significant relationship between the foreign player quota and national team and club performance indicators. Accordingly, no significant correlation was found between foreign player quotas on a yearly basis and the annual average score of the national team, UEFA country ranking, qualification stages reached in major tournaments, the participation of the national team in the World Cup and European Championship, the number of clubs participating in UEFA tournaments, and the number of matches played in UEFA's Club level leagues. However, a significant relationship was found between the total foreign player quota and the mean number of players called up from Turkish leagues in the starting 11 of the Turkish National Team (r=-.739; p<0.01) and the mean number of players called up from other leagues (r=.739; p<0.01). Again, a significant relationship was found between the quota of foreign players in the starting 11 and the mean number of players called up from Türkiye in the starting 11 of the Turkish National Team (r=-642; p<0.01) and the mean number of players called up from other leagues (r=.642; p<0.01). These findings indicate that the foreign player quota is not the primary determinant of the performance of the national team or club teams in European cups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Foreign player quota, Türkiye Super League, Türkiye National Team, Football, Performance management

Kaynakça

• Addesa, F., and Delice, E. (2019). Reform effectiveness and unresolved issues of the football in the Turkish Super League. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 8(2), 2-7.
• Ayik, U. (2022). 5+ 1, 5+ 1+ 2 or 6+ 2+ 2. A geographical perspective on the never-ending debate of home-grown versus foreign footballers in Turkey. Soccer & Society, 23(8), 932-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1993195
• Baur, D. G., and Lehmann, S. (2007). Does the mobility of football players influence the success of the national team? IIIS Discussion Paper No. 217.
• Beinsports. (2021). Fatih Terim'den yabancı kuralı açıklaması. Retrieved 11.05.2024 from https://beinsports.com.tr/haber/fatih-terimden-yabanci-kurali-aciklamasi-2
• Binder, J. J., and Findlay, M. (2012). The effects of the Bosman ruling on national and club teams in Europe. Journal of Sports Economics, 13(2), 107-129.
• Burrows, A., Massey, B., and Drakeford, S. (2014). Why has England not won a major football competition since 1966? In The Sports Monograph: Critical perspectives on socio-cultural sport, coaching and Physical Education. SSTO Publications, 141-151.
• Charyev, G. (2016). Consequences of the limit on foreign players in Russian football. Soccer & Society, 17(4), 571-587.
• CNNTURK. (2019). Last minute foreign rule move from TFF. Retrieved May 15, 2024 from https://www.cnnturk.com/spor/futbol/tffden-son-dakika-yabanci-kurali-hamlesi?page=11
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342
• Eurosports. (2024). World cup previous winners. Retrieved May 11 2024 from https://www.eurosport.com/football/world-cup/palmares.shtml
• Fişne, M., and Bardakçı, S. (2019). A research on foreign player limitation in the Turkish football with the overview of the fans. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 8(1), 541-565.
• Flores, R., Forrest, D., and Tena, J. d. D. (2010). Impact on competitive balance from allowing foreign players in a sports league: Evidence from European soccer. Kyklos, 63(4), 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00487.x
• Frick, B. (2009). Globalization and Factor Mobility: The Impact of the``Bosman-Ruling''on Player Migration in Professional Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics, 10(1), 88-106.
• Gammelsæter, H. (2009). The organization of professional football in Scandinavia. Soccer & Society, 10(3-4), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970902771373
• Gardiner, S., and Welch, R. (2011). Nationality quotas in European football. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3(3), 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2011.589169
• Gündüz, B., Shamatava, K., and Sayan, İ. (2019). The effect of the foreign football player limitation on teams economies. International Sport Science Student Studies, 1(1), 58-68.
• Hardman, A., and Lorwerth, H. (2014). Player quotas in elite club football. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 8(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2014.931879
• Haslam, N. (2004). Relational models theory: A contemporary overview (pp. 3–25). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611413
• Horne, J., and Manzenreiter, W. (2004). Football, culture, globalisation: Why professional football has been going East. In Football goes east (pp. 17-34). Routledge.
• Karaca, O. (2008). The impact of foreign players on international football performance. MPRA. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11064/1/MPRA_paper_11064.pdf
• Kornbeck, J. (2017). Bosman and athlete welfare: The sports law approach, the social policy approach, and the EU Guidelines on Dual Careers. Liverpool Law Review, 38, 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-017-9203-9
• Lago-Peñas, C., Lago-Peñas, S., and Lago, I. (2019). Player migration and soccer performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00616
• Madichie, N. (2009). Management implications of foreign players in the English Premiership League football. Management Decision, 47(1), 24-50.
• Marcén, M. (2016). The Bosman ruling and the presence of native football players in their home league: the Spanish case. European Journal of Law and Economics, 42, 209-235.
• McCutcheon, J. P. (2002). Free movement in European sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2(4), 308-320.
• Medcalfe, S., and Smith, R. (2018). The effect of foreign players on pay and performance in Major League Soccer. International Journal of Sport Finance, 13(4), 297-318.
• Mifsud, J. (2022). Proposed increase in foreign player quota in top-tier maltese football: An in-depth investigation of local attitudes. MCAST Journal of Applied Research and Practice, 6(3), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0900
• Özaydın, S., and Aksu, Y. E. (2019). The effects of foreign player regulations on player productivity in the Turkish Super League. Journal of Research in Economics, 3(2), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.35333/JORE.2019.54
• Papanikos, G. T. (2024). Foreign players in the Greek Football League: Evidence from the 2023-24 regular season. Athens Journal of Sports, 11(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.11-1-4
• Royuela, V., and Gásquez, R. (2019). On the influence of foreign players on the success of football clubs. Journal of Sports Economics, 20(5), 718-741.
• Sever, O., Ciğerci, E., Öztop, M., İpekoğlu, G., Gönülateş, S., Akyildiz, Z., and Nobari, H. (2023). How does the increase in foreign players affect football? BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(1), 32.
• Solberg, H. A. (2008). The international trade of players in European club football: consequences for national teams. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 10(1), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-10-01-2008-B009
• Sports Interactive. (2024). League information. Sports İnteractive. Retrieved May 10, 2024, from https://community.sports-interactive.com/sigames-manual/football-manager-2024/league-information-r4954/
• Taştan, H. Ş. (2021). The effects of the number of foreign players and market values of the super league clubs on the sports success of the clubs. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(2), 268-281.
• TFF 2008-2009 Status. (2008). 2008 – 2009 Season Turkcell Super League Competitions Status. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/TFF/statu2008/TSL-2008-2009.pdf
• TFF 2011-2012 Status. (2011). TFF 2011-2012 Status. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/0002012/Ligler/SuperLig/2011.10.26-Spor-Toto-Super-Lig-Statusu.pdf
• TFF 2012-2013 Status. (2012). TFF 2012-2013 Status,. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/000013/TFF/STATULER/Spor-Toto-Super-Lig-Statusu-2012-13.pdf
• TFF 2015-2016 Status. (2015). TFF 2015-2016 Status. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/00000016/Ligler/Statuler/2015-2016-Sezonu-SporTotoSuperLig-Statusu.pdf
• TFF 2017-2018 Status. (2017). TFF 2017-2018 Status. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/STATULER/2017-2018/2017-2018-Super-Lig-Statusu.pdf
• TFF 2020-2021 Status. (2020). TFF 2020-2021 Status. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/STATULER/2020-2021/2020-2021-SL-STATU.pdf
• TFF. (2024). Number of foreign players in the Super League will be reduced to 12 starting from the 2024-2025 Season. Retrieved Dec 01, 2024, from https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=687&ftxtID=43115
• Travlos, A. K., Dimitropoulos, P., and Panagiotopoulos, S. (2017). Foreign player migration and athletic success in Greek football. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7(3), 258-275. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-02-2016-0006
• Trequattrini, R., Massaro, M., Lardo, A., and Cuozzo, B. (2019). Knowledge transfer and managers turnover: impact on team performance. Business Process Management Journal, 25(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-06-2017-0169
• TRT Spor. (2020). Technical men evaluated the new foreign rule. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.trtspor.com.tr/haber/futbol/teknik-adamlar-yeni-yabanci-kuralini-degerlendirdi-18515948
• Türkmen, A., and Şenocak, H. D. (2021). Determinants of ımport and export in Turkish football. Alanya Academic Review Journal, 5(3), 1393-1410. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.873091
• UEFA. (2024). UEFA Rankings. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/uefarankings/
• Varmus, M., Kubina, M., and Adámik, R. (2019). Impact of the proportion of foreign players’ appearances on the success of football clubs in domestic competitions and european competitions in the context of new culture. Sustainability, 12(1), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010264
• Wicker, P., Feiler, S., and Breuer, C. (2013). Organizational mission and revenue diversification among non-profit sports clubs. International Journal of Financial Studies, 1(4), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs1040119
• Yüce, A., Katırcı, H., and Kuzu, C. (2017). Foreign Football Player Limit in Turkısh Football Leagues and Opinions of Turkish Football Players. CBÜ Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 12(2), 24-39.