SOSYAL MEDYA SİYASAL KATILIM İLİŞKİSİ: UYGULAMALAR VE OLAYLAR ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 36, 66 - 93, 30.04.2020

Alper Tütünsatar Murat Okcu

Öz

Tarihsel olarak,
yeni iletişim araçlarının ortaya çıkması ve yaygınlaşması, siyasal iletişimi
etkilemiş ve siyasal iletişimin araştırma konuları arasında yer almıştır.
Web1.0’dan web 2.0’a geçiş ve sosyal medyanın gelişimi siyasal iletişimde yeni
fırsatların doğmasını sağlamıştır. Yüz milyonlarca kullanıcıya ulaşan ve halen
büyümekte olan bu web siteleri aslında siyasi iletişimi önemli ölçüde
değiştirmiştir. Bu değişimden etkilenen alanlardan biri de siyasal katılım
olmuştur.

Bu çalışma, sosyal
medyanın siyasal katılım üzerindeki etkisini uygulamalar ve olaylar üzerinden
tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle siyasal katılım ve sosyal
medya literatürü incelenecek ardından sosyal medyanın popüler
uygulamalarından,  ülkemizde ve dünyada
iz bırakmış toplumsal olaylardan örneklere yer verilecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Siyasal Katılım, Sosyal Medya, siyasal davranış

Kaynakça

• KAYNAKÇAAkbıyık, N., & Öztürk, M. (2012). Sivil Toplum ve Sosyal Medya Perspektifinde “Arap Baharı” ve “Wall Street‟i İşgal Et” Eylemleri. acarindex.com, 1003-1027.
• Akgün, M., Cop, B., Emre, Y., & Yesevi, Ç. G. (2014). Gezi Parkı'nda Ne oldu? Katılımcıların Penceresinden Bir Gezi Parkı Değerlendirmesi. İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Küresel Siyasal Eğilimler Merkezi.
• Aktan, E. (2017). Sosyal Medya ve Siyasal Katılım. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
• Arslan, S., & Seçim, H. (2015). Bir Siyasal İletişim Aracı Olarak Facebook'un Seçmenlerin Oy Verme Kararı Üzerindeki Etkileri: KKTC 2013 Milletvekilliği Erken Gelen Seçimleri Örneği. Folklor/Edebiyat, 9-32.
• Bakker, T. P., & de Vreese, C. (2011). Good News for the Future? Young People, Internet Use, and Political Participation. Communication Research, 451-470.
• Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. (2009). MyFaceTube Politics: Social Networking Web Sites and Political Engagement of Young Adults. Social Science Computer Review, 24-44.
• Bimber, B. (2001). Information and Political Engagement in America: The Search for Effects of InformationTechnology at the Individual Level. Political Research Quarterly, 53-67.
• Blumler, J. G., & Kavanagh, D. (2010). The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features. Political Communication, 209-230.
• Bode, L. (2012). Facebooking It to the Polls: A Study in Online Social Networking and Political Behavior. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 352-369.
• Bode, L. (2015). Political News in the News Feed: Learning Politics From Social Media. Mass Communication and Society, 24-48.
• Bode, L., & Dalrymple, K. (2016). Politics in 140 Characters or Less: Campaign Communication, Network Interaction, and Political Participation on Twitter. Journal of Political Marketing, 311-332.
• Boomerang. (2016, Temmuz 20). 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişiminde Sosyal Medyanın Rolü. Boomerang İstanbul: http://boomerangistanbul.com/15-temmuz-darbe-girisiminde-sosyal-medyanin-rolu/ adresinden alındı
• Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: a metaanalysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 524-538.
• Boyd, D. (2008). Can social network sites enable political action? International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 241-244.
• Brown, R. (2009). Public relations and the social web : using social media and Web 2.0 in communications. Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
• Castells, M. (2015). Networks of outrage and hope : social movements in the Internet age. Malden: Polity Press.
• Curry, K. E. (2018). Politics in the Social Media Era: The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Political Participation During the 2016 United States Presidential Election. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Portland, ABD: Portland State University.
• Çağlar, N., & Asığbulmuş, H. (2017). X ve Y Kuşaklarının Siyasal Davranışında Sosyal Medyanın Etkisi: Gaziosmanpaşa İlçesinde Bir Araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 85-112.
• Çildan, C., Ertemiz, M., Küçük, E., Tumucin, H., & Albayrak, D. (2012). Sosyal Medyanın Politik Katılım ve Hareketlerdeki Rolü. Akademik Bilişim 2012. Uşak: İnternet Teknolojileri Derneği.
• Davis, R. (2009). Typing politics : the role of blogs in American politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (1999). Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Demirtaş, Z. G., & Demirtaş, İ. (2017). Kriz Dönemlerinde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: 15 Temmuz Darbe (Kalkışma) Girişimi Sonrasında Türkiye'deki Bakanlar Kurulu Üyelerinin Twitter Kullanımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 137-146.
• Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. (2013). The Effects of Social Media on Political Participation and Candidate Image Evaluations in the 2012 Iowa Caucuses. American Behavioral Scientist, 1568-1583.
• Doğan, G., & Durgun, B. (2012). Arap Baharı ve Libya: Tarihsel Süreç Ve Demokratikleşme Kavramı Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 61-90.
• Dursunoğlu, İ. (2017). Sosyal Medya ve Siyasal Davranış İlişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1579-1585.
• Effing, R., van Hillegersberg, J., & Huibers, T. (2011). Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook,Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems? E. Tambouris, A. Macintosh, & H. de Bruijn içinde, Electronic Participation (s. 25-35). Berlin: Springer.
• Erbaysal Filibeli, T. (2016). Gezi Parkı Protestoları ve Haber Dili: Barış Gazeteciliği Perspektifiyle Haber Dili. İleti-ş-im, 39-74.
• Feezel, J., Conroy, M., & Guerrero, M. (2009). Facebook is... Fostering Political Engagement: A Study of Online Social Networking Groups and Offline Participation. Toronto: American Political Science Association.
• Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets: social Media and Contemporary Activism. New York: Pluto Press.
• Gibson, R. K., Howard, P., & Ward, S. (2000). Social Capital, Internet Connectedness & Political Participation: A Four-Country Study. 2000 International Political Science Association. Quebec.
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Puig-I-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society, 553-574.
• Gleason, B. (2013). #Occupy Wall Street: Exploring Informal Learning About a Social Movement on Twitter. American Behavioral Scientist, 966-982.Göksu, V. (2016). Kamusal Alan ve Siyasal Katılma Mecrası Olarak Sosyal Medya. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
• Graham-Felsen, S. (2011, Ekim 18). Is Occupy Wall Street the Tumblr Revolution? Aralık 5, 2017 tarihinde The Daily Good: https://www.good.is/articles/is-occupy-wall-street-the-tumblr-revolution adresinden alındı
• Gulati, G. J., & Williams, C. (2010). Congressional Candidates' Use of YouTube in 2008: Its Frequency and Rationale. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 93-109.
• Güdekli, A. (2016). Yeni Medyada Siyasal Söylem: 7 Haziran 2015 Milletvekili Genel Seçimi Sürecinde Siyasi Liderlerin Twıtter Kullanımı. CBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 131-154.
• Güven, S. (2017). Siyasal İletişim Sürecinin Dönüşümü, Siyasal Katılım, ve İletişim Teknolojileri. The Turkish Journal of Design, Art and Communication.
• Hänska Ahy, M. (2014). Networked Communication and the Arab Spring: Linking Broadcast and Social Media. new media & society, 1-18.
• Hatcher, A. M. (2013). From The Internet To The Streets: Occupy Wall Street, The Internet, And Actıvısm. Kuzey Arizona Üniversitesi Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Arizona, ABD: Kuzey Arizona Üniversitesi .
• Housholder, E., & LaMarre, H. (2015). Political Social Media Engagement: Comparing Campaign Goals With Voter Behavior. Public Relations Review, 138-140.
• Howard, P., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M., Mari, W., & Mazaid, M. (2011). Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring? Project on Information Technology & Political Islam.
• Ianchovichina, E. (2018). Eruptions of Popular Anger: The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath. MENA Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• Iskander, E. (2011). Connecting the national and the virtual: can Facebook activism remain relevant after Egypt’s January 25 uprising? International journal of communication, 1225-1237.
• Jessica Vitak, M. P. (2011). It’s Complicated: Facebook Users’ Political Participation in the 2008 Election. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour and Social Networking, 107-114.
• Kerbel, M. R., & Bloom, J. (2005). Blog for America and Civic Involvement. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 3-27.
• Klein, H. K. (1998). Tocqueville in Cyberspace: Using the Internet for Citizen Associations. The Information Society, 213-220.
• Klinger, U., & Russmann, U. (2017). Beer Is More Efficient Than Social Media Political Parties and Strategic Communication in Austrian and Swiss National Elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 299-313.
• Knuckey, S., & Glenn, K. (2013). Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Occupy Wall Street. New York: The Global Justice Clinic & The Walter Leitner International Human Rights Clinic.
• Komlik, O. (2014, Aralık 27). The original email that started Occupy Wall Street. Economic Sociology and Political Economy: https://economicsociology.org/2014/12/27/the-original-email-that-started-occupy-wall-street/ adresinden alındı
• Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students’ Use of Online Media and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election. Mass Communication and Society, 608-630.
• La Rosa, A. (2104). Social Media and Social Movements Around the World. B. Patrut, & M. Patrut içinde, Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media (s. 35-49). Bacau: Springer.
• Larsson, A. O., & Moe, H. (2011). Studying Political Microblogging: Twitter Users in the 2010 Swedish Election Campaign. new media & society, 729-747.
• Lev-On, A. (2012). YouTube Usage in Low-Visibility Political Campaigns. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 9(2), 205-216. doi:10.1080/19331681.2011.645360
• Madison, L. (2011, Ekim 11). Conservatives launch "We are the 53%" blog in response to "Occupy Wall Street". Aralık 10, 2017 tarihinde CBS NEWS: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/conservatives-launch-we-are-the-53-blog-in-response-to-occupy-wall-street/ adresinden alındı
• McKenna, L., & Pole, A. (2008). What Do Bloggers Do: An Average Day on an Average Political Blog. Public Choice, 97-108. doi:10.1007/sl 1127-007-9203-8
• Miller, P., Bobkowski, P., Maliniak, D., & Rapoport, R. (2015). Talking Politics on Facebook: Network Centrality and Political Discussion Practices in Social Media. Political Research Quarterly, 377-391.
• Mishel, L., & Bivens, J. (2011). Occupy Wall Streeters Are Right About Skewed Economic Rewards in the United States. Washington: Economic Policy Institute.
• Miş, N., Gülener, S., Coşkun, İ., Ayvaz, E., & Duran, H. (2016). 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimi Toplumsal Algı Araştırması. İstanbul: SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
• NTV. (2013, Haziran 2013). NTV Türkiye. Aralık 5, 2017 tarihinde NTV Türkiye: https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/erdogan-twitter-denilen-bir-bela-var,nNAKG2OAMUewglwLKFVNfA adresinden alındı
• Olkun, E. O., Yüksel, E., & Akdemir, G. (2018). Sosyal Medya ve Siyasal Katılım 2017 Referandumunda Bir Saha Araştırması. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi.Perlmutter, D. D. (2008). Blogwars. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Rodenbeck, M. (2013). A Climate of Change: Special Report The Arab Spring. New Delhi: The Economist.
• Salvador, P., Vivar, P., de Vera III, E., Inocian, R., & Rosaroso, R. (2017). Influence of Facebook to Voters’ Political Practices. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 15-23.
• Sarıtaş, A., & Aydın, E. (2015). Elections and Social Media: An Overview. International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development, 59-72.
• Sayımer, İ. (2014). Yeni Medya Ortamlarında Ağlar Oluşturan Toplumsal Hareket Deneyimleri. Elektronik Mesleki Gelişim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 97-112.
• Serfaty, V. (2011). Passionate Intensity: Political Blogs and the American Journalistic Tradition. Journal of American Studies, 303-316.
• Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. (2001). "Connecting" and "Disconnecting" With Civic Life: Patterns of Internet Use and the Production of Social Capital. Political Communication, 141-162.
• Skinner, J. (2011). Social Media and Revolution: The Arab Spring and the Occupy Movement as Seen through Three Information Studies Paradigms. All Sprouts Content.
• Stieglitz, S., Brockmann, T., & Xuan, L. (2012). Usage Of Social Media For Political Communication. PACIS 2012 Proceedings. AIS Electronic Library.
• Şener, G., Öğün Emre, P., & Akyıldız, F. (2015). Türkiye’de Sosyal Medyanın Siyasi Katılıma Etkileri. Folklor/Edebiyat, 75-98.
• Telli, A. (2012). Mısır Devriminde Sosyal Medyanın Rolü. Bilge Strateji, 65-91.
• Theocharis, Y., & Lowe, W. (2015). Does Facebook increase political participation? Evidence from a field experiment. Information, Communication & Society, 1-23.
• Tolbert, C. J., & Mcneal, R. (2003). Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation? Political Research Quarterly, 175-185.
• Towner, T., & Munoz, C. (2016). Baby Boom or Bust?: The New Media Effect on Political Participation. Journal of Political Marketing, 32-61.
• Tüfekçi, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir square. Journal of Communication, 363-379.
• Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. (2009). Is There Social Capital in a Social Network. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation, 875-901.
• Vissers, S., & Stolle, D. (2014). The Internet and new modes of political participation: online versus offline participation. Information, Communication & Society, 937-955.
• Vromen, A. (2017). Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement: he Challenge from Online Campaigning and Advocacy Organisations. Sydney, Australia: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Weber, L., Loumakis, A., & Bergman, J. (2003). Who Participates and Why? An Analysis of Citizens on the Internet and the Mass Public. Social Science Computer Review, 26-42.
• Westling, M. (2007). Expanding the Public Sphere: The Impact of Facebook on Political Communication. Society, 835-860.
• Yang, H. "., & DeHart, J. (2016). Social Media Use and Online Political Participation Among College Students During the US Election 2012. Social Media + Society, 1-18.
• YNKLABS. (2013). Gezi Parkı İnfografik. İstanbul: YNKLABS.
• Zhang, W., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. (2013). Two Sides of the Coin: Assessing the Influence of Social Network Site Use During the 2012 U.S. Presidential Campaign. Social Science Computer Review, 542-551.