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SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 7 - 36, 10.07.2017

Öz

Günümüzde cinsiyet eşitliği ve kadınların güçlendirilmesine yönelik ilerleme kaydedilmekle beraber, dünyanın her bölgesinde kadınlar ve kız çocukları ayrımcılık ve şiddete maruz kalmaya devam etmektedir. Kadın ve erkek eşitsizliğinin ve ayrımcılığının en bariz şekilde görüldüğü alanlardan biri de çalışma hayatıdır. İşgücüne katılma oranlarında ve istihdamda cinsiyete dayalı açıklar hala önemini korumaktadır. Kadınlar hala yüksek işsizlik seviyeleriyle karşılaşmaktadır. Kadınlar informel istihdamda geçici ve düşük nitelikli işlerde çalışmaktadır. Erkekler ve kadınlar arasında sektörel ve mesleki ayrımcılık sürmektedir. Ayrıca, kadınlar erkeklere göre daha düşük ücret almaktadır. İşgücü piyasasındaki bu olumsuzluklar kadınların sosyal korumaya (özellikle analık ve yaşlılık yardımlarına) erişiminde de kendini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de kadınların çalışma hayatındaki istihdam, işsizlik, çalışma şartları ve ücretler açısından konumları ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Ayrıca, çalışmada mevcut eğilimler bağlamında Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO)’nün Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin İnsana Yaraşır İş 2030 Gündemi’nde yer alan tüm kadınları güçlendirme ve cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlama hedefinin gerçekleştirilebilirliği tartışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Akar, G. vd. (2013). Overview of Firm-Size and Gender Pay Gaps in Turkey: The Role of Informal Employment, Ekonomi-tek, 2(3), 1-21.
  • Alaez-Aller R. vd. (2015). Do Mediterraneans Really Do It Better? Explaining The Lower Gender Wage Gap in Southern European Countries, International Journal of Social Welfare, 24, 120–132.
  • Berber, M.& Yılmaz, B. E.(2008). Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı: “Ülke ve Bölge Düzeyinde Sektörel Analiz, İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 2008, 10 (2), 1-16.
  • Castellano R. & Rocca, A. (2016). The Dynamic of the Gender Gap in the European Labour Market in the Years of Economic Crisis, Quality and Quantity, 2016, 1-21.
  • Dejardin, A. K. (2010). Gender Dimensions of Globalization, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Doğan, B. (2011). Gender Wage Gap in The Turkish Labor Market, İstanbul Bilgi University Institute Of Social Sciences MA Program in International Political Economy, Unpublished Thesis, İstanbul.
  • Erdoğdu, S. (1993) Türk İşçileri Açısından İş Hukuku’nda Esneklik, Çalışma Hayatında Esneklik, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir.
  • European Commission (2009). Gender Segregation in the Labour Market Root Causes, Implications and Policy Responses in the EU, European Commission’s Expert Group on Gender and Employment (EGGE), Belgium.
  • European Commission (2011). Strategy for Equality Between Women and Men 2010-2015, European Union, Belgium.
  • European Commission (2013). The Current Situation of Gender Equality in Turkey – Country Profile 2013, Belgium.
  • European Commission (2014). Tackling the Gender Pay Gap in the European Union, European Union, Belgium.
  • European Commission (2015). Strategic Engagement 2016-2019, European Union, Belgium.
  • Farré L. vd. (2009). Immigration, Family Responsibilities and The Labor Supply of Skilled Native Women, Discussion Paper No. 4265, Bonn.
  • Gunter, B. G. & van der Hoeven, R. (2004). The Social Dimension Of Globalization: A Review Of The Literature”, International Labour Review, 143 (1-2), 7-43.
  • http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdsc30, (29.07.2016)
  • http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/database, (29.07.2016).
  • http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/main-tables, (24.07.2016).
  • http://stats.oecd.org/ (31.07.2016)
  • http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54742, (30.07.2016).
  • http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54755, (24.07.2016).
  • http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2010/18/en/2/EF1018EN.pdf, (29.07.2016).
  • http://www.kureselhedefler.org/hedefler/toplumsal-cinsiyet-esitligi/ , (07.08.2016).
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do;jsessionid=YRsNQ5QB6LJvwL5ZBtF1vyJWpcnvGv1pKJnp7zw9LHHY8kFD7R1J!1727921118?id=10718&as_fid=xO4dKgM3Cx5GdwBH0rau, (31.07.2016).
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18861, (03.08.2016)
  • http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/L.1&referer=/english/&Lang=E (07.08.2016)
  • https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/isgucuapp/isgucu.zul, (30.07.2016).
  • ILO (2003). Time for Equality at Work: Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference, 91st Session, Geneva
  • ILO (2004). Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, International Labour Office Geneva, 2004.
  • ILO (2007). Equality at Work: Tackling the Challenges : Global Report Under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Geneva.
  • ILO (2016). Women At Work Trends 2016 Executive Summary, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Jabaa, E. vd. (2015). Gender Employment Gap in EU Before and After The Crisis, 7th International Conference on Globalization and Higher Education in Economics and Business Administration, GEBA 2013, Procedia Economics and Finance 20, 326-333.
  • Koç M. & Görücü, İ. (2011). 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu’na Göre Kısmi Çalışma Uygulaması ve Sonuçları, Çalışma ve Toplum, 1, 149-178.
  • Kuddo, A. (2009). Employment Services and Active Labor Market Programs in Eastern European and Central Asian Countries, The World Bank Human Development Network Social Protection Team, SP Discussion Paper No. 0918, Washington, DC.
  • Livia, C. (2014). Gender Gap Dimensions in the Labour Market in the European Union, Institute Of National Economy, Bucharest, Romania, steconomiceuoradea.ro/anale/volume/2014/n1/011.pdf, 23.07.2016.
  • Marshall, G. A. (t.y.). Dictionary of Sociology, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/ 22.05.2016
  • Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (2005). Glossary of Gender-related Terms, http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/AdvocacyEducationTools/genderglossary_migs_aug2005.pdf, 13.06.2016.
  • Mikkola A. & Miles, C. A. (2007). Development and Gender Equality: Consequences, Causes, Challenges and Cures, HECER Discussion Paper No. 159, Helsinki.
  • OECD (2012). Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD (2016). OECD Employment Outlook 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris
  • Olivetti, C. & Petrongolo, B. (2008). Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross-Country Analysis Of Gender Gaps, Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621–653.
  • Önder N. (2013). Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücünün Görünümü, ÇSGB Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1 (1), 35-61.
  • Parlaktuna, İ. (2010). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Dayalı Mesleki Ayrımcılığın Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 2010, 10 (4), 1217-1230.
  • Razavi, S. (2016) The 2030 Agenda: Challenges of Implementation to Attain Gender Equality and Women’s Rights”, Gender & Development, 24 (1) 25–41.
  • Reeves H. & Baden, S. (2000). Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions, Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex, Brighton, 2000.
  • Sawicka J.& Lagoda J. (2015). Gender and Sustainability in the Economic Development - Equal Chances For Women at the Labour Market”, Oeconomia 14 (4), 115-125.
  • Sen, S. (2010). Gendered Aspects of Globalization, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, September, Working Paper No. 621, New York.
  • Sparreboom T. (2014). Gender Equality, Part-Time Work and Segregation in Europe, International Labour Review, 153(2), 245-268.
  • T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2008). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Ulusal Eylem Planı (2008-2013), Ankara, 2008.
  • T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018, Ankara.
  • United Nations (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf , 23.07.2016
  • United Nations (2014). Gender Equality and Sustainable Development, World Survey on The Role Of Women In Development 2014, New York.
  • United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (No. A/70/L.1), New York.
  • Witkowska, D. (2013). Gender Disparities in the Labor Market in the EU, International Advances in Economic Research, 19, 331–354.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN WORKING LIFE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2030 AGENDA

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 7 - 36, 10.07.2017

Öz

Even though much progress has been achieved to provide gender equality and strengthen women, women have still been exposed to discrimination and violence all around the world. One of the most explicit fields in which gender discrimination has been encountered is working life. Shortcomings based on gender are still maintaining their importance in labor force participation percentages and employment. Women still experience high levels of unemployment. Women work in temporary and lowquality jobs in informal employment. There is still a sectoral and vocational discrimination between men and women. Besides, when compared to men, women are paid less. These negative factors in labor market reveal themselves in women's access to social protection (especially in maternal and old age assistance). In this study, the position of women in working life in European Union and Turkey in terms of employment, unemployment, working conditions and wages is going to be presented. Moreover, the feasibility of the objective to strengthen all women and provide gender equality, which is also given in Decent Work for Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda of International Labor Organization will be discussed in this study within the context of current tendencies.

Kaynakça

  • Akar, G. vd. (2013). Overview of Firm-Size and Gender Pay Gaps in Turkey: The Role of Informal Employment, Ekonomi-tek, 2(3), 1-21.
  • Alaez-Aller R. vd. (2015). Do Mediterraneans Really Do It Better? Explaining The Lower Gender Wage Gap in Southern European Countries, International Journal of Social Welfare, 24, 120–132.
  • Berber, M.& Yılmaz, B. E.(2008). Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı: “Ülke ve Bölge Düzeyinde Sektörel Analiz, İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 2008, 10 (2), 1-16.
  • Castellano R. & Rocca, A. (2016). The Dynamic of the Gender Gap in the European Labour Market in the Years of Economic Crisis, Quality and Quantity, 2016, 1-21.
  • Dejardin, A. K. (2010). Gender Dimensions of Globalization, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Doğan, B. (2011). Gender Wage Gap in The Turkish Labor Market, İstanbul Bilgi University Institute Of Social Sciences MA Program in International Political Economy, Unpublished Thesis, İstanbul.
  • Erdoğdu, S. (1993) Türk İşçileri Açısından İş Hukuku’nda Esneklik, Çalışma Hayatında Esneklik, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir.
  • European Commission (2009). Gender Segregation in the Labour Market Root Causes, Implications and Policy Responses in the EU, European Commission’s Expert Group on Gender and Employment (EGGE), Belgium.
  • European Commission (2011). Strategy for Equality Between Women and Men 2010-2015, European Union, Belgium.
  • European Commission (2013). The Current Situation of Gender Equality in Turkey – Country Profile 2013, Belgium.
  • European Commission (2014). Tackling the Gender Pay Gap in the European Union, European Union, Belgium.
  • European Commission (2015). Strategic Engagement 2016-2019, European Union, Belgium.
  • Farré L. vd. (2009). Immigration, Family Responsibilities and The Labor Supply of Skilled Native Women, Discussion Paper No. 4265, Bonn.
  • Gunter, B. G. & van der Hoeven, R. (2004). The Social Dimension Of Globalization: A Review Of The Literature”, International Labour Review, 143 (1-2), 7-43.
  • http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdsc30, (29.07.2016)
  • http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/database, (29.07.2016).
  • http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/main-tables, (24.07.2016).
  • http://stats.oecd.org/ (31.07.2016)
  • http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54742, (30.07.2016).
  • http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54755, (24.07.2016).
  • http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2010/18/en/2/EF1018EN.pdf, (29.07.2016).
  • http://www.kureselhedefler.org/hedefler/toplumsal-cinsiyet-esitligi/ , (07.08.2016).
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do;jsessionid=YRsNQ5QB6LJvwL5ZBtF1vyJWpcnvGv1pKJnp7zw9LHHY8kFD7R1J!1727921118?id=10718&as_fid=xO4dKgM3Cx5GdwBH0rau, (31.07.2016).
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18861, (03.08.2016)
  • http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/L.1&referer=/english/&Lang=E (07.08.2016)
  • https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/isgucuapp/isgucu.zul, (30.07.2016).
  • ILO (2003). Time for Equality at Work: Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference, 91st Session, Geneva
  • ILO (2004). Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, International Labour Office Geneva, 2004.
  • ILO (2007). Equality at Work: Tackling the Challenges : Global Report Under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Geneva.
  • ILO (2016). Women At Work Trends 2016 Executive Summary, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Jabaa, E. vd. (2015). Gender Employment Gap in EU Before and After The Crisis, 7th International Conference on Globalization and Higher Education in Economics and Business Administration, GEBA 2013, Procedia Economics and Finance 20, 326-333.
  • Koç M. & Görücü, İ. (2011). 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu’na Göre Kısmi Çalışma Uygulaması ve Sonuçları, Çalışma ve Toplum, 1, 149-178.
  • Kuddo, A. (2009). Employment Services and Active Labor Market Programs in Eastern European and Central Asian Countries, The World Bank Human Development Network Social Protection Team, SP Discussion Paper No. 0918, Washington, DC.
  • Livia, C. (2014). Gender Gap Dimensions in the Labour Market in the European Union, Institute Of National Economy, Bucharest, Romania, steconomiceuoradea.ro/anale/volume/2014/n1/011.pdf, 23.07.2016.
  • Marshall, G. A. (t.y.). Dictionary of Sociology, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/ 22.05.2016
  • Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (2005). Glossary of Gender-related Terms, http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/AdvocacyEducationTools/genderglossary_migs_aug2005.pdf, 13.06.2016.
  • Mikkola A. & Miles, C. A. (2007). Development and Gender Equality: Consequences, Causes, Challenges and Cures, HECER Discussion Paper No. 159, Helsinki.
  • OECD (2012). Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD (2016). OECD Employment Outlook 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris
  • Olivetti, C. & Petrongolo, B. (2008). Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross-Country Analysis Of Gender Gaps, Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621–653.
  • Önder N. (2013). Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücünün Görünümü, ÇSGB Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1 (1), 35-61.
  • Parlaktuna, İ. (2010). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Dayalı Mesleki Ayrımcılığın Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 2010, 10 (4), 1217-1230.
  • Razavi, S. (2016) The 2030 Agenda: Challenges of Implementation to Attain Gender Equality and Women’s Rights”, Gender & Development, 24 (1) 25–41.
  • Reeves H. & Baden, S. (2000). Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions, Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex, Brighton, 2000.
  • Sawicka J.& Lagoda J. (2015). Gender and Sustainability in the Economic Development - Equal Chances For Women at the Labour Market”, Oeconomia 14 (4), 115-125.
  • Sen, S. (2010). Gendered Aspects of Globalization, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, September, Working Paper No. 621, New York.
  • Sparreboom T. (2014). Gender Equality, Part-Time Work and Segregation in Europe, International Labour Review, 153(2), 245-268.
  • T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2008). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Ulusal Eylem Planı (2008-2013), Ankara, 2008.
  • T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018, Ankara.
  • United Nations (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf , 23.07.2016
  • United Nations (2014). Gender Equality and Sustainable Development, World Survey on The Role Of Women In Development 2014, New York.
  • United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (No. A/70/L.1), New York.
  • Witkowska, D. (2013). Gender Disparities in the Labor Market in the EU, International Advances in Economic Research, 19, 331–354.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Güven Murat Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Murat, G. (2017). SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 7-36.
AMA Murat G. SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK. KTÜSBD. Temmuz 2017;7(13):7-36.
Chicago Murat, Güven. “SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, sy. 13 (Temmuz 2017): 7-36.
EndNote Murat G (01 Temmuz 2017) SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7 13 7–36.
IEEE G. Murat, “SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK”, KTÜSBD, c. 7, sy. 13, ss. 7–36, 2017.
ISNAD Murat, Güven. “SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7/13 (Temmuz 2017), 7-36.
JAMA Murat G. SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK. KTÜSBD. 2017;7:7–36.
MLA Murat, Güven. “SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 13, 2017, ss. 7-36.
Vancouver Murat G. SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYETE DAYALI AYRIMCILIK. KTÜSBD. 2017;7(13):7-36.

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