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Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt

Yıl 2023, , 61 - 73, 30.04.2023

Murat Çetin , Aycan Can , Servet Kapçak

https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1173051
Cited By: 3

Öz

Ticari dışa açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması uzun bir süredir tartışma konusu olarak sürmektedir. Bu çalışma 1970-2018 döneminde Türkiye ekonomisi için ticari dışa açıklık-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisini analiz etme amacını taşır. Değişkenlerin durağanlık analizinde ADF ve PP birim kök testleri kullanılmaktadır. Sonuçlar değişkenlerin birinci farkı alındığında durağan olduğunu gösterir. Eşbütünleşme anlizi için Hatemi J- Irandoust saklı eşbütünleşme tekniği tercih edilir. Bulgulara göre ticari dışa açıklık + bileşeni ile ekonomik büyüme + bileşeni arasında bir asimetrik eşbütünleşme söz konusudur. Çalışmada uzun dönem tahminlerinde FMOLS tahmincisi kullanılır. Uzun dönem tahminleri ticari dışa açıklık + bileşeni ile ekonomik büyüme + bileşeni arasında pozitif bir ilişkiye işaret etmektedir. Nedensellik bulgularına göre ticari dışa açıklık + bileşeni ile ekonomik büyüme + bileşeni arasında iki yönlü bir nedensellik söz konusudur. Ampirik bulgular Türkiye için önemli politika önerileri sunabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ticari Dışa Açıklık Ekonomik Büyüme Saklı Eşbütünleşme Analizi Asimetrik Nedensellik FMOLS

Kaynakça

  • Afzal, M. & Hussain, I. (2010). Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 8, 130-147.
  • Alam, M. M. & Murad, M. W. (2020). The İmpacts Of Economic Growth, Trade Openness And Technological Progress On Renewable Energy Use İn Organization For Economic Co-Operation And Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Asfaw, H. A. (2014). Trade Policy and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel Data Approach. American Journal of Trade and Policy, 1, 94-101.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2006). Causality Between Exports, Imports and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies. Economics Letters, 94, 389-95.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. & Niroomand, F. (1999). Openness and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation. Applied Economics Letters, 6, 557-561.
  • Berke, B., Özcan, B. & Dizdarlar, H. (2014). Döviz Piyasasının Etkinliği: Türkiye için Bir Analiz. Ege Akademik Bakış,14(4), 621-636.
  • Bojanic, A. N. (2012). The Impact of Financial Development and Trade on the Economic Growth of Boliva. Journal of Applied Economics, 15(1), 51-70.
  • Breitung, J. & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for Short and Long-Run Causality: Afrequency-Domain Approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363-378.
  • Brueckner, M. & Lederman, D. (2015). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economica, 82, 1302-1323.
  • Bruno, M. (1987). Opening Up: Liberalization with Stabilization, in R. Dornbusch and L. Helmers (ed.). The Open Economy: Tools for Policymakers in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press.
  • Chang, C. C. & Mendy, M. (2009). Economic Growth and Openness in Africa: What is the Empirical Relationship? Applied Economics Letters, 19(18), 1903-1907.
  • Çeliköz, Y. S., Barutçu, E. & Afsal, M. Ş. (2017). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 4(7), 104-117.
  • Das, A. & Paul, B. (2011). Openness and Growth in Emerging Asian Economies: Evidence from GMM Estimations of a Dynamic Panel. Economics Bulletin, 31(3), 2219-2228.
  • Dufrenot, G., Mignon, V. & Tsangarides, C. (2010). The Trade-Growthnexus in the Developing Countries: A Quantile Regression Approach. Review of World Economics, 146(4), 731-761.
  • Edwards, S. (1992). Trade Orientation, Distortions And Growth İn Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics, 39(1), 31-57.
  • Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do Were Ally Know? Economic Journal, 108(447), 383-398.
  • Eren, M. V. & Ergin Ünal, A. (2019). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 27(39), 81-93.
  • Eris, M. N. & Ulasan, B. (2013). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Bayesian Model Averaging Estimate of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. Economic Modelling, 33, 867-883.
  • Farag, F. S., Ab-Rahim, R. & Mohd-Kamal, K. A. (2021). Foreign Trade and Economic Growth Relationship: Empirical Evidence from Libya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(4): 181-190.
  • Feenstra, R. C. (1996). Trade and Uneven Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 49(1), 229-256.
  • Fenira, M. (2015). Trade Openness and Growth in Developing Countries: An Analysis of the Relationship After Comparing Trade Indicators. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5, 468-482.
  • Frankel, A. J. & Romer, D. (1999). Does Trade Cause Growth?. American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-399.
  • Gries, T., Kraft, M. & Meierrieks, D. (2009). Finansal Derinleşme, Ticari Açıklık ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Arasındaki Bağlantılar: Sahra Altı Afrika'dan Nedensellik Kanıtı. Dünya Gelişimi, 37, 1849-1860.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Helpman, E. (1990). Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth. American Economic Review, 80, 796-815.
  • Huang, L. C. & Chang, S. H. (2014). Revisit the Nexus of Trade Openness and GDP Growth: Does the Financial System Matter? The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 23, 36-42.
  • Huang, X., He Q., Zhang Z. & Zhu K. (2023). Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Economic and Environmental Effects of China’s International Trade From a Global Value Chain Perspective. China Economic Review, 1-39.
  • Hye, Q. M. A. (2015). Long Term Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Case of Pakistan. Quality & Quantity, 46(4), 1137-1149.
  • Irwın, D. & Tervio, M. (2002). Does Trade Raisein Come? Evidence from the Twentieth Century. Journal of International Economics, 58(1), 1-18.
  • Isaksson, A. (2002). Human Capital and Economic Growth: A Survey of the Empirical Literature from 1990 to the Present, Mimeo Vienna: UNIDO.
  • Kaldor, N. (1968). Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industry: A Reply. Economica, New Series, 35(140), 385-391.
  • Kar, M. & Pentecost, E. J. (2014). Financial Development and Economic Growth in Turkey: Further Evidence on the Causality Issue. Lough Borough University Economic Research Paper, 27, 4-6.
  • Karras, G. (2003). Ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme: Kesin etkiyi tahmin edebilir miyiz? Uygulamalı Ekonometri ve Uluslararası Kalkınma, 3(7), 24.
  • Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. & Suen, Y. B. (2009). The Simultaneous Evolution of Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade Openness. The Journal of International Trade&Economic Development, 21(4), 513-537.
  • Kılavuz, E. & Topcu, B. A. (2012). Export and Economic Growth in the Case of the Manufacturing Industry: Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2 (2), 201-215.
  • Kılavuz, E., Erkekoglu, H. & Topcu, B. A. (2013). Globalizing Production Structure and Intra-Industry Trade: The Case of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3 (4), 799-812.
  • Krueger, A. O. (1978). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalization Attempts and Consequences. National Bureau of Economic Research, 74-273.
  • Lawal, A. I., Nwanji, T. I., Asaleye, A. & Ahmed, V. (2016). Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade Openness in Nigeria: An Application of the ARDL Bound Testing Approach. Cogent Economics and Finance, 4, 1–15.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in African Countries: New Insights from a Panel Causality Approach. Economic Modelling, 37, 386-394.
  • Mercan, M., Gocer, I., Bulut, S. & Dam, M. (2013). The Effect of Openness on Economic Growth for BRIC-T Countries: Panel Data Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 6(11), 1-14.
  • Musila, J. W. & Yiheyis, Z. (2015). The Impact of Trade Openness on Growth: The Case of Kenya. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37, 342-354.
  • Nowbutsing, B. M. (2014). The Impact of Openness on Economic Growth: Case of Indian Ocean Rim Countries. Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 2, 407-427.
  • Polat, A., Shahbaz, M., Rehman, I. U. & Satti, S. L. (2015). Revisiting Linkages Between Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in South Africa: Fresh Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test. Quality and Quantity, 49, 785-803.
  • Rassekh, F. (2007). Is International Trade More Beneficial to Lower Income Economies? An Empirical Inquiry. Review of Development Economics, 11, 159-169.
  • Rıvera-Batiz, L. A. & Rome, P. M. (1991). Economic Integration and End Ogenous Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 55-531.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogen Oustechno Logical Change. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102.
  • Sach, D. J. & Warner, A. (1995). Economic Reforms and the Process of Global Integration. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2534573.
  • Sakyi, D., Villaverde, J. & Maza, A. (2015). Trade Openness, Income Levels, and Economic Growth: The Case of Developing Countries: 1970–2009. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24, 860-882.
  • Shazbaz, M. (2012). Does Trade Openness Affect Long Run Growth? Cointegration, Causality and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition Tests for Pakistan. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2325-2339.
  • Shayanewako, V. B. (2018). The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of BRICS Countries. Journal of Global Economics, 6, 1-5.
  • Söderbom, M. & Teal, F. (2001). Trade and human capital as determinants of growth. CSAE Working Paper, 2001.10, Oxford.
  • Tyler, W. G. (1981). Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 9(2), 121-130.
  • Tekin, R. B. (2012). Development Aid, Openness to Trade and Economic Growth in Least Developed Countries: Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 716-721.
  • Uslu, H. (2019). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Analiz. Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3 (1), 39-64.
  • Villanueva, D. (1994). Openness, Human Development and Fiscal Policies. IMF Staff Papers, 41, 1-29.
  • Vlastou, I. (2010). Forcing Africa to Open up to Trade: Is It Worth It? The Journal of Developing Areas, 44, 25-39.
  • Yaman, H. (2021). İnsani Gelişme, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Dinamikleri: G-20 Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 69, 121-134.
  • Yanikkaya, H. (2003). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Empirical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 72(1), 57-89.
  • Yenipazarlı, A. & Erdal, F. (2010). Dış Ticaretin Serbestleşmesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 15-24.
  • Wacziarg, R. & Welch, H. K. (2003). Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: New Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 10152, 22(2), 187-231.
  • Wang, J., Yang J. & Yang L. (2023). Do Natural Resources Play a Role in Economic Development? Role of Institutional Quality, Trade Openness, and FDI. Resources Policy, 81, 1-8.
  • Warner, A. (2003). Once More Into the Breach: Economic Growth and Integration. Center for Global Development, Working Paper, 34, 2-3.
  • Zeren, F. & Ari, A. (2013). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Causality Test. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(9), 317-324.

An Analysis of the Trade Openness-Economic Growth Link: An Empirical Evidence For Turkey

Yıl 2023, , 61 - 73, 30.04.2023

Murat Çetin , Aycan Can , Servet Kapçak

https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1173051
Cited By: 3

Öz

The research of the relationship between trade openness and economic growth has been a topic of discussion for a long time. This study aims to analyze the trade openness-economic growth link for the Turkish economy in the period 1970-2018. ADF and PP unit root tests are used in the stationarity analysis of the variables. The results show that the variables are stationary when the first difference is taken. For cointegration analysis, Hatemi J-Irandoust hidden cointegration technique is preferred. According to the findings, there is an asymmetric cointegration between trade openness + component and economic growth + component. FMOLS estimator is used for long-term estimations in the study. Long-term forecasts indicate a positive relationship between trade openness + component and economic growth + component. According to the causality findings, there is a two-way causality between trade openness + component and economic growth + component. Empirical findings will be able to offer important policy recommendations for Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trade Openness Economic Growth Hidden Cointegration Analysis Asymmetric Causality FMOLS

Kaynakça

  • Afzal, M. & Hussain, I. (2010). Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 8, 130-147.
  • Alam, M. M. & Murad, M. W. (2020). The İmpacts Of Economic Growth, Trade Openness And Technological Progress On Renewable Energy Use İn Organization For Economic Co-Operation And Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Asfaw, H. A. (2014). Trade Policy and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel Data Approach. American Journal of Trade and Policy, 1, 94-101.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2006). Causality Between Exports, Imports and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies. Economics Letters, 94, 389-95.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. & Niroomand, F. (1999). Openness and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation. Applied Economics Letters, 6, 557-561.
  • Berke, B., Özcan, B. & Dizdarlar, H. (2014). Döviz Piyasasının Etkinliği: Türkiye için Bir Analiz. Ege Akademik Bakış,14(4), 621-636.
  • Bojanic, A. N. (2012). The Impact of Financial Development and Trade on the Economic Growth of Boliva. Journal of Applied Economics, 15(1), 51-70.
  • Breitung, J. & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for Short and Long-Run Causality: Afrequency-Domain Approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363-378.
  • Brueckner, M. & Lederman, D. (2015). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economica, 82, 1302-1323.
  • Bruno, M. (1987). Opening Up: Liberalization with Stabilization, in R. Dornbusch and L. Helmers (ed.). The Open Economy: Tools for Policymakers in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press.
  • Chang, C. C. & Mendy, M. (2009). Economic Growth and Openness in Africa: What is the Empirical Relationship? Applied Economics Letters, 19(18), 1903-1907.
  • Çeliköz, Y. S., Barutçu, E. & Afsal, M. Ş. (2017). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 4(7), 104-117.
  • Das, A. & Paul, B. (2011). Openness and Growth in Emerging Asian Economies: Evidence from GMM Estimations of a Dynamic Panel. Economics Bulletin, 31(3), 2219-2228.
  • Dufrenot, G., Mignon, V. & Tsangarides, C. (2010). The Trade-Growthnexus in the Developing Countries: A Quantile Regression Approach. Review of World Economics, 146(4), 731-761.
  • Edwards, S. (1992). Trade Orientation, Distortions And Growth İn Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics, 39(1), 31-57.
  • Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do Were Ally Know? Economic Journal, 108(447), 383-398.
  • Eren, M. V. & Ergin Ünal, A. (2019). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 27(39), 81-93.
  • Eris, M. N. & Ulasan, B. (2013). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Bayesian Model Averaging Estimate of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. Economic Modelling, 33, 867-883.
  • Farag, F. S., Ab-Rahim, R. & Mohd-Kamal, K. A. (2021). Foreign Trade and Economic Growth Relationship: Empirical Evidence from Libya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(4): 181-190.
  • Feenstra, R. C. (1996). Trade and Uneven Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 49(1), 229-256.
  • Fenira, M. (2015). Trade Openness and Growth in Developing Countries: An Analysis of the Relationship After Comparing Trade Indicators. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5, 468-482.
  • Frankel, A. J. & Romer, D. (1999). Does Trade Cause Growth?. American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-399.
  • Gries, T., Kraft, M. & Meierrieks, D. (2009). Finansal Derinleşme, Ticari Açıklık ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Arasındaki Bağlantılar: Sahra Altı Afrika'dan Nedensellik Kanıtı. Dünya Gelişimi, 37, 1849-1860.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Helpman, E. (1990). Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth. American Economic Review, 80, 796-815.
  • Huang, L. C. & Chang, S. H. (2014). Revisit the Nexus of Trade Openness and GDP Growth: Does the Financial System Matter? The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 23, 36-42.
  • Huang, X., He Q., Zhang Z. & Zhu K. (2023). Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Economic and Environmental Effects of China’s International Trade From a Global Value Chain Perspective. China Economic Review, 1-39.
  • Hye, Q. M. A. (2015). Long Term Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Case of Pakistan. Quality & Quantity, 46(4), 1137-1149.
  • Irwın, D. & Tervio, M. (2002). Does Trade Raisein Come? Evidence from the Twentieth Century. Journal of International Economics, 58(1), 1-18.
  • Isaksson, A. (2002). Human Capital and Economic Growth: A Survey of the Empirical Literature from 1990 to the Present, Mimeo Vienna: UNIDO.
  • Kaldor, N. (1968). Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industry: A Reply. Economica, New Series, 35(140), 385-391.
  • Kar, M. & Pentecost, E. J. (2014). Financial Development and Economic Growth in Turkey: Further Evidence on the Causality Issue. Lough Borough University Economic Research Paper, 27, 4-6.
  • Karras, G. (2003). Ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme: Kesin etkiyi tahmin edebilir miyiz? Uygulamalı Ekonometri ve Uluslararası Kalkınma, 3(7), 24.
  • Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. & Suen, Y. B. (2009). The Simultaneous Evolution of Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade Openness. The Journal of International Trade&Economic Development, 21(4), 513-537.
  • Kılavuz, E. & Topcu, B. A. (2012). Export and Economic Growth in the Case of the Manufacturing Industry: Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2 (2), 201-215.
  • Kılavuz, E., Erkekoglu, H. & Topcu, B. A. (2013). Globalizing Production Structure and Intra-Industry Trade: The Case of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3 (4), 799-812.
  • Krueger, A. O. (1978). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalization Attempts and Consequences. National Bureau of Economic Research, 74-273.
  • Lawal, A. I., Nwanji, T. I., Asaleye, A. & Ahmed, V. (2016). Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade Openness in Nigeria: An Application of the ARDL Bound Testing Approach. Cogent Economics and Finance, 4, 1–15.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in African Countries: New Insights from a Panel Causality Approach. Economic Modelling, 37, 386-394.
  • Mercan, M., Gocer, I., Bulut, S. & Dam, M. (2013). The Effect of Openness on Economic Growth for BRIC-T Countries: Panel Data Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 6(11), 1-14.
  • Musila, J. W. & Yiheyis, Z. (2015). The Impact of Trade Openness on Growth: The Case of Kenya. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37, 342-354.
  • Nowbutsing, B. M. (2014). The Impact of Openness on Economic Growth: Case of Indian Ocean Rim Countries. Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 2, 407-427.
  • Polat, A., Shahbaz, M., Rehman, I. U. & Satti, S. L. (2015). Revisiting Linkages Between Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in South Africa: Fresh Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test. Quality and Quantity, 49, 785-803.
  • Rassekh, F. (2007). Is International Trade More Beneficial to Lower Income Economies? An Empirical Inquiry. Review of Development Economics, 11, 159-169.
  • Rıvera-Batiz, L. A. & Rome, P. M. (1991). Economic Integration and End Ogenous Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 55-531.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogen Oustechno Logical Change. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102.
  • Sach, D. J. & Warner, A. (1995). Economic Reforms and the Process of Global Integration. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2534573.
  • Sakyi, D., Villaverde, J. & Maza, A. (2015). Trade Openness, Income Levels, and Economic Growth: The Case of Developing Countries: 1970–2009. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24, 860-882.
  • Shazbaz, M. (2012). Does Trade Openness Affect Long Run Growth? Cointegration, Causality and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition Tests for Pakistan. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2325-2339.
  • Shayanewako, V. B. (2018). The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of BRICS Countries. Journal of Global Economics, 6, 1-5.
  • Söderbom, M. & Teal, F. (2001). Trade and human capital as determinants of growth. CSAE Working Paper, 2001.10, Oxford.
  • Tyler, W. G. (1981). Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 9(2), 121-130.
  • Tekin, R. B. (2012). Development Aid, Openness to Trade and Economic Growth in Least Developed Countries: Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 716-721.
  • Uslu, H. (2019). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Analiz. Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3 (1), 39-64.
  • Villanueva, D. (1994). Openness, Human Development and Fiscal Policies. IMF Staff Papers, 41, 1-29.
  • Vlastou, I. (2010). Forcing Africa to Open up to Trade: Is It Worth It? The Journal of Developing Areas, 44, 25-39.
  • Yaman, H. (2021). İnsani Gelişme, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Dinamikleri: G-20 Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 69, 121-134.
  • Yanikkaya, H. (2003). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Empirical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 72(1), 57-89.
  • Yenipazarlı, A. & Erdal, F. (2010). Dış Ticaretin Serbestleşmesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 15-24.
  • Wacziarg, R. & Welch, H. K. (2003). Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: New Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 10152, 22(2), 187-231.
  • Wang, J., Yang J. & Yang L. (2023). Do Natural Resources Play a Role in Economic Development? Role of Institutional Quality, Trade Openness, and FDI. Resources Policy, 81, 1-8.
  • Warner, A. (2003). Once More Into the Breach: Economic Growth and Integration. Center for Global Development, Working Paper, 34, 2-3.
  • Zeren, F. & Ari, A. (2013). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Causality Test. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(9), 317-324.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm 2023:1 Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Çetin 0000-0002-7886-4162

Aycan Can

Servet Kapçak

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, M., Can, A., & Kapçak, S. (2023). Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2023(1), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1173051
AMA Çetin M, Can A, Kapçak S. Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. Nisan 2023;2023(1):61-73. doi:10.56337/sbm.1173051
Chicago Çetin, Murat, Aycan Can, ve Servet Kapçak. “Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2023, sy. 1 (Nisan 2023): 61-73. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1173051.
EndNote Çetin M, Can A, Kapçak S (01 Nisan 2023) Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2023 1 61–73.
IEEE M. Çetin, A. Can, ve S. Kapçak, “Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt”, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, c. 2023, sy. 1, ss. 61–73, 2023, doi: 10.56337/sbm.1173051.
ISNAD Çetin, Murat vd. “Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2023/1 (Nisan 2023), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1173051.
JAMA Çetin M, Can A, Kapçak S. Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2023;2023:61–73.
MLA Çetin, Murat vd. “Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, c. 2023, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 61-73, doi:10.56337/sbm.1173051.
Vancouver Çetin M, Can A, Kapçak S. Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Kanıt. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2023;2023(1):61-73.

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