Postpartum depresyon, annelerde gebelik öncesinde başlayabilen ve doğum sonrasında uzun bir süreci içerebilen üzüntü, hüzün, ilgi kaybı, yorgunluk, uyku ve iştahta düzensizlik, içe çekilme ve dikkati toplayamama gibi depresif duygudurum halidir. Postpartum depresyonda annenin bebeğe yönelik ilgi eksikliği, bebekle bağ kurmada zorlanma, iyi bir anne olmadığı için kendini suçlama, bebeğe bakma yeteneğinden şüphe etme, bebeği istemiyormuş gibi hissetme, kendine, bebeğe veya partnere zarar verme endişesi duyma gibi durumlar sıklıkla görülmektedir. Postpartum depresyonun ebeveyn (anne, baba ve çocuk ilişkisi), eş ve varsa kardeş alt sistemleri üzerinde biyopsikososyal yönden pek çok olumsuz etkisi bulunmaktadır. Sosyal hizmet uzmanları çocuğun yüksek yararı ilkesinden hareketle postpartum depresyonun olumsuz etkilerinin önlenmesine ve ortadan kaldırılmasına yönelik mesleki müdahaleleri gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında postpartum depresyon çerçevesinde kurgusal bir vakaya yönelik planlı değişim sürecini içeren sosyal hizmet müdahalesi örneği paylaşılmaktadır. Hastanenin tıbbi sosyal hizmet birimine hekim tarafından konsülte edilen vakada postpartum depresyon yaşayan anne, baba ve bebek arasındaki sorunların çözümüne odaklanılmıştır. Ailenin yaşadığı sorunlar çevresi içinde birey anlayışı ile analiz edilip, sosyal destek mekanizmaları harekete geçirilerek vaka formülasyonunun yapılması amaçlanmıştır.
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 195–215.
Bowlby, J., & Ainsworth, M. (2013). The origins of attachment theory. Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives, 45(28), 759-775.
Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. A. (2016). Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166.
Chen, J., Lai, X., Zhou, L., Retnakaran, R., Wen, S. W., Krewski, D., ... & Xie, R. H. (2022). Association between exclusive breastfeeding and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder. International Breastfeeding Journal, 17(1), 1-8.
Cıbır, S. E., & Uğurlu, Z. (2022). Çocuk Yoksulluğu Ve İhmali Vakalarına Yönelik Sosyal Hizmet Müdahalesi. (Ed: Zilan Uğurlu, Murat Çay, Umut Yanardağ). Sosyal Hizmette Vaka Yönetimi: Çocuk Alanı. İstanbul: Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
Collins, C. H., Zimmerman, C., & Howard, L. M. (2011). Refugee, asylum seeker, immigrant women and postnatal depression: rates and risk factors. Archives of women’s mental health, 14(1), 3-11.
Dinwiddie, K. J., Schillerstrom, T. L., & Schillerstrom, J. E. (2018). Postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 39(3), 168-175.
Duyan, V. (2003). Aileye Yönelik Planlı Müdahale Sürecinin Aşamaları. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 14 (1), 41-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/ issue/48446/613687
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (1993). ICD-10 Ruhsal ve Davranışsal Bozukluklar Sınıflandırılması. M.O. Öztürk, B. Uluğ (Çeviri Ed), Ankara: Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği Yayını.
Elbistanlı, E. A., & Ceyhan, M. Ş. A. (2022). New Paradigm In Anatolıan Culture: Perinatal Social Work. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (41), 373-392.
Erdoğan, A., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2020). Doğum Sonrası Depresyonun Tanı ve Tedavisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 11(39), 31-37.
Erkoç, B., & Aslan, A. (2021). Perinatal Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanı. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, (18), 216-226.
Estiningtyas, E., Cahyaningtyas, A. Y., & Sugiarsi, S. (2021). The Effect of Family Support and Social Support on The Incidence of Postpartum Depression. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 12(2), 485-495.
Field, T. (2010). Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: a review. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(1), 1-6.
Forde, R., Peters, S., & Wittkowski, A. (2020). Recovery from postpartum psychosis: a systematic review and metasynthesis of women’s and families’ experiences. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 23(5), 597-612.
Ghaedrahmati, M., Kazemi, A., Kheirabadi, G., Ebrahimi, A., & Bahrami, M. (2017). Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. Journal of education and health promotion, 6, 10-18.
Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: A meta‐analytic study. Child development, 83(2), 591-610.
İçağasıoğlu Çoban, A., & Özbesler, C. (2009). Türkiye’de Aileye Yönelik Sosyal Politika ve Hizmetler. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18 (18), 31-42. doi:10.21560/spcd.29106
Ikeda, M., Hayashi, M., & Kamibeppu, K. (2014). The relationship between attachment style and postpartum depression. Attachment & human development, 16(6), 557-572.
Johansson, M., Benderix, Y., & Svensson, I. (2020). Mothers’ and fathers’ lived experiences of postpartum depression and parental stress after childbirth: a qualitative study. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 15(1), 1722564.
Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2008). Methods of the video-feedback programs to promote positive parenting alone, with sensitive discipline, and with representational attachment discussions. F. Juffer, M. J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. H., & Van IJzendoorn, (Ed.), Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention içinde (11-21). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Katon, W., Russo, J., & Gavin, A. (2014). Predictors of postpartum depression. Journal of women's health, 23(9), 753-759.
Keefe, R. H., Brownstein-Evans, C., Lane, S. D., Carter, D. B., & Polmanteer, R. S. R. (2015). Postpartum depression and the Affordable Care Act: Recommendations for social work educators. Advances in Social Work, 16(2), 202-213.
Kirst‐Ashman, K. ve Hull, G. H. (1999). Understanding Generalist Practice. Chicago: Nelson‐Hall Publishers.
Letourneau, N. L., Dennis, C. L., Benzies, K., Duffett-Leger, L., Stewart, M., Tryphonopoulos, P. D., ... & Watson, W. (2012). Postpartum depression is a family affair: addressing the impact on mothers, fathers, and children. Issues in mental health nursing, 33(7), 445-457.
Lind, R. F., & Bachman, D. H. (2012). Fundamentals of perinatal social work: A guide for clinical practice with women, infants, and families. Routledge.
Mirhosseini, H., Moosavipoor, S. A., Nazari, M. A., Dehghan, A., Mirhosseini, S., Bidaki, R., & Yazdian-Anari, P. (2015). Cognitive behavioral development in children following maternal postpartum depression: a review article. Electronic physician, 7(8), 1673.
Netsi, E., Pearson, R. M., Murray, L., Cooper, P., Craske, M. G., & Stein, A. (2018). Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA psychiatry, 75(3), 247-253.
O'hara, M. W., & McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 379-407.
Papiasvili, E. D., & Mayers, L. A. (2017). Postpartum depression and attachment: Is anybody here?. In International Forum of Psychoanalysis. Routledge.
Patel, M., Bailey, R. K., Jabeen, S., Ali, S., Barker, N. C., & Osiezagha, K. (2012). Postpartum depression: a review. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 23(2), 534-542.
Quevedo, L. A., Silva, R. A., Godoy, R., Jansen, K., Matos, M. B., Tavares Pinheiro, K. A., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2012). The impact of maternal post‐partum depression on the language development of children at 12 months. Child: care, health and development, 38(3), 420-424.
Scharp, K. M., & Thomas, L. J. (2017). “What would a loving mom do today?”: Exploring the meaning of motherhood in stories of prenatal and postpartum depression. Journal of Family Communication, 17(4), 401-414.
Sheafor, B. W., & Horejsi, C. J. (2014). Sosyal Hizmet Uygulaması (1. Baskı). (Çev Ed: Baran Çiftci D.) Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
Silverman, M. E., Reichenberg, A., Savitz, D. A., Cnattingius, S., Lichtenstein, P., Hultman, C. M., ... & Sandin, S. (2017). The risk factors for postpartum depression: A population‐based study. Depression and anxiety, 34(2), 178-187.
Skalkidou, A., Hellgren, C., Comasco, E., Sylvén, S., & Poromaa, I. S. (2012). Biological aspects of postpartum depression. Women’s health, 8(6), 659-672.
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women's Health, 15, 1745506519844044.
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. (2016). Postpartum depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2177-2186.
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. N. (2019). Postpartum depression: pathophysiology, treatment, and emerging therapeutics. Annual review of medicine, 70, 183-196.
Tainaka, H., Takahashi, N., Nishimura, T., Okumura, A., Harada, T., Iwabuchi, T., ... & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2022). Long-term effect of persistent postpartum depression on children's psychological problems in childhood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 305, 71-76.
Turan N. (2009). Sosyal Kişisel Çalışma: Birey ve Aileler İçin Sosyal Hizmet. (Ed. V. Duyan) Ankara: Aydınlar Matbaacılık.
Wardrop, A. A., & Popadiuk, N. E. (2013). Women's Experiences with Postpartum Anxiety: Expectations, Relationships, and Sociocultural Influences. Qualitative Report, 18, 6.
Weissman, M. M. (2018). Postpartum depression and its long-term impact on children: many new questions. JAMA psychiatry, 75(3), 227-228.
Werner, E., Miller, M., Osborne, L. M., Kuzava, S., & Monk, C. (2015). Preventing postpartum depression: review and recommendations. Archives of women's mental health, 18(1), 41-60.
Social Work Practices for Postpartum Depression: Case Report
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 195–215.
Bowlby, J., & Ainsworth, M. (2013). The origins of attachment theory. Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives, 45(28), 759-775.
Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. A. (2016). Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166.
Chen, J., Lai, X., Zhou, L., Retnakaran, R., Wen, S. W., Krewski, D., ... & Xie, R. H. (2022). Association between exclusive breastfeeding and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder. International Breastfeeding Journal, 17(1), 1-8.
Cıbır, S. E., & Uğurlu, Z. (2022). Çocuk Yoksulluğu Ve İhmali Vakalarına Yönelik Sosyal Hizmet Müdahalesi. (Ed: Zilan Uğurlu, Murat Çay, Umut Yanardağ). Sosyal Hizmette Vaka Yönetimi: Çocuk Alanı. İstanbul: Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
Collins, C. H., Zimmerman, C., & Howard, L. M. (2011). Refugee, asylum seeker, immigrant women and postnatal depression: rates and risk factors. Archives of women’s mental health, 14(1), 3-11.
Dinwiddie, K. J., Schillerstrom, T. L., & Schillerstrom, J. E. (2018). Postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 39(3), 168-175.
Duyan, V. (2003). Aileye Yönelik Planlı Müdahale Sürecinin Aşamaları. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 14 (1), 41-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/ issue/48446/613687
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (1993). ICD-10 Ruhsal ve Davranışsal Bozukluklar Sınıflandırılması. M.O. Öztürk, B. Uluğ (Çeviri Ed), Ankara: Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği Yayını.
Elbistanlı, E. A., & Ceyhan, M. Ş. A. (2022). New Paradigm In Anatolıan Culture: Perinatal Social Work. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (41), 373-392.
Erdoğan, A., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2020). Doğum Sonrası Depresyonun Tanı ve Tedavisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 11(39), 31-37.
Erkoç, B., & Aslan, A. (2021). Perinatal Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanı. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, (18), 216-226.
Estiningtyas, E., Cahyaningtyas, A. Y., & Sugiarsi, S. (2021). The Effect of Family Support and Social Support on The Incidence of Postpartum Depression. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 12(2), 485-495.
Field, T. (2010). Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: a review. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(1), 1-6.
Forde, R., Peters, S., & Wittkowski, A. (2020). Recovery from postpartum psychosis: a systematic review and metasynthesis of women’s and families’ experiences. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 23(5), 597-612.
Ghaedrahmati, M., Kazemi, A., Kheirabadi, G., Ebrahimi, A., & Bahrami, M. (2017). Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. Journal of education and health promotion, 6, 10-18.
Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: A meta‐analytic study. Child development, 83(2), 591-610.
İçağasıoğlu Çoban, A., & Özbesler, C. (2009). Türkiye’de Aileye Yönelik Sosyal Politika ve Hizmetler. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18 (18), 31-42. doi:10.21560/spcd.29106
Ikeda, M., Hayashi, M., & Kamibeppu, K. (2014). The relationship between attachment style and postpartum depression. Attachment & human development, 16(6), 557-572.
Johansson, M., Benderix, Y., & Svensson, I. (2020). Mothers’ and fathers’ lived experiences of postpartum depression and parental stress after childbirth: a qualitative study. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 15(1), 1722564.
Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2008). Methods of the video-feedback programs to promote positive parenting alone, with sensitive discipline, and with representational attachment discussions. F. Juffer, M. J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. H., & Van IJzendoorn, (Ed.), Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention içinde (11-21). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Katon, W., Russo, J., & Gavin, A. (2014). Predictors of postpartum depression. Journal of women's health, 23(9), 753-759.
Keefe, R. H., Brownstein-Evans, C., Lane, S. D., Carter, D. B., & Polmanteer, R. S. R. (2015). Postpartum depression and the Affordable Care Act: Recommendations for social work educators. Advances in Social Work, 16(2), 202-213.
Kirst‐Ashman, K. ve Hull, G. H. (1999). Understanding Generalist Practice. Chicago: Nelson‐Hall Publishers.
Letourneau, N. L., Dennis, C. L., Benzies, K., Duffett-Leger, L., Stewart, M., Tryphonopoulos, P. D., ... & Watson, W. (2012). Postpartum depression is a family affair: addressing the impact on mothers, fathers, and children. Issues in mental health nursing, 33(7), 445-457.
Lind, R. F., & Bachman, D. H. (2012). Fundamentals of perinatal social work: A guide for clinical practice with women, infants, and families. Routledge.
Mirhosseini, H., Moosavipoor, S. A., Nazari, M. A., Dehghan, A., Mirhosseini, S., Bidaki, R., & Yazdian-Anari, P. (2015). Cognitive behavioral development in children following maternal postpartum depression: a review article. Electronic physician, 7(8), 1673.
Netsi, E., Pearson, R. M., Murray, L., Cooper, P., Craske, M. G., & Stein, A. (2018). Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA psychiatry, 75(3), 247-253.
O'hara, M. W., & McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 379-407.
Papiasvili, E. D., & Mayers, L. A. (2017). Postpartum depression and attachment: Is anybody here?. In International Forum of Psychoanalysis. Routledge.
Patel, M., Bailey, R. K., Jabeen, S., Ali, S., Barker, N. C., & Osiezagha, K. (2012). Postpartum depression: a review. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 23(2), 534-542.
Quevedo, L. A., Silva, R. A., Godoy, R., Jansen, K., Matos, M. B., Tavares Pinheiro, K. A., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2012). The impact of maternal post‐partum depression on the language development of children at 12 months. Child: care, health and development, 38(3), 420-424.
Scharp, K. M., & Thomas, L. J. (2017). “What would a loving mom do today?”: Exploring the meaning of motherhood in stories of prenatal and postpartum depression. Journal of Family Communication, 17(4), 401-414.
Sheafor, B. W., & Horejsi, C. J. (2014). Sosyal Hizmet Uygulaması (1. Baskı). (Çev Ed: Baran Çiftci D.) Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
Silverman, M. E., Reichenberg, A., Savitz, D. A., Cnattingius, S., Lichtenstein, P., Hultman, C. M., ... & Sandin, S. (2017). The risk factors for postpartum depression: A population‐based study. Depression and anxiety, 34(2), 178-187.
Skalkidou, A., Hellgren, C., Comasco, E., Sylvén, S., & Poromaa, I. S. (2012). Biological aspects of postpartum depression. Women’s health, 8(6), 659-672.
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women's Health, 15, 1745506519844044.
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. (2016). Postpartum depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2177-2186.
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. N. (2019). Postpartum depression: pathophysiology, treatment, and emerging therapeutics. Annual review of medicine, 70, 183-196.
Tainaka, H., Takahashi, N., Nishimura, T., Okumura, A., Harada, T., Iwabuchi, T., ... & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2022). Long-term effect of persistent postpartum depression on children's psychological problems in childhood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 305, 71-76.
Turan N. (2009). Sosyal Kişisel Çalışma: Birey ve Aileler İçin Sosyal Hizmet. (Ed. V. Duyan) Ankara: Aydınlar Matbaacılık.
Wardrop, A. A., & Popadiuk, N. E. (2013). Women's Experiences with Postpartum Anxiety: Expectations, Relationships, and Sociocultural Influences. Qualitative Report, 18, 6.
Weissman, M. M. (2018). Postpartum depression and its long-term impact on children: many new questions. JAMA psychiatry, 75(3), 227-228.
Werner, E., Miller, M., Osborne, L. M., Kuzava, S., & Monk, C. (2015). Preventing postpartum depression: review and recommendations. Archives of women's mental health, 18(1), 41-60.