A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language

Savaş Yıldırım; Tuğba Yıldız

A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language

Öz

Recently, deep learning methods have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in numerous complex Natural Language Processing (NLP) problems. Easy accessibility of high-performance computing resources and open-source libraries makes Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches more applicable for researchers. This sudden growth of available techniques shaped and improved standards in the field of NLP. Thus, we find an opportunity to compare different approaches to document representation, owing to various open-source libraries and a large amount of research. We evaluate four different paradigms to represent documents: Traditional bag-of-words approaches, topic modeling, embedding based approach and deep learning. As the main contribution of this article, we aim at evaluating all these representation approaches with suitable machine learning algorithms for document categorization problem in the Turkish language. The supervised architecture uses a benchmark dataset specifically prepared for this language. Within the architecture, we evaluate the representation approaches with corresponding machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), multi-nominal Naive Bayes Algorithm (m-NB) and so forth. We conduct a variety of experiments and present successful results for the Turkish document categorization. We also observed that tradition approaches have still comparable results with Neural Network models in terms of document classification.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Document representation,Deep learning; Natural language processing

Kaynakça

[1] B. Açıkalın and N. G. Bayazıt. 2016. The importance of preprocessing in Turkish Text classification. In 2016 24th Signal Processing and Communication Application Conference (SIU). 2053–2056. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU.2016.7496174
[2] Burak Kerim Akkus and Ruket Çakıcı. 2013. Categorization of Turkish News Documents with Morphological Analysis. (2013).
[3] Mehmet Fatih Amasyalı, Sümeyra Balcı, Emrah Mete, and Esra Nur Varlı. 2012. A Comparison of Text Representation Methods for Turkish Text Classification. EMO Scientific Journal 2 (2012). arXiv:1309-5501
[4] M. Fatih Amasyalı and Banu Diri. 2006. Automatic Turkish Text Categorization in Terms of Author, Genre and Gender. In Natural Language Processing and Information Systems, Christian Kop, Günther Fliedl, Heinrich C. Mayr, and Elisabeth Métais (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 221–226.
[5] Çağrı Toraman. 2011. Text Categorization and Ensemble Pruning in Turkish News Portals. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bilkent Uniiversity, Ankara.
[6] Y. Bengio, P. Simard, and P. Frasconi. 1994. Learning Long-term Dependencies with Gradient Descent is Difficult. Trans. Neur. Netw. 5, 2 (March 1994), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1109/72.279181
[7] David M. Blei, Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. 2003. Latent Dirichlet Allocation. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 3 (March 2003), 993–1022. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=944919.944937
[8] Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merrienboer, Çaglar Gülçehre, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation. CoRR abs/1406.1078 (2014). arXiv:1406.1078 http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.1078

[9] Scott Deerwester, Susan T. Dumais, George W. Furnas, Thomas K. Landauer, and Richard Harshman. 1990. Indexing by latent semantic analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 41, 6 (1990), 391–407.
[10] M Fatih Amasyali, Aytunç Beken, and Yildiz Teknik Üniversitesi. 2018. Türkçe Kelimelerin Anlamsal Benzerliklerinin Ölçülmesi ve Metin Siniflandirmada Kullanilmasi Measurement of Turkish Word Semantic Similarity and Text Categorization Application. (03 2018).
[11] Aysun Güran, Selim Akyokus, Nilgün Güler Bayazıt, and M Zahid Gürbüz. 2009. (07 2009).
[12] Alex Graves, Abdel-rahman Mohamed, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2013. Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural networks. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2013, Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 26-31, 2013. 6645–6649. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2013.6638947
[13] Sepp Hochreiter, Yoshua Bengio, Paolo Frasconi, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 2001. Gradient Flow in Recurrent Nets: the Difficulty of Learning Long-Term Dependencies. (2001).
[14] I.T. Jolliffe. 2002. Principal Component Analysis. Springer.
[15] Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin. 2016. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
[16] Deniz Kılınç, Akın Özçift, Fatma Bozyigit, Pelin Yıldırım, Fatih Yücalar, and Emin Borandag. 2017. TTC-3600: A new benchmark dataset for Turkish text categorization. Journal of Information Science 43, 2 (2017), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551515620551 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551515620551
[17] Quoc Le and Tomas Mikolov. [n. d.]. Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documents. In In NAACL HLT. 2013.
[18] Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton. 2015. Deep learning. Nature 521, 7553 (27 May 2015), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
[19] Yann Lecun, Léon Bottou, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner. 1998. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE. 2278–2324.
[20] David D. Lewis and Marc Ringuette. 1994. A Comparison of Two Learning Algorithms for Text Categorization. In In Third Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval. 81–93.
[21] Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze. 2008. Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
[22] Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781 (2013).
[23] Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, and Christopher D. Manning. 2014. Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In In EMNLP.
[24] G. Salton. 1971. The SMART Retrieval System—Experiments in Automatic Document Processing. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
[25] Hinrich Schutze, David A. Hull, and Jan O. Pedersen. 1995. A comparison of classifiers and document representations for the routing problem. In ANNUAL ACM CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL - ACM SIGIR. ACM, 229–237.
[26] Jonathan M Cheek Stephen R Briggs. 2007. The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. (2007).
[27] P. Tüfekci, E. Uzun, and B. Sevinç. 2012. Text classification of web based news articles by using Turkish grammatical features. In 2012 20th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU.2012.6204565
[28] D. Torunoğlu, E. Çakirman, M. C. Ganiz, S. Akyokuş, and M. Z. Gürbüz. 2011. Analysis of preprocessing methods on classification of Turkish texts. In 2011 International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications. 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1109/INISTA.2011.5946084
[29] Filiz Türkoğlu, Banu Diri, and M. Fatih Amasyalı. 2007. Author Attribution of Turkish Texts by Feature Mining. In Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications. With Aspects of Theoretical and Methodological Issues, De-Shuang Huang, Laurent Heutte, and Marco Loog (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1086–1093.
[30] Alper Kursat Uysal and Serkan Gunal. 2014. The impact of preprocessing on text classification. Information Processing and Management 50, 1 (2014), 104 – 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2013.08.006
[31] Savaş Yildirim. 2014. A Knowledge-Poor Approach to Turkish Text Categorization. In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, Alexander Gelbukh (Ed.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 428–440.
[32] Wenpeng Yin, Katharina Kann, Mo Yu, and Hinrich Schütze. 2017. Comparative Study of CNN and RNN for Natural Language Processing. CoRR abs/1702.01923 (2017). arXiv:1702.01923 http://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01923

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

-

Bölüm

-

Yazarlar

Savaş Yıldırım Bu kişi benim

Tuğba Yıldız Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Ağustos 2018

Gönderilme Tarihi

28 Aralık 2017

Kabul Tarihi

-

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2018 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yıldırım, S., & Yıldız, T. (2018). A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 569-576. https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY

AMA

1.Yıldırım S, Yıldız T. A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language. Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg. 2018;22(2):569-576. https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY

Chicago

Yıldırım, Savaş, ve Tuğba Yıldız. 2018. “A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 22 (2): 569-76. https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY.

EndNote

Yıldırım S, Yıldız T (01 Ağustos 2018) A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 22 2 569–576.

IEEE

[1]S. Yıldırım ve T. Yıldız, “A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language”, Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg., c. 22, sy 2, ss. 569–576, Ağu. 2018, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY

ISNAD

Yıldırım, Savaş - Yıldız, Tuğba. “A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 22/2 (01 Ağustos 2018): 569-576. https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY.

JAMA

1.Yıldırım S, Yıldız T. A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language. Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg. 2018;22:569–576.

MLA

Yıldırım, Savaş, ve Tuğba Yıldız. “A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 22, sy 2, Ağustos 2018, ss. 569-76, https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY.

Vancouver

1.Savaş Yıldırım, Tuğba Yıldız. A Comparison of Different Approaches to Document Representation in Turkish Language. Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg. [Internet]. 01 Ağustos 2018;22(2):569-76. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA29AX27TY