An Investigation On the Use Of Geopolymer As An Alternative Adhesive For Aluminum Panels
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 457 - 463, 25.12.2023
Cengiz Bagcı
,
Kardelen Demirci
,
Semih Karahan
Öz
One of the improving application areas of geopolymers is their using as
an alternative assembly of different materials. This study presents the results of an
experimental study on making aluminum panels by using geopolymer as an
alternative adhesive to replace typical organic polymers. We prepared a metakaolinbased geopolymer having a composition of Na2O•Al2O3•4SiO2•11H2O. Aluminum
alloys (Al 3003), 7 and 15 mm in high and (Al 5005) were used as core and plate
materials of the panels, respectively and their surface was cleaned for adhesion
bonding according to ASTM D 2651-01. Shear test samples were cut and then
geopolymer resin was applied to the cleaned surface of aluminum core and plate by
hand. Following hydrothermal sealing, the samples were then cured at 50 °C in an
open-air furnace for 36 h under clamp fixed. Aluminum-geopolymer interface and
geopolymer bond were examined by SEM-EDS in terms of chemical composition.
Ambient temperature mechanical test results revealed that the aluminumgeopolymer bonds have mean shear strength of (1.406 ±1.01 MPa) and (0.133 ±0.07
MPa) for 7 and 15 mm samples, respectively.
Kaynakça
- [1] Davidovits, J. 1991. Geopolymers-Inorganic
Polymeric New Materials. Journal of Thermal
Analysis and calorimetry, 37, 1633-1656.
- [2] Davidovits, J. 1994. Global Warming Impact on
the Cement and Aggregates Industries. World
Resource Review, 6(2), 263-278.
- [3] Bagci, C., Kutyla, G. P., Kriven, W. M. 2014. In Situ
Carbothermal Reduction/Nitridation of
Geopolymer Composites Containing Carbon
Nanoparticles. Ceramic Engineering and Science
Proceedings, 38(10), 15-28.
- [4] Bagci, C., Kutyla, G. P., Seymour, K. C., Kriven, W.
M. 2016. Synthesis and Characterization of
Silicon Carbide Powders Converted from
Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymers. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, 99(7), 2521–2530.
- [5] Bagci, C., Yang, Q., Kriven, W. M. 2019. Formation
of α/β‐Si3N4 Nanoparticles by Carbothermal
Reduction and Nitridation of Geopolymers.
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 102,
6542–6551.
- [6] Altidis, J. D., Barros, S. R., Souza, J. D. R. B., Torres,
S. M., Lima, S. J. G. 2012. Adhesion Tests in
Quasicrystal Powders Reinforced Geopolymer
Composites. Materials Science From, 727-728,
186–189.
- [7] Latella, B. A., Perera, D. S., Escott, T. R., Cassidy D.
J. 2006. Adhesion of Glass to Steel Using a
Geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science, 41,
1261–1264.
- [8] Temuujin, J., Minjigma, A., Rickard, W., Lee, M.,
Williams, I., Riessen, A. 2009. Preparation of
Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Coatings on Metal
Substrates as Thermal Barriers. Applied Clay
Science, 46, 265–270.
- [9] Glad, B. E., Han, C., and Kriven, W. M. 2012.
Polymer Adhesion to Geopolymer via Silane
Coupling Agent Additives. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, 95(12), 3758-3762.
- [10] Yong, S. L., Feng, D. W., Lukey, G. C., van Deventer
J. S. J. 2007. Chemical Characterization of the
Steel–Geopolymeric Gel Interface. Colloids and
Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects, 302, 411–423.
- [11] Mao, Y., Biasetto, L., Colombo, P. 2020.
Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Coatings on
Metals by Airbrush Spray Deposition. Journal of
Coatings Technology and Research, 17(4), 991–
1002.
- [12] Gupta, R., Bhardwaj, P., Mishra, D., Sanghi, S. K.,
and Amritphale, S. S. 2021. Novel Non-Hydroxyl
Synthesis and Fabrication of Advanced Hybrid
Inorganic-organic Geopolymeric Coating
Material for Corrosion Protection. International
Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 110, 102951.
- [13] Krivenko, P. V., Guzii, S. G., Bodnarova, L., Valek, J.,
Hela, R., and Zach, J. 2016. Effect of Thickness of
the Intumescent Alkali Aluminosilicate Coating
on Temperature Distribution in Reinforced Concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 14-
19.
- [14] Tian, Q., Wang, S., Sui, Y. and Lv, Z. 2021. AlkaliActivated Materials as Coatings Deposited on
Various Substrates: A review. International
Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 110, 102934.
- [15] Shahedan, N. F., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Hussin, K.,
Sandu, I., Ghazali, C. M. R., Binhussain, M., and
Sandu, Z. Y. A. V. 2014. Characterization and
Design of Alkali Activated Binder for Coating
Application. Technology, 5(3), 258-262.
- [16] Bell, J., Gordon, M., Kriven, W. M. 2005. Use of
Geopolymeric Cements As a Refractory Adhesive
for Metal and Ceramic Joins. Ceramic Engineering
and Science Proceedings, 26 407–413.
- [17] Kriven, W. M. and Bell, J. L. 2014. Effect of Alkali
Choice on Geopolymer Properties.
In Proceedings of the 28th International
Conference on Advanced Ceramics and
Composites, 25, 99-104.
- [18] Movahedi, N., Linul, E. 2017. Quasi-Static
Compressive Behavior of The Ex-Situ AluminumAlloy Foam-Filled Tubes under Elevated
Temperature Conditions. Materials Letters, 206,
182–184.
- [19] Hangai, Y., Saito, K., Utsunomiya, T., Kuwazuru, O.,
Yoshikawa, N. 2014. Fabrication and
Compression Properties of Functionally Graded
Foam with Uniform Pore Structures Consisting of
Dissimilar A1050 and A6061 Aluminum Alloys.
Materilas Science and Engineering A, 613, 163–
170.
- [20] Yan, L. L., Han, B., Yu, B., Chen, C. Q., Zhang, Q. C.,
T. J. Lu. 2014. Three-Point Bending of Sandwich
Beams with Aluminum Foam-Filled Corrugated
Cores. Materilas and Design, 60, 510–519.
- [21] Wang, D., Zhao, L., Yang, H., Li, H., Xiao, W., Liu, C.
and Qu, C. 2022. High Temperature and
Toughened Bismaleimide Structural Film
Adhesive for High Performance CFRP Bonding
over 300 °C. Polymer Degradation and Stability,
204, 110125,.
- [22] Mohammed, S. M. K., Mhamdia, R., Albedah, A.,
Bouiadjra, B. A. B., Bouiadjra, B. B. and Benyahia,
F. 2021. Fatigue Crack Growth in Aluminum
Panels Repaired with Different Shapes of SingleSided Composite Patches. International Journal
of Adhesion and Adhesives, 105, 102781.
- [23] Younesi-Kordkheili, H. and Pizzi, A. 2019. Some of
Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Particleboard Panels Bonded with Phenol-ligninGlyoxal Resin. The Journal of Adhesion, 96(16),
1385-1395.
- [24] Davidovits, J. G. 2008. “Geopolymer.” Chemistry
and Applications. Institute Geopolymere, SaintQuentin, France.
- [25] Çomak, B. 2018. Engineering Characteristics of
Geopolymer Mortars Manufactured with Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Süleyman Demirel
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi,
22(2), 470-476.
- [26] Karahancer, S., Eriskin, E., Capalı, B., Saltan, M.,
and Terzi, S. 2016. Investigation of Using Waste
Welded Tuff Material as Mineral Filler in Asphalt
Concrete. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 399-404.
- [27] Xia, C., Yu, J., Shi, S. Q., Qiu, Y., Cai, L., Wu, H. F., Ren,
H., Nie, X. and Zhang, H. 2017. Natural Fiber and
Aluminum Sheet Hybrid Composites for High
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Performance. Composites Part B:
Engineering, 114, 121-127.
- [28] Kömürlü, E., Cihangir, F., Turan, A., Kesimal, A.,
and Erçıkdı, B. 2017. An Experimental Study on
Shear Strength of Cemented Paste Backfill
Materials. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(1), 45-52.
- [29] Liu, J., Su, X., and Yan, F. 2022. Experimental
Investigation on the Effect of Geopolymer
Adhesive on the Bond Behavior Between CFRP
and Concretes. Polymer Composites, 43(5),
3259-3275.
- [30] ASTM D 2651-01, Standard Guide for Preparation
of Metal Surface for Adhesive Bonding, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018,
www.astm.org.
- [31] Loctite Corporation. 1998. Loctite Worldwide
Design Handbook Second Edition, on CD.
- [32] Pocius, A. V.; Dillard D. A. 2002. Adhesion Science
and Engineering II: Surfaces Chemistry and
Applications, Elsevier, New York.
- [33] Reed M., Lokuge, W., Karunasena, W. 2014. FibreReinforced Geopolymer Concrete with Ambient
Curing for In Situ Applications. Journal of
Materilas Science, 49, 4297-4304.
- [34] Kani, E. N., Allahverdi, A., Provis, J. L. 2012.
Efflorescence Control in Geopolymer Binders
Based on Natural Pozzolan. Cement Concrete and
Composites, 34(1), 25–33.
Geopolimerin Alüminyum Panellere Alternatif Yapıştırıcı Olarak Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 457 - 463, 25.12.2023
Cengiz Bagcı
,
Kardelen Demirci
,
Semih Karahan
Öz
Jeopolimerlerin gelişen uygulama alanlarından biri de farklı malzemelerin
birleştirilmesinde alternatif olarak kullanılmasıdır. Bu çalışma, tipik organik
polimerlerin yerini alacak alternatif bir yapıştırıcı olarak jeopolimer kullanarak
alüminyum paneller yapmaya yönelik deneysel bir çalışmanın sonuçlarını
sunmaktadır. Na2O•Al2O3•4SiO2•11H2O bileşimine sahip metakaolin bazlı bir
jeopolimer hazırladık. Panellerin çekirdek ve plaka malzemesi olarak sırasıyla 7 ve
15 mm yüksekliğinde alüminyum alaşımları (Al 3003), (Al 5005) kullanılmış ve
yüzeyleri ASTM D 2651-01'e göre yapışma için temizlenmiştir. Kayma testi
numuneleri kesilmiş ve daha sonra alüminyum çekirdeğin ve levhanın temizlenmiş
yüzeyine elle jeopolimer reçine uygulanmıştır. Hidrotermal sızdırmazlığın
ardından, numuneler daha sonra 50 °C'de bir açık hava fırınında 36 saat süreyle
kelepçe altında kürlendi. Alüminyum-geopolimer arayüzü ve geopolimer bağı SEMEDS ile kimyasal bileşim açısından incelenmiştir. Oda sıcaklığındaki mekanik test
sonuçları, alüminyum-jeopolimer bağlantılarının 7 ve 15 mm'lik numuneler için
sırasıyla (1.406 ±1.01 MPa) ve (0.133 ±0.07 MPa) ortalama kayma direncine sahip
olduğunu ortaya koydu.
Kaynakça
- [1] Davidovits, J. 1991. Geopolymers-Inorganic
Polymeric New Materials. Journal of Thermal
Analysis and calorimetry, 37, 1633-1656.
- [2] Davidovits, J. 1994. Global Warming Impact on
the Cement and Aggregates Industries. World
Resource Review, 6(2), 263-278.
- [3] Bagci, C., Kutyla, G. P., Kriven, W. M. 2014. In Situ
Carbothermal Reduction/Nitridation of
Geopolymer Composites Containing Carbon
Nanoparticles. Ceramic Engineering and Science
Proceedings, 38(10), 15-28.
- [4] Bagci, C., Kutyla, G. P., Seymour, K. C., Kriven, W.
M. 2016. Synthesis and Characterization of
Silicon Carbide Powders Converted from
Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymers. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, 99(7), 2521–2530.
- [5] Bagci, C., Yang, Q., Kriven, W. M. 2019. Formation
of α/β‐Si3N4 Nanoparticles by Carbothermal
Reduction and Nitridation of Geopolymers.
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 102,
6542–6551.
- [6] Altidis, J. D., Barros, S. R., Souza, J. D. R. B., Torres,
S. M., Lima, S. J. G. 2012. Adhesion Tests in
Quasicrystal Powders Reinforced Geopolymer
Composites. Materials Science From, 727-728,
186–189.
- [7] Latella, B. A., Perera, D. S., Escott, T. R., Cassidy D.
J. 2006. Adhesion of Glass to Steel Using a
Geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science, 41,
1261–1264.
- [8] Temuujin, J., Minjigma, A., Rickard, W., Lee, M.,
Williams, I., Riessen, A. 2009. Preparation of
Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Coatings on Metal
Substrates as Thermal Barriers. Applied Clay
Science, 46, 265–270.
- [9] Glad, B. E., Han, C., and Kriven, W. M. 2012.
Polymer Adhesion to Geopolymer via Silane
Coupling Agent Additives. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, 95(12), 3758-3762.
- [10] Yong, S. L., Feng, D. W., Lukey, G. C., van Deventer
J. S. J. 2007. Chemical Characterization of the
Steel–Geopolymeric Gel Interface. Colloids and
Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects, 302, 411–423.
- [11] Mao, Y., Biasetto, L., Colombo, P. 2020.
Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Coatings on
Metals by Airbrush Spray Deposition. Journal of
Coatings Technology and Research, 17(4), 991–
1002.
- [12] Gupta, R., Bhardwaj, P., Mishra, D., Sanghi, S. K.,
and Amritphale, S. S. 2021. Novel Non-Hydroxyl
Synthesis and Fabrication of Advanced Hybrid
Inorganic-organic Geopolymeric Coating
Material for Corrosion Protection. International
Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 110, 102951.
- [13] Krivenko, P. V., Guzii, S. G., Bodnarova, L., Valek, J.,
Hela, R., and Zach, J. 2016. Effect of Thickness of
the Intumescent Alkali Aluminosilicate Coating
on Temperature Distribution in Reinforced Concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 14-
19.
- [14] Tian, Q., Wang, S., Sui, Y. and Lv, Z. 2021. AlkaliActivated Materials as Coatings Deposited on
Various Substrates: A review. International
Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 110, 102934.
- [15] Shahedan, N. F., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Hussin, K.,
Sandu, I., Ghazali, C. M. R., Binhussain, M., and
Sandu, Z. Y. A. V. 2014. Characterization and
Design of Alkali Activated Binder for Coating
Application. Technology, 5(3), 258-262.
- [16] Bell, J., Gordon, M., Kriven, W. M. 2005. Use of
Geopolymeric Cements As a Refractory Adhesive
for Metal and Ceramic Joins. Ceramic Engineering
and Science Proceedings, 26 407–413.
- [17] Kriven, W. M. and Bell, J. L. 2014. Effect of Alkali
Choice on Geopolymer Properties.
In Proceedings of the 28th International
Conference on Advanced Ceramics and
Composites, 25, 99-104.
- [18] Movahedi, N., Linul, E. 2017. Quasi-Static
Compressive Behavior of The Ex-Situ AluminumAlloy Foam-Filled Tubes under Elevated
Temperature Conditions. Materials Letters, 206,
182–184.
- [19] Hangai, Y., Saito, K., Utsunomiya, T., Kuwazuru, O.,
Yoshikawa, N. 2014. Fabrication and
Compression Properties of Functionally Graded
Foam with Uniform Pore Structures Consisting of
Dissimilar A1050 and A6061 Aluminum Alloys.
Materilas Science and Engineering A, 613, 163–
170.
- [20] Yan, L. L., Han, B., Yu, B., Chen, C. Q., Zhang, Q. C.,
T. J. Lu. 2014. Three-Point Bending of Sandwich
Beams with Aluminum Foam-Filled Corrugated
Cores. Materilas and Design, 60, 510–519.
- [21] Wang, D., Zhao, L., Yang, H., Li, H., Xiao, W., Liu, C.
and Qu, C. 2022. High Temperature and
Toughened Bismaleimide Structural Film
Adhesive for High Performance CFRP Bonding
over 300 °C. Polymer Degradation and Stability,
204, 110125,.
- [22] Mohammed, S. M. K., Mhamdia, R., Albedah, A.,
Bouiadjra, B. A. B., Bouiadjra, B. B. and Benyahia,
F. 2021. Fatigue Crack Growth in Aluminum
Panels Repaired with Different Shapes of SingleSided Composite Patches. International Journal
of Adhesion and Adhesives, 105, 102781.
- [23] Younesi-Kordkheili, H. and Pizzi, A. 2019. Some of
Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Particleboard Panels Bonded with Phenol-ligninGlyoxal Resin. The Journal of Adhesion, 96(16),
1385-1395.
- [24] Davidovits, J. G. 2008. “Geopolymer.” Chemistry
and Applications. Institute Geopolymere, SaintQuentin, France.
- [25] Çomak, B. 2018. Engineering Characteristics of
Geopolymer Mortars Manufactured with Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Süleyman Demirel
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi,
22(2), 470-476.
- [26] Karahancer, S., Eriskin, E., Capalı, B., Saltan, M.,
and Terzi, S. 2016. Investigation of Using Waste
Welded Tuff Material as Mineral Filler in Asphalt
Concrete. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 399-404.
- [27] Xia, C., Yu, J., Shi, S. Q., Qiu, Y., Cai, L., Wu, H. F., Ren,
H., Nie, X. and Zhang, H. 2017. Natural Fiber and
Aluminum Sheet Hybrid Composites for High
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Performance. Composites Part B:
Engineering, 114, 121-127.
- [28] Kömürlü, E., Cihangir, F., Turan, A., Kesimal, A.,
and Erçıkdı, B. 2017. An Experimental Study on
Shear Strength of Cemented Paste Backfill
Materials. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(1), 45-52.
- [29] Liu, J., Su, X., and Yan, F. 2022. Experimental
Investigation on the Effect of Geopolymer
Adhesive on the Bond Behavior Between CFRP
and Concretes. Polymer Composites, 43(5),
3259-3275.
- [30] ASTM D 2651-01, Standard Guide for Preparation
of Metal Surface for Adhesive Bonding, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018,
www.astm.org.
- [31] Loctite Corporation. 1998. Loctite Worldwide
Design Handbook Second Edition, on CD.
- [32] Pocius, A. V.; Dillard D. A. 2002. Adhesion Science
and Engineering II: Surfaces Chemistry and
Applications, Elsevier, New York.
- [33] Reed M., Lokuge, W., Karunasena, W. 2014. FibreReinforced Geopolymer Concrete with Ambient
Curing for In Situ Applications. Journal of
Materilas Science, 49, 4297-4304.
- [34] Kani, E. N., Allahverdi, A., Provis, J. L. 2012.
Efflorescence Control in Geopolymer Binders
Based on Natural Pozzolan. Cement Concrete and
Composites, 34(1), 25–33.