Kurumlarda Mizahın Kullanımına Yönelik Kavramsal Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 36 - 53, 30.06.2023

Seda Can , Erdal Eke

Öz

Mizah, “komik, eğlenceli” gibi anlamlarının yanı sıra farklı amaçlar için kullanılabilen çok işlevli bir role sahiptir. İnsan etkileşiminin bir sonucu olan mizah, bir iş ortamında da büyük bir etkiye sahip olabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda örgütsel iletişim konuları ile ilgili çalışmaların son zamanlarda yaygınlaşması da araştırmacıları mizah gibi konuların kurumsal açıdan değerlendirmelerine yönlendirmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, mizah kavramını açıklamak ve mizahın kurum içerisindeki oluşumu ve ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlar üzerine kavramsal bir çerçeve sunmaktır. Çalışma içerisinde kurumlarda mizahın kullanımına ilişkin yerli ve yabancı bazı araştırmalar ele alınarak, mizahın olumlu ve olumsuz sonuçlarına yönelik birtakım değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda mizahın genellikle örgütsel bağlılık, grup dinamiği, çalışan performansı ve iş tatmini gibi kurum içi davranışlara tesir eden olumlu hususları artırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Öte yandan alay etme, küçümseme ve saldırganlık gibi mizahi davranışların ise kurum içerisindeki psikolojik iyi oluşu ve işe olan bağlılığı azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla burada önemli olan husus, mizahın hangi amaçla ve ne niyetle kullanıldığının belirlenmesidir. Bu çalışmada da iş yeri mizahı çalışmalarının genel anlamda pozitif etkileri üzerine yoğunlaştığı elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mizah, Mizah Kuramları, Kurumsal Mizah

Kaynakça

• Arık, M. B. (2002). Kemal Sunal, Levent Kırca ve Cem Yılmaz’ın mizahına teorik bir bakış. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 111-129.
• Balazs-McCord, S. (2017). Creating an innovative workplace: Effects of humor style and supervisor support (Doctoral dissertation). Keiser University.
• Bayrakçı, E. (2019). İş yerinde mizah: banka çalışanlarının metaforik algıları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(30), 978-989.
• Berger, A. A. (1987). Humor. American Behavioral Scientist. 30. 6-15.
• Blanchard, A. L., Stewart, O. J., Cann, A., and Follman, L. (2014). Making sense of humor at work. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 17(1), 49–70.
• Block, S., Browning, S., and McGrath, G. (1983). Humor in group psychotherapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56, 89-97.
• Buss, D. M. (1988). The evolution of human intrasexual competition: tactics of mate attraction. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(4), 616.
• Büyükyılmaz, O. (2018). Yöneticilerin olumlu ve olumsuz mizah kullanımı ile çalışan tutumları arasındaki ilişki. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 125-150.
• Calabrese, K. R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict and sarcasm in the workplace. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(4), 459.
• Carrell, A. (2008). Historical views of humor. In V. Raskin (Ed.), The primer of humor research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 303-332.
• Cavanaugh, R. E. (2002). An analysis of the relationship between humor styles and perceived quality of life among university faculty. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
• Chan, S. C. (2010). Does workplace fun matter? developing a useable typology of workplace fun in a qualitative study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 720-728.
• Crawford, C. B. (1994). Theory and implications regarding the utilization of strategic humor by leaders. Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(4), 53-68.
• Crıtchley, S. (2002). Mizah üzerine. (Çv. Seyran Sam) MonoKL Yayınları.
• Cruthirds, K. W., Wang, Y. J. ve Romero, E. J. (2013). Insights into negative humor in organizations: development of the negative humor questionnaire. Journal of Business & Management, 19(3), 7-18.
• Çetin, M. (2009). Çalışanların mizah tarzlarının ise ilişkin duygusal iyilik algıları üzerine etkisi ve sosyal iklimin bu ilişki üzerindeki şartlı değişken rolü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi.
• Çetinkaya, F. F. ve Şener, E. (2016). Yöneticilerin mizah tarzlarının çalışanların örgütsel sinizm algısına etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 207-221.
• De Koning, E. and Weiss, R.L. (2002). The relational humor inventory: Functions of humor in close relationships. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 1-18.
• De Mey, T. (2005). Tales of the unexpected: Incongruity-resolution in humor comprehension, scientific discovery and thought experimentation. Logic and Logical Philosophy, 14, 69–8.
• Deckers, L. and Kizer, P. (1975). Humor and the incongruity hypothesis. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 90, 215-218.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. and Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
• Dossey B.M. ve Keegan L. (2008). Holistic nursing. MA: Jones & Bartlett.
• Dozois, D. J., Martin, R. A. and Bieling, P. J. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas and adaptive/maladaptive styles of humor. Cognitive therapy and research, 33(6), 585-596.
• Duncan, W. J. (1985). The superiority theory of humor at work: Joking relationships as indicators of formal and informal status patterns in small, task-oriented groups. Small Group Behavior, 16(4), 556-564.
• Duncan, W. J., Smeltzer, L. R. and Leap, T. L. (1990). Humor and work: Applications of joking behavior to management. Journal of Management, 16(2), 255-278.
• Durmuş, İ. (1998). Hezl. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı
• Eagleton, T. (2020). Mizah (2. Basım). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Fedai, Ö. (2009). Garip ve ikinci yeni şiirinde bir kaynak olarak humour ve ironi, Electronic Turkish Studies, 4, 998-1021.
• Festinger, L. A. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson
• Forward, S. (1989). Toxic parents: overcoming their hurtful legacy and reclaiming your life. Bantam Books.
• Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300- 319.
• Freud, S. (1905). Espriler ve bilinçdışı ile ilişkileri (2. Basım, 2021). Roman Yayınları.
• Galloway, G. and Cropley, A. (1999). Benefits of humor for mental health: Empirical findings and directions for further research. Humor: Interna- tional Journal of Humor Research, 12, 301- 314.
• Gardner, J. T., Chandler, R. C. and Wallace, J. D. (2015). Nothing to laugh about: Student ınterns use of humor in response to workplace dissatisfaction. Southern Communication Journal, 80(2), 102–118.
• Gervais, M. and Wilson, D. S. (2005). The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 80, 395-430.
• Gkorezis, P., Hatzithomas, L., and Petridou, E. (2011). The impact of leader’s humor on employees’ psychological empowerment: The moderating role of tenure. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23(1), 83-95.
• Gregory, J. C. (1924). The nature of laughter. Routledge.
• Gruner, C. (1978). Understanding laughter: The workings of wit and humor. Nelson-Hal.
• Guenter, H., Schreurs, B., Van Emmerik, I. H., Gijsbers, W. and Van Iterson, A. (2013). How adaptive and maladaptive humor influence well-being at work: A diary study. Humor, 26(4), 573-594.
• Güleç, R., ve Öncül, M. S. (2019). Yöneticilerin mizah tarzının çalışanların iş yaşam kaliteleri üzerine etkisinde psikolojik sermayenin aracı rolü. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 21(37), 157-185.
• Güney, A. (2021). Örgütlerde mizah, örgüt iklimi ve bilgi saklama davranışı arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine bir araştırma (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Halliwell, S. (1998). Aristotle’s poetics. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
• Hazlitt, W. (1903). Letters on the English comic writers, Lecture I. Collected Works, 8, 5-30. London: Dent.
• Hewett, D. G., Watson, B. M., Gallois, C., Ward, M. and Legget, B. A. (2009). Intergroup communication between hospital doctors: Implications for quality of patient care. Social Science & Medicine, 69(12), 1732- 1740.
• Hoel, H., Glasø, L., Hetland, J., Cooper, C. L. and Einarsen, S. (2010). Leadership styles as predictors of self‐reported and observed workplace bullying. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 453- 468.
• Howland, M., and Simpson, J. A. (2014). Attachment orientations and reactivity to humor in a social support context. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(1), 114-137.
• Hudson, K. M. (2001). Transforming a conservative company- one laugh at a time. Harvard Business Review, 79(7), 45-53.
• Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A. and Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122-1131.
• Janko, R. (1984). Aristotle on comedy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Kant, I. (1987). Critique of judgment. (çv. Werner S. Pluhar) Hackett Publishing: Cambiridge.
• Keith-Spiegel, P. (1972). Early conceptions of humor: Varieties and ıssues. ın the psychology of humor: theoretical perspectives and empirical ıssues. 3–39. New York: Academic Press.
• Kenny, K. and Euchler, G. (2012). Some good clean fun: Humour, control and subversion in an advertising agency. Gender, Work & Organization, 19(3), 306-323.
• Kuiper, N. A. and Leite, C. (2010). Personality impressions associated with four distinct humor styles. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 115-122.
• Lang, J. C. and Lee, C. H. (2010). Workplace humor and organizational creativity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(1), 46-60.
• Logacheva, E. Y., and Plakhotnik, M. S. (2021). The impact of humor climate on innovative work behavior: evidence from the banking industry in Russia. Industrial and Commercial Training, 53(3) 237-249.
• Lynch, O. H. (2002). Humorous communication: Finding a place for humor in communication research. Communication theory, 12(4), 423-445.
• Martin, R. A. (2002). Is laughter the best medicine? Humor, laughter, and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 216-220.
• Martin, R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
• Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J. and Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48-75.
• Martineau, W. H. (1972). A model of the social functions of humor. In J. H. Goldstein, & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor (pp. 101-125). Academic Press.
• Matthias, G. (2014). The relationship between principals humor style and school climate in Wisconsin's public middle schools (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertations), The University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee.
• McGraw, A. P., Warren, C. and Kan, C. (2015). Humorous complaining. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(5), 1153-1171.
• Mesmer‐Magnus, J., Glew, D. J. and Viswesvaran, C. (2012). A meta‐analysis of positive humor in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 17(1), 49-70.
• Meyer, J. (1990). Ronald Reagan and humor: A politician's velvet weapon. Communication Studies, 41(1), 76-88.
• Meyer, J. C. (2015). Understanding Humor Through Communication. Lexington Books.
• Mizah, Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri içinde, https://www.tdk.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı. Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022.
• Morreall, J. (1982). A new theory of laughter. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 42(2), 243-254.
• Morreall, J. (1987). Funny ha-ha, funny strange, and other reactions to incongruity. The philosophy of laughter and humor, 188-207.
• Morreall, J. (1991). Humor and work. Humor International Journal of Humor Research, 4 (3-4).
• Morreall, J. (2009). Comic relief: A comprehensive philosophy of humor. John Wiley Sons: Hoboken, New Jersey.
• Neves, P. (2018). Exploring a model of workplace ostracism: The value of coworker humor. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(4), 330.
• O'Donnell‐Trujillo, N. and Adams, K. (1983). Heheh in conversation: Some coordinating accomplishments of laughter. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 47(2), 175-191.
• Özarallı, N., Turnalar Çetinkaya, N., Göksel, E., Çitli, İ. ve Uzunkoca, Ü. (2019). Örgütlerde mizah ortamı yaratmada liderin rolü ve işe ilişkin iyilik hali. 7. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi. Burdur.
• Robert, C. and Yan, W. (2007). The case for developing new research on humor and culture in organizations: Toward a higher grade of manure. In Research in personnel and human resources management. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Robert, C., Dunne, T. C. and Iun, J. (2015). The impact of leader humor on subordinate job satisfaction: The crucial role of leader–subordinate relationship quality. Group & Organization Management, 41(3), 375-406.
• Romero, E. and Pescosolido, A. (2008). Humor and group effectiveness. Human relations, 61(3), 395-418.
• Romero, E. J. and Arendt, L. A. (2011). Variable effects of humor styles on organizational outcomes. Psychological Reports, 108(2), 649-659.
• Romero, E. J., and Cruthirds, K. W. (2006). The Use of Humor in the Workplace. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58-69.
• Samson, A. C. and Gross, J. J. (2012). Humour as emotion regulation: The differential consequences of negative versus positive humour. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 375-384.
• Samson, A. C. and Gross, J. J. (2014). The dark and light sides of humor: An emotion-regulation perspective (In J. Gruber & J. T. Moskowitz Eds.). Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides and dark sides (pp. 169–182). Oxford University Press.
• Sayers, J. G. and Fachira, I. (2015). Telling tales: Online comic and gripe story‐sharing by service workers about difficult customers. New Technology, Work and Employment, 30(2), 128-144.
• Schopenhauer, A. (1909). The word as will and ıdea. (Translated by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp).3, 6th ed. London: Kegan Paul.
• Shaw, J. (2010). Philosophy of humor. Philosophy Compass, 5(2), 112-126.
• Sliter, M., Kale, A. and Yuan, Z. (2014). Is humor the best medicine? The buffering effect of coping humor on traumatic stressors in firefighters. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 257-272.
• Smeltzer, L. R. and Leap, T. L. (1988). An analysis of individual reactions to potentially offensive jokes in work settings. Human Relations, 41, 295-304.
• Smith, J. W. and Khojasteh, M. (2014). Use of humor in the workplace. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 18(1), 71-78.
• Smuts, A. (2006). Humor. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Spencer, H. (1875). The physiology of laughter. Illustrations of universal progress: A series of discussions (pp. 194–209). D Appleton & Company.
• Suls, J. M. (1972). A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons: An informationprocessing analysis. The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues, 1, 81-100.
• Thomae, M., and Pina, A. (2015). Sexist humor and social identity: The role of sexist humor in men’s in-group cohesion, sexual harassment, rape proclivity, and victim blame. Humor, 28(2), 187-204.
• Thornton J. and White A. A. (1999). Heideggerian investigation into the lived experience of humour by nurses in an intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 15, 266-78.
• Trif, S. and Fodor, O. C. (2019). The dark side of humor in the workplace: aggressive humor, exhaustion and intention to leave the organization. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 17(2), 74-100.
• Vuorela, T. (2005). Laughing matters: A case study of humor in multicultural business negotiations. Negotiation Journal, 21(1), 105-130.
• Warren, C. and McGraw, A. P. (2016). Differentiating what is humorous from what is not. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 407.
• Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary. (1988). MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Wilkins, K. (2014). Valhallolz: Medievalist humor on the Internet. Postmedieval: A Journal Of Medieval Cultural Studies, 5(2), 199-214.
• Williams, R. A. and Clouse, R. W. (1991). Humor as a management technique: ıts ımpact on school culture and climate. Metropolitan Nashville-Davidson County Schools (ERIC ED 337 866). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED337866.pdf.
• Woltman Elpers, J. L. C. M., Mukherjee, A. and Hoyer, W. D. (2004). Humor in television advertising: A moment-to-moment analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 592–598.
• Wood, R. E. Beckmann, N. and Pavlakis, F. (2007). Humour in organisations: no laughing matter. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Wotten P. (1996). Humor an antidote for stress. Holist Nurs Pract, 10(2):49-56.
• Yerlikaya, E. E. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mizah tarzları ile algılanan stres, kaygı ve depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış̧Doktora Tezi), Çukurova Üniversitesi.
• Zengin, T. ve Gündüz, H. B. (2019). Okul yöneticilerinin mizah tarzlarının örgütsel sessizliğe etkisi. Yıldız Journal Of Educational Research, 4(1), 1-21.