Just War Tradition in Western Civilization and Christianity

Öz

The society’s tendency to use force against each other and the quest for finding justification to apply force has existed throughout the history. The legitimacy of the war has been generally based on religious beliefs and social values in the periods when the reasons for war are not clear. The Just War thinking shaped in Ancient Greece and Rome was completely discussed in terms of theology with the adoption of Christianity. Christianity, adopting the pacifist way of thinking in the first period, then adorned the Just War with religious motifs entirely to spread the commandments of God on earth. Western Civilization, where the religious influence was restricted with Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment, has secularized the Just War by estranging it from Christianity doctrine. The first part of the article will focus on the emergence of the process of Just War tradition in Western Civilization. The second part will involve the pacifist ideas in early Christianity. The third part will deal with Just War tradition from Church law perspective. The fourth part of the article will elaborate on the secularization process of Just War. Final part emphasizes situation of the Just War in 20th century.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Just War, Canon Law, Western Civilization, Secularization

BATI MEDENİYETİ VE HIRİSTİYANLIKTA HAKLI SAVAŞ GELENEĞİ

Öz

Toplumların birbirlerine karşı kuvvet kullanma eğilimi ve uygulanacak kuvvetin haklı nedenlerini bulma arayışı tarih boyunca var olmuştur. Hangi hallerde savaşa gidileceğinin belirli olmadığı dönemlerde savaşın meşruiyeti genelde dinî inanca ve toplumsal değerlere dayandırılmıştır. Antik Yunan ve Roma İmparatorluğu’nda şekillenen Haklı Savaş düşüncesi Hıristiyanlığın kabulüyle birlikte tamamıyla teolojik açıdan ele alınmıştır. İlk dönemlerde pasifist düşünce tarzını benimseyen Hıristiyanlık, daha sonra Tanrı’nın buyruklarını yeryüzünde yaymak için Haklı Savaşı baştan sona dinî motiflerle süslemiştir. Reform ve Aydınlanma Çağıyla birlikte dinî etkinin sınırlandığı Batı medeniyeti Haklı Savaşı Hıristiyanlık öğretisinden uzaklaştırarak sekülerleştirmiştir. İlk bölümde Batı medeniyetinde Haklı Savaş geleneğinin ortaya çıkış sürecinin ele alınacağı makalenin ikinci bölümünde erken dönem Hıristiyanlığında pasifist düşünceye, üçüncü bölümde Kilise hukuku perspektifinden Haklı savaş geleneğine yer verilirken dördüncü bölümde ise Haklı Savaşın sekülerleşme süreci işlenecektir. Son bölümde Haklı Savaşın 20. Yüzyıldaki gelişimi anlatılacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Haklı Savaş,Kilise Hukuku,Batı Medeniyeti,Sekülerleşme

Kaynakça

1. AUGUSTINE, Anti-Manichaen Writings, XXII. Kitap, 74. Bölüm, http://www.logoslibrary.org/augustine/faustus/2274.html (13.01.2016)
2. AUGUSTINE, Questions on the Heptateuch
3. AKAL, Cemal Bali, Modern Düşüncenin Doğuşu: İspanyol Altın Çağı, Dost Kitabevi, 2003, s. 61.
4. AQUINAS, Thomas, Summa Theologica, Public Doma, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html (17.04.2014).
5. ARISOTLE, The Politics, çev. E. Baker, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, 1998.
6. _______, Politika, çev. Mete Tunçay, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1993.
7. BAINTON, Roland H., Christian Attitudes Toward War and Peace: A Historical Survey and Critical Re-Evalution, Abingdon Press, New York, 1960.
8. BALLIS, William Belcher, “The Legal Position of War: Changes in its Practice and Theory from Plato to Vattel”,The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1937.

9. BEDERMAN, David J., International Law in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001.
10. BELLAMY, Alex J., Just Wars frmom Cicero to Iraq, Polity Press, Malden, 2008, ss. 203-205.
11. BROWNLIE, Ian, Internatioal Law And The Use Of Force By States, Oxford University Press, London, 1963.
12. CHESTERMAN, Simon, Just War or Just Peace: Humanitarian Intervention and International Law, Oxford Press, New York, 2001.
13. CHILDRESS, James F., “Just War Criteria, içinde Thomas A. Shannon (der.), War or Peace? The Search for New Answers, Maryknoll, 1980.
14. CHRISTOPHER, Paul, The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1994.
15. CICERO, De Officiis, Çev. W. Miller, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1961.
16. CLOUGH, David L. – Stiltner, Brian, Faith And Force: A Christian Debate About War, Georgetown University Press, Washington, 2007.
17. DAVIE, Maureice R., The Evolution of War: A Study of Its Role in Early Societies, Dover Publications, 2003.
18. DE VITORIA, Francisco, “On the American Indias”, içinde A Pagden – J. Lawrence (der.), Vitoria: Political Writings, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
19. DEANE, Herbert A., The Political and the Social Ideas of St. Augustine, Columbia University Press, London, 1963.
20. DUPUY, Rene- Jean (çev. Selahattin Bağdatlı) , Uluslararası Hukuk, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995, s. 12.
21. ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, 14th ed., http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/635532/war (3.5.2014)
22. ERDMAN, Carl, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, Princeton University Press, 1977.
23. EREKER, Fulya A., “İlkçağlardan Günümüze Haklı Savaş Kavramı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 2004, c.1, S. 3, ss. 1-36.
24. ETİMOLOJİ TÜRKÇE, http://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/sav, (14.1.2016).
25. FIXDAL, Mona - Smith, Dan, “Humanitarian Intervention and Just War”, Mershon International Studies Review, 1998, c. 42, S. 2, ss. 283-312.
26. GAFFNEY, James, “Just War: Catholicism’s Contribution to International Law”, Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought & Culture, 2011, c. 4, S. 2, ss. 44-68.
27. GROTIUS, Hugo, De Jure Belli Ac Pacis, 1625, Book 2 Chapter 26: On Just Causes for War Waged by Those Under Another's Rule, http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/grotius/gro-220.htm (24.12.21012)
28. HALLIDAY, William Reginald, Lectures on the history of Roman religion from Numa to Augustus, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1922.
29. HAMİDULLAH, Muhammed, İslamda Devlet İdaresi, Nur Yayınları, 1979.
30. HARRIS, William V., War and Imperialism in Republican Rome: 327- 70 B.C., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979.
31. HEHIR, Aidan, Humanitarian Intervention: An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010.
32. HERAKLEITOS, Fragmanlar, çev. Cengiz Çakmak, Kabalcı Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2005. İNCİL, http://kutsalkitap.info/
33. INIS L. Claude, Jr., “Just Wars: Doctrines and Institutions”, Political Science Quarterly, c. 95, S. 1, ss. 83-96.
34. JOHNSON, James T., “On Keeping Faith: The Use of History for Religious Ethics”, Journal of Religious Ethics, 1979, c.7, S. 1, ss. 98-116.
35. ________, James T., The Quest for Peace: Three Moral Traditions in Western Cultural History, Princeton University Press, 1987.
36. ________, James T., “Just War in the Thought of Paul Ramsey”, The Journal of Religious Ethics, 1991, c. 19, S. 2, ss.183-207
37. _________, James T., Morality And Contemporary Warfare, Yale University Press, 2001.
38. _________, James T., “Contemporary Just War Thinking: Which Is Worse, to Have Friends or Critics?”, Ethics & International Affairs, 2013, c. 27, S. 1., ss. 25-45.
39. KELSAY, John – Johnson, James Turner (der.), Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions, Greenwood Press, New York 1991.
40. KESKİN, Funda, Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler, Mülkiyeler Birliği Vakfı, Ankara, 1998
41. LAIOU, Angeliki E., The Just Wars of Eastern Christians and the Holy War of the Crusaders, içinde Richard Sorabji – David Rodin, The Ethics of War
42. Shared Problems in Different Tradition, Ashgate Publishing, 2006.
43. ________, Angeliki E., “On Just War in Byzantium”, içinde S. Reinert vd. (der.), To Hellenikon: Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Cilt 1, New Rochelle.
44. LANG, Jr., Anthony F., “The Just War Tradition and the Question of Authority”, Journal of Military Ethics, 2009, c. 8, S.3, ss. 202-216.
45. LAUTERPACHT, Hersch, “The Grotian Tradition in International Law”, 23 British Year Book, International Law, 1946.
46. MACHIAVELLI, Nicholo, Prens, çev. Nazım Güvenç, Anahtar Kitaplar Yaınevi, 1999.
47. MATTOX, John Mark, St. Augustine and Theory of Just War, Continuum Books, 2006.
48. MURPHY, Sean D., Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1996.
49. NUSSBAUM, Arthur, “Just War: A Legal Concept?”, Michigan Law Review, 1943, c. 42, S. 3, ss. 453-479.
50. ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=war, (14.1.2016).
51. PAZARCI, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri I, Turhan Kitabevi, 1999.
52. PLATO, The Laws, çev. T. Saunders, Penguin Publishing, London.
53. _______, The Republic, çev. D. Lee, Penguin Publishing, London, 2003.
54. _______, Devlet, çev. Sabahattin Eyüboğlu – M. Ali Cimcoz, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1995.
55. RAMSEY, Paul, The Just War, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968.
56. REICHBERG, Gregory M., “Norms of War in Roman Catholic Christianity”, Vasselin
57. RENGGER, Nicholas, “On the Just War Tradition in the Twenty-First Century”, International Affairs, 2002, c. 78, S. 2, s. 355.
58. SORABJI, Richard – Rodin, David, The Ethics of War Shared Problems in Different Tradition, Ashgate Publishing, 2006, s. 18.
59. RILEY-SMITH, Jonathan, The First Cusaders 1095-1131, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
60. RUSSEL, Frederick H., The Just War in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975.
61. ________, Frederick H., “Only Something Good Can Be Evil: The Genesis of Augstine’s Secular Ambivallance, Theological Studies, 1990, c. 51, S. 4, ss. 698-716.
62. SHADLE, Mathew A., The Origins of War A Catholic Perspective, Georgetown University Press, 2011, s. 17.
63. SWIFT, Louis J., Early Fathers on War and Military Service, Michael Glazier Publishing, Wilmington, 1983.
64. TASLAMAN, Caner – Taslaman, Feryal, “Contemporary Just War Theory: Paul Ramsey And Michael Walzer”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2013, c. 15, S. 59, ss. 1-20.
65. THUCYDIDES, The Peleponesian War, çev. R. Warner, Penguin Publishing, London, 1954.
66. UZUN, Elif, “Haklı Savaş Düşüncesinin Batılı Kökleri: İlk Çağlardan Yirmi Birinci Yüzyıla Jus Ad Bellum Kavramı”, 2010, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, c. 6, S. 21, ss. 19-33.
67. VON CLAUSEWITZ, Carl, Savaş Üzerine, çev. Şiar Yalçın, Eriş Yayınları, 2003.
68. VON ELBE, Joachim, “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, 1939, c.33, S. 4, ss. 665-688.
69. WALZER, Michael, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, Basic Books, 2000.
70. WILKIN, Robert N., Eternal Lawyer: A Legal Biography of Cicero, MacMillan Publishing, New York, 1947.
71. WINDASS, Stanley Christianity Versus Violence: A Social And Historical Study Of War And Christianity, Sheed and Ward, London, 1964.
72. ZEHR, Nahed Artoul, “James Turner Johnson and the ‘Classic’ Just War Tradition”, Journal of Military Ethics, 2009, c. 8, S. 3, ss. 190-201