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Kültürel Anlam Üretiminde Çokuluslu Şirketlerin İdeolojik Marka İletişim Aracı Olarak Hollywood Sineması: “Forrest Gump” Filminin Sinematografik İmaj Analizi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 1 - 28, 01.06.2015

Öz

This study is aimed to reveal functions of meaning production and ideological contexts of cultural products involving the behavior patterns of capitalist society exported by the brand communication tools in the world market dominated by multinational corporations. In the study ideological brand communication characterises both as creating an uniform/homogenizer culture that ensure the spread of produced cultural meanings to the world and acceptance of idealized brands (these may be ideas, beliefs, ideologies, political identity, people, objects, and so on) in all markets and as "false consciousness" creation tool that perceives the national with the popular in integrity and melts them in the same pot. In this respect, while ideological brand communication tools of multinational companies are myths, cultural icons, political discourse, civil society interviews, stories, fairy tales, toys, advertisings, musics, cartoons, television and film; reinforcer of these meanings are also identity creators as film and television stars, musicians, politicians, journalists, novels and screen heroes

Kaynakça

  • ADORNO T. W. (1973). Negative Dialectics , [Çev. E.B., Ashton], New York: Seabury Press.
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  • BAUMAN, Z. (2007). Consuming Life, Cambridge and Malden, MA: Polity Press
  • BENJAMIN, W.(1990). The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media, Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • BORDWELL, D., & THOMPSON, K. (2008). Film Sanatı. Ankara: De Ki Yayıncılık.
  • BROWN, B. (2006). Sinematografi Kuram ve Uygulama Çev. Selçuk Taylaner. İstanbul: Hil Yayın.
  • BURGOYNE, R. ( 2003). Memory, History And Digital Imagery in Contemporary Film. P. Grainge içinde, Memory and Popular Film (s. 220-237). UK: Manchester University Press.
  • CHUMO, P. N. (1995). You Have Got To Put The Past Behind You Before You Can Move On, Journal of Popular Film & Television .
  • COLEBROOK, C. (2009), Gilles Deleuze [çev. Cem Soydemir,], Doğu Batı Yayınları-47 Felsefe-15, 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • COMOLLI, J.L. & NARBONİ, J. (1976). “Cinema/Ideology/Criticism.” [Çev. Susan Bennett]. In Movies and Methods: An Anthology. Edited by Bill Nichols. 22-30. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • COMOLLI,J.L. (1985). “Technique and Ideology: Camera, Perspective, Depth of Field”. In Nichols, B. (Ed.), Movies and Methods, Vol. II. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • COOPER, H., SCHEMBRI, S., & MILLER, A. D. (2010). Brand–Self Identity Narratives in the James Bond Movies. Psychology & Marketing , Vol. 27(6): 557–567.
  • COTTON,C.(2004). The Photograph as Contemporary Art.London:Thomas&Hudson.
  • DORFMAN, A. &, MATTELART, A. (1977), Emperyalist Kültür Sanayii ve W.Disney [Çev. Atilla Aksoy], Gözlem Ya., İstanbul.
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  • EISEMAN, L. (2000). Pantone Guide to Communicating with Color, Florida: Grafix Press.
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KÜLTÜREL ANLAM ÜRETİMİNDE ÇOKULUSLU ŞİRKETLERİN İDEOLOJİK MARKA İLETİŞİM ARACI OLARAK HOLLYWOOD SİNEMASI: “FORREST GUMP” FİLMİNİN SİNEMATOGRAFİK İMAJ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 1 - 28, 01.06.2015

Öz

Bu çalışma, çokuluslu şirketlerin egemen oldukları dünya pazarlarında marka iletişim araçları ile ihraç ettiği kapitalist toplum davranış modellerini içeren kültür ürünlerinin anlam üretme işlevlerini ve ideolojik bağlamlarını ortaya koymaya yöneliktir. Çalışmada ideolojik marka iletişimi, hem üretilen kültürel anlamların dünyaya yayılımını ve idealleştirilen markaların (-bunlar, fikirler, inançlar, ideolojiler, siyasi kimlikler, kişiler, nesneler vb. olabilir) tüm pazarlarda kabulünü sağlayacak tek tip/homojenize bir kültürü yaratma hem de ulusal olanı popular olanla bir bütünlük içinde algılayan ve aynı potada eriten “yanlış bilinç” yaratma aracı olarak nitelenir. Bu açıdan, çokuluslu şirketlerin ideolojik marka iletişim araçları mitler, kültürel ikonlar, siyasi söylemler, sivil toplum söyleşileri, hikayeler, masallar, oyuncaklar, reklamlar, müzik, çizgi film, televizyon ve sinema iken bu anlamları pekiştiriciler; film ve televizyon yıldızları, müzisyenler, siyasetciler, gazeteciler, roman ve ekran kahramanları, çizgi karakterler gibi kimlik yaratıcılarıdır. Bu ideolojik araçlar ile çokuluslu şirketler, emperyalist kültürü toplumlara benimsetirken aynı zamanda toplumların zihinsel/kültürel haritalarını çizerek gönüllü olarak bağımlı hale gelmiş pazar toplumu yaratırlar.
Bu bağlamda, çalışma da ideolojik marka iletişim aracı olarak Hollwood Sineması ele alınıp,
“Forrest Gump” filminin sinematoğrafik imaj analizi konu kapsam ve amacına yönelik analiz edilmiş
ve sonuç üzerine düşünsel denemelere yer verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • ADORNO T. W. (1973). Negative Dialectics , [Çev. E.B., Ashton], New York: Seabury Press.
  • ADORNO, T. W. (2009). Kültür Endüstrisi [cev. Nihat Ünler, Mustafa Tuzel, Elcin Gen], Istanbul: Iletisim Ya. No. 1251/12.
  • ALTHUSSER, L. (1971). " Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses"[1969]. In Lenin and Philosophy. [Çev. Ben Brewster], New York: Monthly Review Press, 127- 186.
  • ALTHUSSER, L. (2000). İdeoloji ve Devletin İdeolojik Aygıtları, İletişim Ya., İstanbul. AMELONG, Drink K. (2011), “Soft Slogans and Adrenal Health”, http://blog.optimalhealthnetwork.com/2011/05/soft-drink-slogans-and-adrenal- health.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2014)
  • BARBER, B. R. (2007), Consumed: How Markets Corrupt Children, Infantilize Adults, and Swallow Citizens Whole, London and New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company
  • BAUDRY, JEAN-LOUIS (1993). “Ideological Effects of the Basic cinematographic Apparatus.” Movies and Methods: An Anthology. Ed. Bill Nichols, 2 vols. Calcutta: Seagull.
  • BAUMAN, Z. (2007). Consuming Life, Cambridge and Malden, MA: Polity Press
  • BENJAMIN, W.(1990). The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media, Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • BORDWELL, D., & THOMPSON, K. (2008). Film Sanatı. Ankara: De Ki Yayıncılık.
  • BROWN, B. (2006). Sinematografi Kuram ve Uygulama Çev. Selçuk Taylaner. İstanbul: Hil Yayın.
  • BURGOYNE, R. ( 2003). Memory, History And Digital Imagery in Contemporary Film. P. Grainge içinde, Memory and Popular Film (s. 220-237). UK: Manchester University Press.
  • CHUMO, P. N. (1995). You Have Got To Put The Past Behind You Before You Can Move On, Journal of Popular Film & Television .
  • COLEBROOK, C. (2009), Gilles Deleuze [çev. Cem Soydemir,], Doğu Batı Yayınları-47 Felsefe-15, 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • COMOLLI, J.L. & NARBONİ, J. (1976). “Cinema/Ideology/Criticism.” [Çev. Susan Bennett]. In Movies and Methods: An Anthology. Edited by Bill Nichols. 22-30. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • COMOLLI,J.L. (1985). “Technique and Ideology: Camera, Perspective, Depth of Field”. In Nichols, B. (Ed.), Movies and Methods, Vol. II. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • COOPER, H., SCHEMBRI, S., & MILLER, A. D. (2010). Brand–Self Identity Narratives in the James Bond Movies. Psychology & Marketing , Vol. 27(6): 557–567.
  • COTTON,C.(2004). The Photograph as Contemporary Art.London:Thomas&Hudson.
  • DORFMAN, A. &, MATTELART, A. (1977), Emperyalist Kültür Sanayii ve W.Disney [Çev. Atilla Aksoy], Gözlem Ya., İstanbul.
  • EDERY, D., & MOLLICK, E. (2009). Changing the Game: How Video Games Are Transforming the Future of Business, New Jersey: Pearson Education
  • EISEMAN, L. (2000). Pantone Guide to Communicating with Color, Florida: Grafix Press.
  • ERDOĞAN, İ. (1995). Dünyanın Çarpık Düzeni Uluslararası İletişim. İstanbul: Analiz Basım Yayın.
  • ERDOĞAN, İ. (1995a). Forrest Gump Filmi, İdeolojik Propaganda ve Amerikan Gerçeği, http://www.irfanerdogan.com/sinema/gumpfilmi.htm
  • EWEN, S., & EWEN, E. (1992). Channels of Desire: Mass Images and Shaping of American Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • FAN, V. (Winter 2008), The Unanswered Question of Forrest Gump, Screen 49:4, Published by Oxford University Press.
  • FELDWICK, P. (2003). Brand Communications. R. Clifton, & J. Simmons içinde, Brands and Branding (s. 127-142). London: The economist Pasific Books.
  • FORRESTER, M. (2000). Psychology of the Image. London: Routledge.
  • FRALEY J. (2012), Forrest Gump (1994), http://thefilmspectrum.com/?p=4604, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2014)
  • FROW, J. (1992), “Cultural Markets and the Shape of Culture”. Continental Shift: Globalisation and Culture. Ed. Elizabeth Jacka, Sydney:Local Consumption, 7-24.
  • GEERTZ, C. (2010). Kültürlerin Yorumlanması çev. Hakan ür. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • GERBNER, G. (1999), “The stories we tell”, A Journal of Social Justice, 11/1, s. 9-15.
  • GRACE, R.M. (2005), “At 10-2 and 4 O’Clock, It Was Dr. Pepper Time”, http://www.metnews.com/articles/2005/reminiscing121505.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2014)
  • GOMBRICH, E. (1948). Icones Symbolicae: The Visual Image in Neo-Platonic Thought. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes ,Vol:11,s. 163-192.
  • HALL, S. (1985), Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post- Structuralist Debates,Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2, s. 91-114
  • HALL, S. (1998). “Yerel ve Küresel: Küreselleşme ve Etniklik”, Kültür, Küreselleşme ve Dünya Sistemi, Der: Anthony D. King, Çev: Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal, Gülcan Seçkin, Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • HILL, A. (2002), “Big Brother: The Real Audience,” Television and New Media, 3(3) August, 323-40.
  • HOGAN J. (2008), Reel Parables: Life Lessons from Popular Films, Paulist Press, New Jersey s:120-131.
  • HOLT, D. (2005). İkon Markalar çev.Sibel Kaçamak. İstanbul: Mediacat Yayınları.
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  • MONACO, J. (2001). Bir Film Nasıl Okunur?Sinema Dili, Tarihi ve Kuramı çev.Ertan Yılmaz. İstanbul 11. Baskı: Oğlak Yayınları.
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  • MUZELLEC, L., & Theodore Lynn, m. L. (2012). Branding in Fictional and Virtual Environments . European Journal of Marketing , 811-826.
  • NICHOLS, B. (1985), ed. Movies and Methods, Vol. II. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • PAPATYA, N. (2003). Kaynak Tabanlı Görüs. Ankara: Nobel Ya.
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  • PAPATYA, N. (2010a). “Kapitalizmin Yeni/Yenilenen Akıl Oyunları: Küresel Şirketlerin Etiksel Ütopyaları.” Mülkiye Dergisi, XXXIV (Güz): 301-327.
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  • PAPATYA, N. (2013a). “Cultural Icons of Global Marketing Ideology: Shopping Centers - A Critical Approach.” American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3, 10 (October): 121-133.
  • PAPATYA, N. (2013b), “Çokuluslu Şirketlerin Kaynak-Tabanlı Biyo-politik Üretiminde Rekabetçi Gücün Diyalektiği: Eleştirel ve Bütünsel Bakış” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C.18, S.3, s. 1-23.
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  • PHILLIPS, B.J. & MCQUARRIE E. F. (2004). “Beyond Visual Metaphor: A New Typology of Visual Rhetoric in Advertising.” Marketing Theory 4 (1/2): 113–136.
  • POWDERMAKER, H (1950) “Hollywood: The Dream Factory. An Anthropologist Look At The Movie Making.” In The Digital Globalization of Entertainment. New Paradigm in the 21st Century Global Mediascope. New York: Springer
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  • STURKEN, M., & CARTWRIGHT, L. (2001). Practices of Looking an Introduction to Visual Culture. Oxford: Oxford Universiry Press.
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  • YOUNG, J. S. & SIMON, W. L. ( 2011), Dev Bir Markanın Yaratıcısının İnanılmaz Hikayesi Steve Jobs Apple, Yakamoz Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Forrest Gump Filmi, http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=forrestgump.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.01.2014)
  • Forrest Gump Filmi oyları, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109830/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2014)
  • http://www.bubbagump.com/company/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2014)
  • http://www.drpepper.com/promotions/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2014)
  • http://about.nike.com/pages/philip-h-knight, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.20.2014)
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  • Tüm Zamanların Gişe Hasılatları, http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.01.2014)
Toplam 104 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

  Prof.Dr.Nurhan Papatya Bu kişi benim

 Yrd.Doç.Dr. Şefika Özdemir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Papatya, ., & Özdemir, .Ş. (2015). KÜLTÜREL ANLAM ÜRETİMİNDE ÇOKULUSLU ŞİRKETLERİN İDEOLOJİK MARKA İLETİŞİM ARACI OLARAK HOLLYWOOD SİNEMASI: “FORREST GUMP” FİLMİNİN SİNEMATOGRAFİK İMAJ ANALİZİ. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 1-28.