KÜRESELLEŞME KURGUSUNA YÖNELİK HİPOTEZ TESTLERİ: YOKSULLUK OLGUSU ÜZERİNE SEÇİLMİŞ ÜLKELER DENEYİMİ (1997-2003)

Arş.Gör.Dr.Bernur Açıkgöz; Prof.Dr.Recep Kök; Arş.Gör.Dr.Serdar İspir

Küreselleşme Kurgusuna Yönelik Hipotez Testleri: Yoksulluk Olgusu Üzerine Seçilmiş Ülkeler Deneyimi (1997-2003)

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 351 - 376, 01.03.2008

Arş.Gör.Dr.Bernur Açıkgöz Prof.Dr.Recep Kök Arş.Gör.Dr.Serdar İspir

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

1. ACEMOĞLU Daron, Simon JOHNSON, James A. ROBINSON; “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation”, NBER Working Paper Series, No: 7771.
2. ALESINA A., S. OZLER, ROUBINI N. ve SWAGEL P.; “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, 1, 189-211.
3. ALTAY Asuman; “Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Yayınlanmamış Doçentlik Tezi, 2000, İzmir.
4. ANAND S., A. SEN; “Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement”, Background paper for Human Development Report 1993. New York: UNDP.
5. ARASIL Ömer; “Maliye Politikası Aracı Olarak Kamu Harcamalarının Türkiye’de Uygulanan İstikrar Politikalarına Entegrasyonu”, D.E.Ü: S.B.E. İktisat Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İzmir,1989.
6. ARROW K.; “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing”, Review of Economic Studies, 29, 1962, s.155-173.
7. ASTERIOU D., G.M. AGIOMIRGIANAKIS; “Human Capital and Economic Growth Time Series Evidence From Greece”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 2001, 23.
8. BALASSA B.; “Export Policym Choices and Economic Growth in developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 18, 1985,s.23-35.
9. BALTAGI B. H.; “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data”, John Wiley, West sussex, 1995.
10. BARRO R.; “Determinants of Economic Growth: A CrossCountry Emprical Study”, 1997,Cambridge.
11. BARRO R.;“Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1,1996, s.1-27.
12. BARRO R.J.; “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1991, s.43.
13. BARRO R.J.; “Human Capital and Growth in Cross-Country Regressions, Harvard University, Manuscript, 1998,s.7.
14. BARRO R J. Jong-Wha LEE; “Schooling Quality in a Cross Section of Countries” , Harvard College Development Discussion Paper No. 659, October 1998, Boston.
15. BAUMOL W.J, W.E. OATES (); Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Quality of Life, Englewood Cliffs, 1979.
16. BECKER Gary; “A Theory of Social Interactions”, Journal of Political Economy, 1974, 82(6): 1063-93.
17. BREITUNG J.; “The Local Power of Some Unit Roots Tests for Panel Data” B.BALTAGI (ed.) Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, s.161-178.
18. CAMERON F.; “The Future of Europe: Integration and Enlargement”, Routledge,London, 2004.
19. CASTELLO Amparo, Rafael DOMENECH; "Human Capital Inequality and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 112(478), pages 187-200, 2002, March.
20. CHENG B.S., R.C. HSU; “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Japan:An Application of Time Series Analysis”, Applied Economic Letters, 4,1997, s. 395.
21. CHOI, I.; “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data,” Journal of International Money and Finance, 2001, Vol. 20, s.249-272
22. COE D.T., R. MOGHADAM; “Capital and Trade As Engines of Growth in France: An Application of Johansen’s Cointegration Methodology”, IMF Staff Papers, 40(3), 1993, s.542-566
23. DASGUPTA P., Martin WEALE; “On Measuring The Quality of Life”, World Development, 20: s.119-131.
24. DELONG B., A. SHLEIFER; “Prices and Merchants:European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution”,Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 1993, s.671-702
25. DENISON E.W.; “Education,Economic Growth and Gaps in Information”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol:LXX,No:5,Part:2,1962, s.124-128.
26. DOLLAR David, Aart KRAAY; ”Growth Is Good for the Poor” Development Research Group The World Bank, March 2000.
27. EASTERLY William, Ross LEVİNE; “ Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1997, Vol.112, s.1203–1250.
28. EKER Ayça; “ Kamu Kesiminin Sınırlarının Belirlenmesinde Alternatif Mali Politikalar”, D.E.Ü., S.B.E. Maliye Anabilim dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir 1997.
29. GALOR Oded, Daniel TSIDDON; “Income Distribution and Growth: the Kuznets Hypothesis Revisited,” Economica, Volume:63, May 1996.
30. GHATAK S., C. MILNER, U.UTKULU; “Trade Liberalization and Endogenous Growth: Some Evidence for Turkey”, Economics of Planning, 28(2-3), 1995, s.147-167.
31. GLOMM G., B. RAVIKUMAR; “Productive Government Expenditures and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21,1997, s.201.
32. GRAMMY A.P., D. ASSANE;“New Evidence on the Effect of Human Capital on Economic Growth”, Applied Economic Letters, 4, 1996, s.124.
33. GREELEY Martin; “Pro-Poor Growth: a Review of Three Issues Informing the Current Policy Agenda”, Pluto Pres, London, 2001, s.55. 34. GÜLOĞLU Bülent; “Finansal Serbestleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veriler Yaklaşımı”, İMKB Dergisi, 7, s.39-65.
35. HADRI, K.; “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data,” Econometrics Journal, 2000, Vol. 3, s.148-161
36. HALL Robert E. , Charles JONES; “Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker Than Others?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1999,Vol.113, s.83-116.
37. HARRISON A.;“Openness and Growth: A Time Series Cross-Coutry Analysis for Developing Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, 48,1996,s.419-447.
38. HELLIWEL J.F;“Emprical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth”, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992, Working Paper No:4066.
39. HICKS N.; “Indicators of Development: A Search for a Basic Needs Yardstick”, World Development, 1997, s.567-580.
40. IM, K. S., M. H. PESARAN, Y. SHIN; “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 2003,Vol. 115, s. 53- 74
41. KAR M., S. TABAN; “Kamu Harcama Çeşitlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(3), 2003.
42. KAYA Yahya Kemal,” İnsan Yetiştirme Düzenimiz”, Ankara, 1974, s. 14.
43. KELLY T.; “Public Expenditures and Growth”, Journal of Development Studies, 34(1),1997.
44. KNACK S., P. KEEFER; “Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures”, Economics and Politics, (7) 3, 1995, s.207-227.
45. KNACK Stephen, Philip KEEFER; “Does Social Capital An Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1997, Vol.112, s.1251–1273.
46. KÖK Recep, Ertuğrul DELİKTAŞ, Mehmet KARAÇUKA; “Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 100.Yılına Hazırlanırken Temel Dönüşümleri Açıklayan Analitik Yaklaşımlar ve Küreselleşmeden Beklentiler”, DPT 2004 Türkiye İktisat Kongresi Küreselleşme ve Türkiye’nin Dış Ekonomik İlişkileri Tebliğ Metinleri, s.59.
47. KUZNETS Simon; "Economic Growth and Income Inequalty", American Economic Review, March 1955.
48. LA PORTA Rafael, Florencio LOPEZ-DE-SILANES, Andrei SHLEIFER, Robert VINHNY; “Law and Finance”, Journal Of Political Economy, 1998, Vol.106. s.1113-1155.
49. LEVIN, A., C. F.LIN, C. CHU;”Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties,” Journal of Econometrics, 2002, Vol. 108, s:1-24
50. LINDBECK Assar;"How Can Economic Policy Strike a Blance Between Ecomomic Efficicncy and Income Equality", Symposium of Income Inequality: Issues and Policy Options, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Wyoming, 1998.
51. LEVIN A, LIN C.F, CHU C; “Unit Roots Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 2002, 108,s.1-24.
52. LUCAS R.; “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1),1988, s.42.
53. MADDALA, G. S., S. WU; “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1999, Vol. 61, s.631-652
54. MAURO P.; “Corruption and Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 1995, s.681-712.
55. MCGILLIVRAY, M.; “The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator?” World Development, October 1991, 1461-68.
56. MUTLU Ayşegül, “Türkiye’de Konsolide Bütçe Harcamalarının Değerlendirilmesi”, Türkiye’de Kamu Ekonomisi ve Mali Kriz, XII. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu (15-17 Mayıs 1997, Antalya), İstanbul: İ.Ü. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, 1998, s.249.
57. NOORBAKHSH F. A; “Modified Human Development Index”, World Development, March 1998, 517-28. 58. PAGANO M.; “Financial Markets and Growth: An Overview”, European Economic Review, 37, 1993, s.613-622
59. PEACOCK, A.T, J.WISEMAN; “The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom”, Oxford University Pres, 1961, Oxford.
60. PEDRONI, Peter; "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 1999.
61. PEDRONI Peter;"Panel Cointegration; Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis," Indiana University Working Papers in Economics, No. 95– 013, 1995, Revised 4/97, 8/01.
62. PREBISCH R.; “La conferencia de Bruselas”, Revista de Ciencias Económicas, vol. 9, No. 1, 1991, Buenos Aires.
63. PSACHAROPOULOS G;“ Returns to Education: An Updated International Comparison”, Comparative Education, 17, No:3, 1981.
64. PSACHARAOPULOS G.; "The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth: International Comparisons,” in Blaug, Mark (Ed), The Economic Value of Education: Studies in The Economics of Education, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cambridge, 1992.
65. RAUCH J.;“Bureaucracy, Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from US Cities During the Progressive Era”, The American Economic Review, 85, 1995, s.968-979.
66. REBELO S.; “Long-run Policy Analysis and Long-run growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 1991, s.521.
67. RENELT D.; “Economic Growth: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature”, Working Papers WPS 678, Washington, D.C 1991.: World Bank.
68. ROMER P.M.; “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5),1990.
69. ROS Jaime; “Development Theory and The Economics of Growth”, The University of Michigan Press, USA, 2003, s.264.
70. ROSTOW W. W.; “İktisadi Gelişmenin Merhaleleri”, (Çev: Erol GÜNGÖR), İkinci Baskı, Kalem Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1980.
71. SAGAR Ambuj D., Adil NAJAM; “The Human Development Index: A Critical Review.” Ecological Economics, 1998, 25, 249-264.
72. SALA-I MARTIN X.; “Lecture Notes on Economic Growth (I): Introduction to the Literature and Neo-Classical Models”, NBER Working paper, No.3563, 1990.
73. SEN Amartya; “Özgürlükle Kalkınma” (Development as Freedom), www.iskenderiye.com/Amartyasen.html, Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2005.
74. SCHULTZ T.W.; “Education and Economic Growth: Return to Education”, Readings in the Economics of Education, UNESCO, France, 1968, s.277.
75. SHLEIFER A., R.W. VISHNY; “Corruption”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 1993, s.599-617.
76. STEWART F.; “Eğitim ve Uyum: 1980’lerin Deneyimi ve 1990’lar İçin Bazı Dersler”, Piyasa Güçleri ve Küresel Kalkınma”, (Çev: İdil ESER), 1.Baskı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 1995.
77. ULUTÜRK S.; “Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi”, Akdeniz Ü., İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 1(1), 2001, s.134.

KÜRESELLEŞME KURGUSUNA YÖNELİK HİPOTEZ TESTLERİ: YOKSULLUK OLGUSU ÜZERİNE SEÇİLMİŞ ÜLKELER DENEYİMİ (1997-2003)

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 351 - 376, 01.03.2008

Arş.Gör.Dr.Bernur Açıkgöz Prof.Dr.Recep Kök Arş.Gör.Dr.Serdar İspir

Öz

Yoksulluk olgusu, küreselleşme çerçevesinde tarafımızdan kurulmuş olan hipotezler bağlamıyla panel veriye dayalı FMOLS (Full Modified Ordinary Least Squares) yöntemiyle modellenerek test edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; kamu harcamalarının “uzun dönemde yoksulluğu azalttığı” hipotezi ile “Küreselleşme iktisadi anlamda insanların kayıp ve kazançlarındaki farklılaşmanın şiddetinin arttığı bir süreçtir” ve “serbest ticaret, az gelişmiş ülkelerin kalkınmalarını engelleyen bir faktördür” yaklaşımları doğrulanmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, Yoksulluk, Kalkınma, Kamu Harcamaları

Kaynakça

1. ACEMOĞLU Daron, Simon JOHNSON, James A. ROBINSON; “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation”, NBER Working Paper Series, No: 7771.
2. ALESINA A., S. OZLER, ROUBINI N. ve SWAGEL P.; “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, 1, 189-211.
3. ALTAY Asuman; “Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Yayınlanmamış Doçentlik Tezi, 2000, İzmir.
4. ANAND S., A. SEN; “Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement”, Background paper for Human Development Report 1993. New York: UNDP.
5. ARASIL Ömer; “Maliye Politikası Aracı Olarak Kamu Harcamalarının Türkiye’de Uygulanan İstikrar Politikalarına Entegrasyonu”, D.E.Ü: S.B.E. İktisat Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İzmir,1989.
6. ARROW K.; “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing”, Review of Economic Studies, 29, 1962, s.155-173.
7. ASTERIOU D., G.M. AGIOMIRGIANAKIS; “Human Capital and Economic Growth Time Series Evidence From Greece”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 2001, 23.
8. BALASSA B.; “Export Policym Choices and Economic Growth in developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 18, 1985,s.23-35.
9. BALTAGI B. H.; “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data”, John Wiley, West sussex, 1995.
10. BARRO R.; “Determinants of Economic Growth: A CrossCountry Emprical Study”, 1997,Cambridge.
11. BARRO R.;“Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1,1996, s.1-27.
12. BARRO R.J.; “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1991, s.43.
13. BARRO R.J.; “Human Capital and Growth in Cross-Country Regressions, Harvard University, Manuscript, 1998,s.7.
14. BARRO R J. Jong-Wha LEE; “Schooling Quality in a Cross Section of Countries” , Harvard College Development Discussion Paper No. 659, October 1998, Boston.
15. BAUMOL W.J, W.E. OATES (); Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Quality of Life, Englewood Cliffs, 1979.
16. BECKER Gary; “A Theory of Social Interactions”, Journal of Political Economy, 1974, 82(6): 1063-93.
17. BREITUNG J.; “The Local Power of Some Unit Roots Tests for Panel Data” B.BALTAGI (ed.) Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, s.161-178.
18. CAMERON F.; “The Future of Europe: Integration and Enlargement”, Routledge,London, 2004.
19. CASTELLO Amparo, Rafael DOMENECH; "Human Capital Inequality and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 112(478), pages 187-200, 2002, March.
20. CHENG B.S., R.C. HSU; “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Japan:An Application of Time Series Analysis”, Applied Economic Letters, 4,1997, s. 395.
21. CHOI, I.; “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data,” Journal of International Money and Finance, 2001, Vol. 20, s.249-272
22. COE D.T., R. MOGHADAM; “Capital and Trade As Engines of Growth in France: An Application of Johansen’s Cointegration Methodology”, IMF Staff Papers, 40(3), 1993, s.542-566
23. DASGUPTA P., Martin WEALE; “On Measuring The Quality of Life”, World Development, 20: s.119-131.
24. DELONG B., A. SHLEIFER; “Prices and Merchants:European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution”,Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 1993, s.671-702
25. DENISON E.W.; “Education,Economic Growth and Gaps in Information”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol:LXX,No:5,Part:2,1962, s.124-128.
26. DOLLAR David, Aart KRAAY; ”Growth Is Good for the Poor” Development Research Group The World Bank, March 2000.
27. EASTERLY William, Ross LEVİNE; “ Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1997, Vol.112, s.1203–1250.
28. EKER Ayça; “ Kamu Kesiminin Sınırlarının Belirlenmesinde Alternatif Mali Politikalar”, D.E.Ü., S.B.E. Maliye Anabilim dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir 1997.
29. GALOR Oded, Daniel TSIDDON; “Income Distribution and Growth: the Kuznets Hypothesis Revisited,” Economica, Volume:63, May 1996.
30. GHATAK S., C. MILNER, U.UTKULU; “Trade Liberalization and Endogenous Growth: Some Evidence for Turkey”, Economics of Planning, 28(2-3), 1995, s.147-167.
31. GLOMM G., B. RAVIKUMAR; “Productive Government Expenditures and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21,1997, s.201.
32. GRAMMY A.P., D. ASSANE;“New Evidence on the Effect of Human Capital on Economic Growth”, Applied Economic Letters, 4, 1996, s.124.
33. GREELEY Martin; “Pro-Poor Growth: a Review of Three Issues Informing the Current Policy Agenda”, Pluto Pres, London, 2001, s.55. 34. GÜLOĞLU Bülent; “Finansal Serbestleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veriler Yaklaşımı”, İMKB Dergisi, 7, s.39-65.
35. HADRI, K.; “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data,” Econometrics Journal, 2000, Vol. 3, s.148-161
36. HALL Robert E. , Charles JONES; “Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker Than Others?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1999,Vol.113, s.83-116.
37. HARRISON A.;“Openness and Growth: A Time Series Cross-Coutry Analysis for Developing Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, 48,1996,s.419-447.
38. HELLIWEL J.F;“Emprical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth”, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992, Working Paper No:4066.
39. HICKS N.; “Indicators of Development: A Search for a Basic Needs Yardstick”, World Development, 1997, s.567-580.
40. IM, K. S., M. H. PESARAN, Y. SHIN; “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 2003,Vol. 115, s. 53- 74
41. KAR M., S. TABAN; “Kamu Harcama Çeşitlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(3), 2003.
42. KAYA Yahya Kemal,” İnsan Yetiştirme Düzenimiz”, Ankara, 1974, s. 14.
43. KELLY T.; “Public Expenditures and Growth”, Journal of Development Studies, 34(1),1997.
44. KNACK S., P. KEEFER; “Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures”, Economics and Politics, (7) 3, 1995, s.207-227.
45. KNACK Stephen, Philip KEEFER; “Does Social Capital An Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1997, Vol.112, s.1251–1273.
46. KÖK Recep, Ertuğrul DELİKTAŞ, Mehmet KARAÇUKA; “Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 100.Yılına Hazırlanırken Temel Dönüşümleri Açıklayan Analitik Yaklaşımlar ve Küreselleşmeden Beklentiler”, DPT 2004 Türkiye İktisat Kongresi Küreselleşme ve Türkiye’nin Dış Ekonomik İlişkileri Tebliğ Metinleri, s.59.
47. KUZNETS Simon; "Economic Growth and Income Inequalty", American Economic Review, March 1955.
48. LA PORTA Rafael, Florencio LOPEZ-DE-SILANES, Andrei SHLEIFER, Robert VINHNY; “Law and Finance”, Journal Of Political Economy, 1998, Vol.106. s.1113-1155.
49. LEVIN, A., C. F.LIN, C. CHU;”Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties,” Journal of Econometrics, 2002, Vol. 108, s:1-24
50. LINDBECK Assar;"How Can Economic Policy Strike a Blance Between Ecomomic Efficicncy and Income Equality", Symposium of Income Inequality: Issues and Policy Options, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Wyoming, 1998.
51. LEVIN A, LIN C.F, CHU C; “Unit Roots Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 2002, 108,s.1-24.
52. LUCAS R.; “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1),1988, s.42.
53. MADDALA, G. S., S. WU; “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1999, Vol. 61, s.631-652
54. MAURO P.; “Corruption and Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 1995, s.681-712.
55. MCGILLIVRAY, M.; “The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator?” World Development, October 1991, 1461-68.
56. MUTLU Ayşegül, “Türkiye’de Konsolide Bütçe Harcamalarının Değerlendirilmesi”, Türkiye’de Kamu Ekonomisi ve Mali Kriz, XII. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu (15-17 Mayıs 1997, Antalya), İstanbul: İ.Ü. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, 1998, s.249.
57. NOORBAKHSH F. A; “Modified Human Development Index”, World Development, March 1998, 517-28. 58. PAGANO M.; “Financial Markets and Growth: An Overview”, European Economic Review, 37, 1993, s.613-622
59. PEACOCK, A.T, J.WISEMAN; “The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom”, Oxford University Pres, 1961, Oxford.
60. PEDRONI, Peter; "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 1999.
61. PEDRONI Peter;"Panel Cointegration; Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis," Indiana University Working Papers in Economics, No. 95– 013, 1995, Revised 4/97, 8/01.
62. PREBISCH R.; “La conferencia de Bruselas”, Revista de Ciencias Económicas, vol. 9, No. 1, 1991, Buenos Aires.
63. PSACHAROPOULOS G;“ Returns to Education: An Updated International Comparison”, Comparative Education, 17, No:3, 1981.
64. PSACHARAOPULOS G.; "The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth: International Comparisons,” in Blaug, Mark (Ed), The Economic Value of Education: Studies in The Economics of Education, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cambridge, 1992.
65. RAUCH J.;“Bureaucracy, Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from US Cities During the Progressive Era”, The American Economic Review, 85, 1995, s.968-979.
66. REBELO S.; “Long-run Policy Analysis and Long-run growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 1991, s.521.
67. RENELT D.; “Economic Growth: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature”, Working Papers WPS 678, Washington, D.C 1991.: World Bank.
68. ROMER P.M.; “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5),1990.
69. ROS Jaime; “Development Theory and The Economics of Growth”, The University of Michigan Press, USA, 2003, s.264.
70. ROSTOW W. W.; “İktisadi Gelişmenin Merhaleleri”, (Çev: Erol GÜNGÖR), İkinci Baskı, Kalem Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1980.
71. SAGAR Ambuj D., Adil NAJAM; “The Human Development Index: A Critical Review.” Ecological Economics, 1998, 25, 249-264.
72. SALA-I MARTIN X.; “Lecture Notes on Economic Growth (I): Introduction to the Literature and Neo-Classical Models”, NBER Working paper, No.3563, 1990.
73. SEN Amartya; “Özgürlükle Kalkınma” (Development as Freedom), www.iskenderiye.com/Amartyasen.html, Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2005.
74. SCHULTZ T.W.; “Education and Economic Growth: Return to Education”, Readings in the Economics of Education, UNESCO, France, 1968, s.277.
75. SHLEIFER A., R.W. VISHNY; “Corruption”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 1993, s.599-617.
76. STEWART F.; “Eğitim ve Uyum: 1980’lerin Deneyimi ve 1990’lar İçin Bazı Dersler”, Piyasa Güçleri ve Küresel Kalkınma”, (Çev: İdil ESER), 1.Baskı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 1995.
77. ULUTÜRK S.; “Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi”, Akdeniz Ü., İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 1(1), 2001, s.134.

Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Arş.Gör.Dr.Bernur Açıkgöz Bu kişi benim Prof.Dr.Recep Kök Bu kişi benim Arş.Gör.Dr.Serdar İspir Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Mart 2008
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2008 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Açıkgöz, .A., Kök, P., & İspir, A. (2008). KÜRESELLEŞME KURGUSUNA YÖNELİK HİPOTEZ TESTLERİ: YOKSULLUK OLGUSU ÜZERİNE SEÇİLMİŞ ÜLKELER DENEYİMİ (1997-2003). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 351-376.

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