GİRİŞİMCİLERDE YAŞANAN BAŞARISIZLIK KORKUSU

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 23 Sayı: Geybulla Ramazanoğlu Özel Sayısı, 707 - 725, 30.06.2018

Elif Arslan

Öz

Çalışma temel olarak, girişimcilerin başarısızlık korkusu yaşayıp yaşamadığını ve eğer yaşıyorlarsa girişimcilik faaliyetlerinin bundan etkilenip etkilenmediğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Girişimcilik söz konusu olduğunda genellikle başarının ön plana çıkması sebebiyle girişimcilerin yaşayabileceği başarısızlık korkusu ve bunun sonuçları ihmal edilmiştir. Bu sebeple çalışmanın önem arz ettiği düşünülmektedir. Çalışma amacı doğrultusunda öncelikli olarak ayrıntılı bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Literatür taramasının ardından alan araştırmasına geçilmiştir. Nitel olarak tasarlanan araştırmanın amacına uygun olan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği kullanılmıştır. Görüşmelerin sınırlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla toplam 14 sorudan oluşan ve başarısızlık korkusuna ilişkin soruların açık uçlu olduğu bir görüşme formu oluşturulmuştur. Halen aktif olarak işletmesini yönetmekte olan ve küçük veya orta boy işletmesi olan 11 girişimci ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplanan veriler betimsel analiz ile değerlendirilmiştir. Girişimcilerin çoğunluğu işlerini kurmaya karar verdiklerinde ve halen başarısızlık korkusu hissettiklerini ifade etmiştir. Yine girişimcilerin çoğunluğu başarısızlık korkusunun güdülerini olumlu yönde etkilediğini, başarısızlık korkusu düzeyinin zaman içinde değiştiğini ve başarısızlık korkusunun psikolojilerini etkilediğini belirtmiştir. Girişimcilerin önemli bir bölümü aile desteğinin başarısızlık korkularını azalttığını belirtmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Girişimcilik, Başarısızlık Korkusu, Girişimcilerin Başarısızlık Korkusu, Girişimcilik ve başarısızlık korkusu

FEAR OF FAILURE IN ENTREPRENEURS

Öz

The main purpose of this study is determining whether entrepreneurs are experiencing fear of failure and whether entrepreneurial activities are affected by fear of failure. When it comes to entrepreneurship, fear of failure and consequences of entrepreneurs' failure are often neglected because success comes into the forefront. This study is important for this reason. Reviewed the detailed literature firstly for the purpose of the study. After the literature search, we started to field research. The semi-structured interview technique, which is appropriate for the purpose of this qualitative research, is used. In order to determine the boundaries of the interviews, an interview form consisted. The form consisting of a total of 14 questions and there are 8 open-ended questions about the fear of failure. Interviews were held with 11 entrepreneurs who are currently managing to actively his/her business and who own a small or medium-sized business. Descriptive analysis was used in order to analyze the data. The majority of the entrepreneurs stated that when they had decided to establish their business and still feel a fear of failure. The majority of entrepreneurs said that the fear of failure affects their motive positively and that the level of the fear of failure changes over time, and that fear of failure affects their psychology. A significant proportion of the entrepreneurs noted that family support reduced their fear of failure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneurship, Fear of failure, Fear of failure of entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship and fear of failure

Kaynakça

• AKPINAR, T. ve KÜÇÜKGÖKSEL, N. Ç. (2015). “Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Algısı Ve Girişimciliği Engelleyen Sebepler”, Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1):13-19.
• ARENIUS, P. and MINNITI, M. (2005). “Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurship”, Small Business Economics, 24: 233–247.
• ATKINSON, J.W. (1966). “Motivational Determinants of Risk-Taking Behavior”, pp. 11-30, (Ed.) ATKINSON, J.W. and FEATHER, N.T., A Theory of Achievement Motivation.. John Wiley and Sons, New York
• BARON, R. A. (2000). “Psychological Perspectives on Entrepreneurship: Cognitive and Social Factors in Entrepreneurs' Success”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1): 15-18.
• BRIXY, U., STENBERG, R., and STUBER, H. (2012). “The Selectiveness of the Entrepreneurial Process”, Journal of Small Business Management, 50: 105-131.
• BÖRÜ, D. (2011). “Girişimcilik Kadınlar ve Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik Olgusu”, s. 1-8, (Ed.) KARADAL, H., Girişimcilik, 3. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
• BUSENITZ, L. W. and BARNEY, J. B. (1997). “Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Euristics in Strategic Decision-Making”, Journal of Business Venturing, 12: 9-30.
• CACCIOTTI, G. and HAYTON, J. C. (2014). “Fear of Failure and Entrepreneurship: A Review and Direction for Future Research”, ERC Research Paper No. 24, www.enterpriseresearch.ac.uk. Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2017.
• CACCIOTTI, G. and HAYTON, J. C. (2015). “Fear and Entrepreneurship: a Review and Research Agenda”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(29):165–190.
• CANIDIO, A. and LEGROS, P. (2016). “The Value of Entrepreneurial Failures: Task Allocation and Career Concerns”, CEPR Discussion Paper, No. DP11295. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2786897.
• COLLINS, D. D. (2007). Entrepreneurial Success: The Effect ff Fear On Human Performance, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Capella University.
• CONROY, D. E. (2001a). “Fear of Failure: an Exemplar for Social Development Research in Sport”, Quest, 53(2): 165-183.
• CONROY, D. E. (2001b). “Progress in the Development of a Multidimensional Measure of Fear of Failure: The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (pfai)”, Anxiety, Stress,&Coping, 4(4): 431-452.
• CONROY, D. E., WILLOW, J. P. and METZLER, J. N. (2002). “Multidimensional Fear of Failure Measurement: the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory”. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(2): 76-90.
• CONROY, D. E. and ELLIOT, A. J. (2004). “Fear of Failure and Achievement Goals in Sport: Addressing the Issue of the Chicken and the Egg”, Anxiety, Stress,&Coping, 17(3): 271-285.
• CONROY, D. E., KAYE, M. P. and FIFER, A. M. (2007). “Cognitive Links Between Fear of Failure and Perfectionism”, Journal of Rational-Emotive&Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25(4): 237–253.
• COPE, J. (2011). “Entrepreneurial Learning From Failure:An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis”, Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6): 604–623.
• COVIN, J.G. and SLEVIN, D. (1991a). “A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior”, Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice, 16: 7-25.
• COVIN, J.G. and SLEVIN, D. (1991b). “Entrepreneurial Versus Conservative Firms: A Comparison of Strategies and Performance”, Journal of Management Studies, 28: 439-462.
• CUERVO, Á., RIBEIRO, D. and ROIG, S. (2007). “Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective”, pp. 1-22, (Ed.) CUERVO, Á., RIBEIRO, D. ve ROG, S. Entrepreneurship Concepts, Theory and Perspective, Springer, Heidelberg, NewYork.
• ELLIOT, A. J. and CHURCH, M. A. (2003). “A Motivational Analysis of Defensive Pessimism and Self-Handicapping”, Journal of Personality. 71(3): 369-396.
• GARTNER, W. B. (1988). “Who is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question”, American Journal of Small Business, 12(4): 11-32.
• GEORGE, G. and ZAHRA, S. A. (2002). “Culture and its Consequences for Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4): 5-9.
• HAGHBIN, M., McCAFFREY, A. and PYCHYL, T. A. (2012). “The Complexity of the Relation Between Fear of Failure and Procrastination”, Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4): 249–263.
• HANCOCK, J. G., and TEEVAN, R. C.. (June 1964). “Fear of Failure and Risk-Taking Behavior”, Journal of Personality, 32 (2): 200–209.
• HAYTON, J. C., CACCIOTTI, G., GIAZITZOGLU, A., MITCHELL, J. R. and AINGE, C. (2013). “Understanding Fear of Failure in Entrepreneurship: a Cognitive Process Framework”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 33(6): 1-15.
• HESSELS, J., GRILO, I., THURIK, R., and van der ZWAN, P. (2011). Entrepreneurial Exit and Entrepreneurial Engagement. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 21: 447-471.
• JENKINS, A.; HELLERSTEDT, K.; HUNTER, E. and DAVIDSSON, P. (2014). “Stigmatization of Failed Entrepreneurs: Prevalence and Solutions”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. 34(5): 1-12.
• KAYALAR, M. ve ÖMÜRBEK, N. (2007). “Girişimci Adaylarının Risk Almaya Yatkınlık Özelliğinin Cinsiyet Bağlamında İncelenmesi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1): 185-200.
• KIZILASLAN, N. ve KARAÖMER, M. (2015). “Hatay İli Kırsalında Kadınların Girişimcilik Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi”, Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(6): 371-379.
• KILMANN, R. H., O’HARA, L. A. ve STRAUSS, J. P. (2010). “Developing and Validating a Quantitative Measure of Organizational Courage”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1): 15-23.
• LANDIER, A. (2005). “Entrepreneurship and the Stigma of Failure”. Working Paper, New York University, Erişim adresi: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=850446
• LEE, S.; YASUHIRO Y.; MIKE W. P. and JAY B. B.. 2011. “How do Bankruptcy Laws Affect Entrepreneurship Development Around the World?”, Journal of Business Venturing, 26: 505–520.
• LI, Y. (2011). “Emotions and New Venture Judgment in China”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28: 277-298.
• LUMPKIN, G.T. and DESS, G.G. (1996). “Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance”, Academy of Management Review, 21: 135-172.
• MILLER, D. (1983). “The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms”, Management Science, 29: 770-791.
• MINNITI, M. and NARDONE, C. (2007). “Being in Someone Else’s Shoes: the Role of Gender in Nascent Entrepreneurship”. Small Business Economics, 28(2): 223–238.
• MITCHELL, J. R. and SHEPHERD, D. A. (2010). “To Thine Own Self be True: Images of Self, Images of Opportunity, and Entrepreneurial Action”, Journal of Business Venturing, 25: 138–154.
• MITCHELL, J. R. and SHEPHERD, D. A. (2011). “Afraid of Opportunity: the Effects of Fear of Failure on Entrepreneurial Action”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 31(6): 195-209.
• MORGAN, J. and SISAK, D. (2016). “Aspiring to Succeed: A Model of Entrepreneurship and Fear of Failure”, Journal of Business Venturing, 31(1): 1–21.
• NAKTİYOK, A. (2004). İç Girişimcilik, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
• NELSON, K. L., NEWMAN, D. N., McDANIEL, J. R. and BUBOLTZ, W. C. (2013). “Gender Differences in Fear of Failure Amongst Engineering Students”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(16): 10-16.
• ORHAN, U. ve ÖZYER, K. (October 2013). “Sağlık Sektöründe Korku Ve Hatalı Karar Verme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma Düzeni”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. (6)8: 719-736.
• ROTHBLUM, E. D.. (1990). “Fear of Failure The Psychodynamic, Need Achievement, Fear of Success, and Procrastination Models”, pp 497-537, (Ed.) HAROLD, L., Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety, Plenum press. New York..
• SHANE, S. and VENKATARAMAN, S. (2000). “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research”, The Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 217-226.
• SHARMA, P. and CHRISMAN, J. J. (1999). “Toward a Reconciliation of the Definitional Issues in the Field of Corporate Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3): 11–27.
• SHEPHERD D.A. (2003). “Learning From Business Failure: Propositions of Grief Recovery for the Selfemployed”, Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 318-328.
• SHINNAR, R.S., GIACOMIN, O. and JANSSEN, F. (2012). “Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions: the Role of Gender and Culture”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36: 465-493.
• SINGH, S., CORNER, P. D. and PAVLOVICH, K. (2007). “Coping With Entrepreneurial Failure”, Journal of Management&Organization, 13(4): 331–344.
• STEVENSON, H. H. and JARILLO, J. C. (1990). “A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management”, Strategic Management Journal, 11: 17-27.
• UMAY, A. (2002). “Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Başarı Güdüsü Düzeyleri, Değişimi Ve Değişimi Etkileyen Faktörler”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 22: 148-155.
• UCBASARAN, D.; SHEPHERD, D. A.; LOCKETT, A. S. and JOHN L. (2013). “Life After Business Failure: The Process and Consequences of Business Failure for Entrepreneurs”, Journal of Management, 39(1): 163-202.
• VAILLANT, Y. and LAFUENTE, E. (2007). “Do Different Institutional Frameworks Condition the Influence of Local Fear of Failure and Entrepreneurial Examples Over Entrepreneurial Activity?”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19(4): 313-337.
• WENNBERG K., PATHAK S. and AUTIO E.(2013). “How Culture Moulds the Effects of Self-Efficacy and Fear of Failure on Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurshıp And Regional Development, 25(9-10): 756-780.
• WYRWICH, M.; STUETZER, M. and STERNBERG, R. (2016). “Entrepreneurial Role Models, Fear of Failure, and Institutional Approval of Entrepreneurship: a Tale of Two Regions”, Small Business Economics, 46(3): 467–492.
• ZAHRA, S. A. (2005). “Entrepreneurial Risk Taking in Family Firms”, Family Business Review, XVIII(1): 23-40.
• ZAHRA, S. and COVIN, J.G. (1995). “Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship-Performance Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis”, Journal of Business Venturing, 10: 43-58.
• ZAHRA, S., DHARWADKAR, R. and GEORGE, G. (2000). “Entrepreneurship in Multinational Subsidiaries: the Effects of Corporate and Local Environmental Contexts”, http://www.ciber.gatech.edu/workingpaper/ 99_00-27.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 1.03.2017.
• ZHAO, F. (2005). “Exploring the Synergy Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior&Research, 11(1): 25-41.
• Türk Dil Kurumu. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/. Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2017.