Sessiz Okuma ve Konuşmada İç Sesi

Öz

Günümüz araştırmaları bireylerin dış dil ve iç dil olmak üzere iki dil kullandığını göstermektedir. Dış dil sesli, gürültülü ve herkesin duyduğu bir dildir. İç dil, sessiz, gizemli, kişiye özel ve sadece kişinin duyduğu bir dildir. İç dil, iç sesi ya da iç konuşma denilen bu olgu çoğu insanda görülen zihinsel bir etkinliktir. Bu etkinlik dil ve zihinsel işlemlerde önemli roller oynamakta, okuma, yazma, anlama, sorgulama, öğrenme, düşünme, duyguları kontrol etme, güdüleme vb. süreçlere yardım etmektedir. İç sesi, sessiz okuma sırasında ortaya çıkmakta, kelimeleri, cümleleri ve metni anlamaya önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Uzman okuyucular kelimelerin küçük iç sesini beyninde duyarak okumakta ve anlamaktadır. İç konuşma ise bireyin kendi kendine içinden sessizce konuşmasıdır. Günlük işleri planlanma, karar alma, sorun çözme, sosyal ve duygusal konulara yön verme sırasında iç konuşmaya başvurulmaktadır. Ancak bireyin gelişiminde etkili olan iç sesi ve iç konuşmaya ilişkin araştırmalar henüz yeterli değildir. İç sesinin okuma, konuşma, anlama, düşünme gibi süreçlerde rolü ve işlevine yönelik daha net ve kapsamlı araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Her bireyde var olan bu olgunun bilimsel yönden ele alınması, dil ve zihinsel becerileri geliştirmede kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sessiz okuma
• İç konuşma
• İç sesi
• İç dil

Inner Voice in Silent Reading and Speaking

Öz

Current research reveals that individuals use two languages: external language and internal language. The external language is a loud, noisy language that everyone can hear. The internal language is a silent, mysterious, personal language that merely the individual hears. This phenomenon, called inner language, inner voice or inner speech, is a mental activity seen in most people. This activity plays important roles in language and cognitive processes, helps the processes such as reading, writing, understanding, questioning, learning, thinking, controlling emotions, motivation, and so on. The inner voice emerges during silent reading and contributes significantly to understanding words, sentences, and text. Expert readers read and understand the words by hearing the small inner sound of the words in their brain. Controversy, internal speech is when an individual talks silently to himself. Inner speech is referred when planning daily tasks, making decisions, solving problems, and leading social and emotional issues. Nonetheless, research on the inner voice and inner speech, which are effective in the development of the individual, is yet insufficient. There is a need for clearer and more comprehensive research on the role and function of inner speech in processes such as reading, speaking, understanding, and thinking. It is recommended that this phenomenon, which exists in every individual, be handled scientifically and used to develop language and cognitive skills.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Silent reading
• Inner speech
• Inner voice
• Internal language

Kaynakça

1. Alderson-Day, B. & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000021.
2. Alexander, J. D. & Nygaard, L. C. (2008). Reading voices and hearing text: Talker-specific auditory imagery in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(2), 446. http://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.446.
3. Bergounioux, G. (2001). Endophasie et linguistique. Langue Française, 132(1), 106–124. http://doi.org/10.3406/lfr.2001.6318.
4. Derbala, A. (2014). Les lectures a voix haute et silencieuse. Educ Recherche, 4(4), 41-45. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/82317.
5. Egger, V. (1881). La Parole intérieure. Essai de psychologie descriptive. (G. Baillière, Ed.). Paris.
6. Hancok, C. (2005). Notre petite voix intérieure commence à se faire entendre. Décodage –Science & Vie., (1053), 70-75.
7. Haug, H.(2009). Le passages de la lecture oralisée a la lecture silencieuse:une mythe? Le Moyen Français, 65, 1-22. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/69284.
8. Heavey, C. L., & Hurlburt, R. T. (2008). The phenomena of inner experience. Consciousness And Cognition, 17(3), 798–810. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2007.12.006.

9. Hermans, H. J. M., & Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. Academic Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-98537-000.
10. Hurlburt, R. T., Heavey, C. L., & Kelsey, J. M. (2013). Toward a phenomenology of inner speaking. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1477–1494. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.10.003.
11. Loevenbruck, H. (2022). Le mystère des voix intérieures, DENOEL CNRS. https://www.inshs.cnrs.fr › le... adresinden 09.12.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
12. Luria, A. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. Basic Books. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8579-4.
13. Paire-Ficout, L, Colin, S. & Magnan, A. E. J. (2003). les habiletes phonologiques chez enfant sourds prelecteurs = Phonologicalabilities in Deafprerea der children. Revue Neuropsychologie, 13(2), 237-262.
14. Perrone-Bertolotti, M., Kujala, J., Vidal, J. R., Hamame, C. M., Ossandon, T., Bertrand, O. Lachaux, J.-P. (2012). How silent is silent reading? Intracerebral evidence for top-down activation of temporal voice areas during reading. Journal of Neurosci, 32(49), 17554–17562.
15. Perrone-Bertolotti, M., Rapin, L., Lachaux, J. P., Baciu, M., & Loevenbruck, H. (2014). What is that little voice inside my head? Inner speech phenomenology, its role in cognitive performance, and its relation to self-monitoring. Behavioural Brain Research, 261, 220–239. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.034.
16. Perrone-Bertolotti, M., Grandchamp, R., Rapin, L., Baciu ,M., Lachaux, J-P., & Loevenbruck, H. (2016). Langage intérieur. Traité de Neurolinguistique: du cerveau au langage, De Boeck Supérieur, 109-123. Neuropsychologie.9782353273393. hal-01467107
17. Price, C. J. (2000) The anatomy of language: Contributions from functional neuroimaging. Journal of Anatomy, 197, 335-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730335.
18. Prior, S. M. & Welling, K. A. (2001). Read in your head: A Vygotskian analysis of the transition from oral to silent reading. Reading Psychology, 22(1), 1–15.
19. Rapin L. (2011). Hallucinations auditives verbales et trouble du langage intérieur dans La schizophrénie: traces physiologiques et bases cérébrales. [Thèse de doctorat en sciences cognitives]. Université de Grenoble.
20. Rosenthal, V. (2020). La voix intérieure, La Clé des Langues, Lyon, ENS de LYON/DGESCO. https://cle.ens-lyon.fr/langues-et-langage/langues-et-langage-en-societe/miscellanees/la-voix-interieure adresinden 01.12.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
21. Université du Quebéc (2014). Quelle est cette petite voix dans ma tête?, https://actualites.uqam.ca › q... adresinden 01.12.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
22. Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158–177. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0074428.
23. Watson, J. B. (1919). Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist. (J. B. Lippincott, Ed.). Philadelphia.
24. Vygotski L. S. (1934/1985). Pensée et langage. (Traduction de Françoise Sève, avant-propos de Lucien Sève, Collection Terrains. Éditions Sociales.
25. Ziegler, J, C. & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, Developementa Grain Size Theory, Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 3-29.