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Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Exilium (Sürgün)

Yıl 2021, , 441 - 458, 07.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.944213

Öz

Roma hukukunda exilium, yani sürgün cumhuriyetin ilk dönemlerinde yazılı bir yasaya dayanarak uygulanmamıştır. Bununla birlikte sürgün, sanığın işlediği iddia edilen suça göre gönüllü veya zorunlu sürgün olarak uygulanmıştır. Özellikle ağır suçlamalarla yargılanan sanıklar zorunlu sürgün ile birlikte ciddi yaptırımlara maruz kalmışlardır. Vatandaşlıkları ile birlikte mal varlıklarını da kaybetmişlerdir. Ancak zamanla sanıklar yargılama sonucu ciddi neticelerden kaçınmak için daha insancıl bir uygulama olan gönüllü sürgünü tercih etmişlerdir. Bazen de sanıklar, dini kökenli olduğu düşünülen aquae et ignis interdictio ile barınma ve beslenme imkânlarından yoksun bırakılmışlardır. Bu yaptırım yargılamadan kaçan sanıklar için de uygulanmıştır. Sürgünün bir yönü de, sürgün yerinin seçimi olmuştur. Sürgün yeri, sürgünün kalıcı mı yoksa geçici mi olduğuna göre belirlenmiştir. Sürgün yerine gitmek ise başka bir problem oluşturmuştur. Sürgüne gidecek kişi, öncelikle sürgüne gideceği yerde yaşamını idame ettirebilmek için sahip olduğu servetini yanında götürebilecek şekilde planlama yapmıştır. Her şeye rağmen sürgün, Roma’nın özellikle soylu vatandaşları için önemli olmuştur. Toplumsal sınıfların olduğu Roma’da, alt sınıf mensubu sanıklar için sürgün uygulamasının varlığı bilinmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, M. C. (1990). Trials in the Late Roman Republic 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto-London: University of Toronto Press. Alova, E. (2017). Latince Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları.
  • Aulus Gellius. (2016) The Complete Works of Aulus Gellius. United Kingdom: Delphi Classics.
  • Badian, E. (1969). Questiones Variae. Historia Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 18(4), 447-491. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i399731. Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2021
  • Balsdon, J.P.V.D. (1979). Romans and Aliens. London: Duckworth.
  • Bauman, R. A. (1990). The Suppression of the Buchanals: Five Questions. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 39(3), 334-348. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436155. Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2021
  • Bauman, R. A. (1996). Crime and Punishment In Ancient Rome. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Bauman, R. A. (2000). Human Rights In Ancient Rome. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Berger, A. (1953). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
  • Botsford, G. W. (1909). The Roman Assemblies. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Bowie, E. L. (2007). Early Expatriates: Displacement and Exile in Archaic Poetry. J. F. Gaertner (Ed.), Writing Exile: The iscourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond (s. 21-49). Leiden-Boston: Brill.
  • Cassius Dio. (1914). Dio’s Roman History III. (E. Cary, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cassius Dio. (1955). Dio’s Roman History VII. (E. Cary, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cassius Dio. (1970). Dio’s Roman History II. (E. Cary, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press. CIL https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Bacchanal_johnson.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020
  • Cicero. (1856). The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Vol. II. ( C. D. Yonge, Trans.). London: H. G. Bohn.
  • Cicero. (1958). The Speeches of Cicero. Pro Sestio and In Vatinium. (R. Gardner, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cicero. (1964). Rhetorica ad Herennium. (H. Caplan, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cicero. (2014). Complete Works. (C. D. Yonge, Trans.). United Kingdom: Delphi Classics.
  • Çevik, C. C. (2019). Roma’da Siyaset ve Felsefe. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Dinlerer, B. (2019). Sallustius’un Bellum Catilinae ve Bellum Iugurthinum Adlı Eserlerinde Karakter Betimlemeleri ve Söylevler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Dixon, S. (1986). Family Finances: Terentia and Tullia. B. Rawson (Ed.), The Family In Ancient Rome ( s. 93-120 ). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Gaertner, J. F. (2007). The Discourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity. J. F. Gaertner (Ed.), Writing Exile: The İscourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond. (s. 1-20). Leiden-Boston: Brill.
  • Greenidge, A.H.J. (1901). The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Grubbs, J. E. (2002). Women and The Law in The Roman Empire. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Halikarnassuslu Dionysius. (1960). The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. (E. Cary, Trans.). Cambridge-London: Harvard University Press-William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1972). The Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Principate. New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  • Keaveney, A. (2005). Sulla The Last Republican. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Kelly, G. P. (2006). A History of Exile In The Roman Republic. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lintott, A. W. (1974). Cicero and Milo. JRS, 62-78. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/299260. Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2021
  • Lintott, A. W. (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Marshall, B. A. (1985). A Historical Commentary on Asconius. Columbia: Missouri University Press.
  • Plato. (1997). Complete Works. (J. M. Cooper, Trans.). Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Plutarkhos. (2013). The Complete Works of Plutarch. (B. Perrin, Trans.). Hastings: Delphi Classics.
  • Radin, M. (1913). The Wife of Gaius Gracchus and Her Dowry. Classical Philology. 8(3), 354-356. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/261694. Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2021
  • Sallust. (2010). Catiline’s Conspitacy. The Jugurthine. War Histories. (W. William, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sandalcı, S. (1993). On İki Levha Yasaları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi. Edebiyat Fakültesi.
  • Shackleton Bailey. D. R. (1977). Cicero: Epistilae Ad Familiares I. London-New York-Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sherwin-White, A. N. (1996). The Roman Citizenship. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Strachan-Davidson, J. L. (1912). Problems of the Roman Criminal Law. I-II. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Syme, R. (1978). History in Ovid. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.
  • Thibault, J. C. (1964). Mystery of Ovid’s Exile. Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Titus Livius. (1936). History of Rome. XI. (E. T. Sage, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William HeinemannLtd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Titus Livius. (2006). Hannibal’s War. 21-30. (J. C. Yardley, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Titus Livius. (2007). Rome’s Mediterranean Empire. Bokks 41-45 and The Periochae. (J. D. Chaplin, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Türkoğlu, H. G. (2017). Roma Hukukunda Suç ve Ceza. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Umur, Z. (1975). Roma Hukuku Lügati. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Walbank, F. W. (1957). A Historical Commentary on Polybius. Volume I. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Warmington, E. H. (1938). Remains of Old Latin. III. Lucilius. The Twelve Tables. London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press. Wilfried, N. (1995). Public Order In Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Exilium ( Exile) in Roman Republic Period

Yıl 2021, , 441 - 458, 07.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.944213

Öz

The exilium which means exile in Roman law had not been implemented on the basis of a written law in the early period of the republic. However, the exile had been put into practice as either voluntary or compulsory due to the crime committed by the accused. The accused who stood trial on serious charges were exposed to severe sanctions such as losing their assets and getting denaturalized along with compulsory exile. However, as time went by, the defendants preferred voluntary exile which had been a more humanitarian criminal sanction in order to avoid serious consequences as a result of the trial. Sometimes the defendants were deprived of shelter and food opportunities with aquae et ignis interdictio which was thought to have religious origin. This sanction had also been implemented on the defendants who fled the trial. One aspect of the exile had also been the choice of the location. The exile location had been determined by considering whether the exile had been permanent or temporary. Arriving to the location of exile also posed another problem. The person who would go into exile made a planning so that he could take his wealth with him in order to survive in the exile. Nonetheless, the exile had been an important especially for the noble citizens of Rome. Even though there were social classes in Rome, the existence of exile for the defendants belonging to the lower class is not known.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, M. C. (1990). Trials in the Late Roman Republic 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto-London: University of Toronto Press. Alova, E. (2017). Latince Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları.
  • Aulus Gellius. (2016) The Complete Works of Aulus Gellius. United Kingdom: Delphi Classics.
  • Badian, E. (1969). Questiones Variae. Historia Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 18(4), 447-491. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i399731. Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2021
  • Balsdon, J.P.V.D. (1979). Romans and Aliens. London: Duckworth.
  • Bauman, R. A. (1990). The Suppression of the Buchanals: Five Questions. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 39(3), 334-348. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436155. Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2021
  • Bauman, R. A. (1996). Crime and Punishment In Ancient Rome. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Bauman, R. A. (2000). Human Rights In Ancient Rome. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Berger, A. (1953). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
  • Botsford, G. W. (1909). The Roman Assemblies. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Bowie, E. L. (2007). Early Expatriates: Displacement and Exile in Archaic Poetry. J. F. Gaertner (Ed.), Writing Exile: The iscourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond (s. 21-49). Leiden-Boston: Brill.
  • Cassius Dio. (1914). Dio’s Roman History III. (E. Cary, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cassius Dio. (1955). Dio’s Roman History VII. (E. Cary, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cassius Dio. (1970). Dio’s Roman History II. (E. Cary, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press. CIL https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Bacchanal_johnson.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020
  • Cicero. (1856). The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Vol. II. ( C. D. Yonge, Trans.). London: H. G. Bohn.
  • Cicero. (1958). The Speeches of Cicero. Pro Sestio and In Vatinium. (R. Gardner, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cicero. (1964). Rhetorica ad Herennium. (H. Caplan, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Cicero. (2014). Complete Works. (C. D. Yonge, Trans.). United Kingdom: Delphi Classics.
  • Çevik, C. C. (2019). Roma’da Siyaset ve Felsefe. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Dinlerer, B. (2019). Sallustius’un Bellum Catilinae ve Bellum Iugurthinum Adlı Eserlerinde Karakter Betimlemeleri ve Söylevler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Dixon, S. (1986). Family Finances: Terentia and Tullia. B. Rawson (Ed.), The Family In Ancient Rome ( s. 93-120 ). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Gaertner, J. F. (2007). The Discourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity. J. F. Gaertner (Ed.), Writing Exile: The İscourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond. (s. 1-20). Leiden-Boston: Brill.
  • Greenidge, A.H.J. (1901). The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Grubbs, J. E. (2002). Women and The Law in The Roman Empire. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Halikarnassuslu Dionysius. (1960). The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. (E. Cary, Trans.). Cambridge-London: Harvard University Press-William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1972). The Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Principate. New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  • Keaveney, A. (2005). Sulla The Last Republican. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Kelly, G. P. (2006). A History of Exile In The Roman Republic. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lintott, A. W. (1974). Cicero and Milo. JRS, 62-78. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/299260. Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2021
  • Lintott, A. W. (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Marshall, B. A. (1985). A Historical Commentary on Asconius. Columbia: Missouri University Press.
  • Plato. (1997). Complete Works. (J. M. Cooper, Trans.). Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Plutarkhos. (2013). The Complete Works of Plutarch. (B. Perrin, Trans.). Hastings: Delphi Classics.
  • Radin, M. (1913). The Wife of Gaius Gracchus and Her Dowry. Classical Philology. 8(3), 354-356. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/261694. Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2021
  • Sallust. (2010). Catiline’s Conspitacy. The Jugurthine. War Histories. (W. William, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sandalcı, S. (1993). On İki Levha Yasaları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi. Edebiyat Fakültesi.
  • Shackleton Bailey. D. R. (1977). Cicero: Epistilae Ad Familiares I. London-New York-Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sherwin-White, A. N. (1996). The Roman Citizenship. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Strachan-Davidson, J. L. (1912). Problems of the Roman Criminal Law. I-II. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Syme, R. (1978). History in Ovid. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.
  • Thibault, J. C. (1964). Mystery of Ovid’s Exile. Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Titus Livius. (1936). History of Rome. XI. (E. T. Sage, Trans.). London-Cambridge: William HeinemannLtd.-Harvard University Press.
  • Titus Livius. (2006). Hannibal’s War. 21-30. (J. C. Yardley, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Titus Livius. (2007). Rome’s Mediterranean Empire. Bokks 41-45 and The Periochae. (J. D. Chaplin, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Türkoğlu, H. G. (2017). Roma Hukukunda Suç ve Ceza. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Umur, Z. (1975). Roma Hukuku Lügati. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Walbank, F. W. (1957). A Historical Commentary on Polybius. Volume I. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Warmington, E. H. (1938). Remains of Old Latin. III. Lucilius. The Twelve Tables. London-Cambridge: William Heinemann Ltd.-Harvard University Press. Wilfried, N. (1995). Public Order In Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ümran Ozan Karahan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Karahan, Ü. O. (2021). Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Exilium (Sürgün). Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi(45), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.944213

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