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Medya Endüstrisinde Yeni Bir Prekarizasyon Süreci Olarak Freelance Çalışma

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 159 - 169, 01.04.2019

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, medya endüstrisindeki prekarizasyon sürecini freelance gazetecilerin deneyimleri üzerinden analiz etmektir. Bu çerçevede, freelance gazetecilerin deneyimleri preker emeğin güvencesizlik boyutları temelinde incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın analizi 129 freelance gazeteciye uygulanan anket ve 15 freelance gazeteci ile yapılan bire bir görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. Katılımcılara kartopu örneklem yoluyla ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda freelance çalışmanın, güvencesiz bir çalışma olduğu ve işgücü piyasasındaki marjinal konumu ve yüksek risk potansiyeli dolayısıyla medya endüstrisinde prekarya potansiyelinin büyümesini teşvik ettiği tespitleri yapılmıştır. Sadece çalışma hayatına değil, bireyin yaşamındaki tüm alanlara sirayet eden güvencesizlik, son yıllarda geniş çapta tartışılan, küresel gerçekliği ve ulusal katmanlarını giderek daha fazla şekillendiren bir konu haline gelmiştir. Neoliberalizmle bağlantılı kapitalist gelişmenin kendine özgü bir aşaması olan güvencesizlik, ekonomik yapıyı, çalışma biçimlerini ve sınıf ilişkilerini derinden etkilemektedir. Emek piyasasındaki esnekleşmeye bağlı olarak tam zamanlı ve güvenceli çalışanların sayısının azalması ve freelance çalışma gibi atipik işlerin büyümesi prekaryanın büyümesini hızlandırmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, D. ve Bongiovi, J. R. (2013). Precarious, Informalizing, and Flexible Work: Transforming Concepts and Understandings. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(3), 289– 308.
  • Beck, U. (2000). The Brave New World Of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Butler, J. (2010). Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? BioScience Trends (Vol. 4). London: Verso. http://doi.org/10.1080/00335631003796701
  • Casas-Cortés, M. (2014). A Genealogy of Precarity: A Toolbox for Rearticulating Fragmented Social Realities in and out of the Workplace. Rethinking Marxism, 26(2), 206–226.
  • Davidov, G. (2012). Freelancers: An Intermediate Group in Labour Law? In S. M. and K. S. Judy Fudge (Eds.), Challenging the Legal Boundaries of Work Regulation (pp. 171–182). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
  • Deuze, M. (2008). Understanding Journalism as Newswork: How It Changes, and How It Remains the Same. Westminster Papers in Communication & Culture, 4–23.
  • Emirgil, B. F. (2010). Yeni Kapitalizmde Emeği Sorunsallaştırmak. Çalışma ve Toplum, (1), 221–238.
  • Foti, A. (2017). General Theory Of The Precariat :Great Recession. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Fudge, Judy,Tucker, Eric ve Vosko, L. (2002). The legal concept of employment : marginalizing workers. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/5738018?selectedversion=NBD40408496 Canada.
  • Hermann, C. (2007). Neoliberalism in the European Union. Studies in Political Economy, 79(1), 61–90.
  • ILO. (2004). The Future of Work and Quality Information Society : The Media , Culture, Graphical Sector. Genava.
  • Jİrgensen, M. B. (2016). Precariat – What it Is and Isn’t – Towards an Understanding of What it http://doi.org/10.1177/0896920515608925 Critical Sociology, 42(7-8), 959–974.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious Work, Insecure Workers: Employment Relations in Transition. http://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400101 Sociological Review, 74, 1–22.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2012). Job Quality and Precarious Work: Clarifications, Controversies, and Challenges. http://doi.org/10.1177/0730888412460533 and Occupations, 39(4), 427–448.
  • Kalleberg, A. L., Reskin, B. F. Ve Hudson, K. (2000). Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States. American Sociological Review, 65(2), 256–278.
  • Kitching, J., ve Smallbone, D. (2008). Defining and Estimating The Size of The UK Freelance Workforce. Kingston. www.kingston.ac.uk/sbrc
  • Kjeldstad, R., ve Nymoen, E. H. (2010). Underemployment in a gender segregated labour market (No. 613). Norway. http://www.ssb.no/a/publikasjoner/pdf/DP/dp613.pdf
  • Kutlu, D. (2018). Prekarya ve “Prekarya Bildirgesi” Üzerine Bir Kaç Soru, Gözlem ve Görüş, Denizcan Kutlu (Eds.), Sosyal Yardım Alan: Emek, Geçim, Siyaset ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet (pp. 1860–1880). İletişim.
  • McKay, S., Jefferys, S., Paraksevopoulou, A., ve Keles, J. (2012). Study On Precarious Work And Social Rights. London. http://csdle.lex.unict.it/Archive/LW/Data reports and studies/Reports 013329_Study_precarious_work_Jul12pdf.pdf from Committee and Groups of Experts/20120809
  • Menedez, M., Benach, J., Muntaner, C., Amable, M. ve O ’campo, P. (2007). Is precarious employment more damaging to women’s health than men's? Social Science & Medicine, 64, 776–781.
  • Munck, R., Ulrik Schierup, C., & Delgado Wise, R. (2011). Migration, Work, and Citizenship in the http://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.576553 Order. Globalizations, 8(3), 249–260.
  • Nies, G., ve Pedersini, R. (2003). Report: Freelance Journalists in the European Media Industry. Brussels.
  • O’ Connor, J. S. (2008). Precarious Employment and Flexicurity in the European Union Employment. Employment Anchored Social Policy Framework.
  • Özdemir, M.Ç. (2018), “Türkiye’de Zaman Kullanımının Analizi”, Multidisipliner, Çalışmalar, (Sosyal Bilimler) Cilt I, Ed. Abidin Temizer- İbrahim Serbestoğlu, Institut za Geografiju, Podgorica, Montenegro
  • Platman, K. (2004). “Portfolio careers” and the search for flexibility in later life. Work, Employment&Society, 18(3), 573–599.
  • Rodgers, G., ve Rodgers, J. (1989). Precarious work in Western Europe: The state of the debate. Precarious Jobs in Labour Market Regulation: The Growth of Atypical Employment in Western Europe.
  • Sennet, Richard (2002) Karakter Aşınması: Yeni Kapitalizmde İşin Kişilik Üzerine Etkileri
  • Standing, Guy (2015) Prekarya- Yeni Tehlikeli Sınıf Çevirmen: Ergin Bulut, İletişim Yayıncılık
  • Tacticalmediafiles (2019) http://www.tacticalmediafiles.net/campaigns/6410/EuroMayDay;jsessionid=1C8A4F6 4F806E9DED6EF792AD9C52ED5, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019. EuroMayDay
  • Tucker, D. (2002). “Precarious” Non-Standard Employment – A Review of the Literature Wellington. www.lmpg.dol.govt.nz.
  • Vosko, L. F., Zukewich, N. ve Cranford, C. (2003). Precarious jobs: A new typology of employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 15(4), 16–26.
  • Walters, E., Warren, C. ve Dobbie, M. (2006). The Changing Nature of Work: A global Survey and Case Study of Atypical Work in The Media İndustry. Switzerland.

Freelance Work as a New Precarization Process in The Media Industry

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 159 - 169, 01.04.2019

Öz

The aim of the study is to analyze the precarization process in the media industry with freelance jounalists’ experiences. In this context, the experiences of freelance journalists are examined on the basis of the precariousness dimensions of preker labor. The analyze of the study based on 129 surveys with freelance journalists and on one-to-one interviews with 15 freelance journalists. Journalists were reached through snowball sampling. According to the results of the research, freelance work is a form of precarious employment and encourages the growth of the pre-market due to its marginal position and high risk potential in the labor market. The precarity, appearing not only in the working life but also in all areas of the individual's life, has become a subject widely discussed and gradually forming global reality and national system. The precarity, a step of capitalist development related to Neoliberalism, has deeply effected economic stracture, employment relations and class relationships. Due to the flexibility in the labor market, the decrease in the number of full-time and secure employees occurs in parallel with other main trends such as freelance work and the growth of atypical jobs.

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, D. ve Bongiovi, J. R. (2013). Precarious, Informalizing, and Flexible Work: Transforming Concepts and Understandings. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(3), 289– 308.
  • Beck, U. (2000). The Brave New World Of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Butler, J. (2010). Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? BioScience Trends (Vol. 4). London: Verso. http://doi.org/10.1080/00335631003796701
  • Casas-Cortés, M. (2014). A Genealogy of Precarity: A Toolbox for Rearticulating Fragmented Social Realities in and out of the Workplace. Rethinking Marxism, 26(2), 206–226.
  • Davidov, G. (2012). Freelancers: An Intermediate Group in Labour Law? In S. M. and K. S. Judy Fudge (Eds.), Challenging the Legal Boundaries of Work Regulation (pp. 171–182). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
  • Deuze, M. (2008). Understanding Journalism as Newswork: How It Changes, and How It Remains the Same. Westminster Papers in Communication & Culture, 4–23.
  • Emirgil, B. F. (2010). Yeni Kapitalizmde Emeği Sorunsallaştırmak. Çalışma ve Toplum, (1), 221–238.
  • Foti, A. (2017). General Theory Of The Precariat :Great Recession. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Fudge, Judy,Tucker, Eric ve Vosko, L. (2002). The legal concept of employment : marginalizing workers. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/5738018?selectedversion=NBD40408496 Canada.
  • Hermann, C. (2007). Neoliberalism in the European Union. Studies in Political Economy, 79(1), 61–90.
  • ILO. (2004). The Future of Work and Quality Information Society : The Media , Culture, Graphical Sector. Genava.
  • Jİrgensen, M. B. (2016). Precariat – What it Is and Isn’t – Towards an Understanding of What it http://doi.org/10.1177/0896920515608925 Critical Sociology, 42(7-8), 959–974.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious Work, Insecure Workers: Employment Relations in Transition. http://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400101 Sociological Review, 74, 1–22.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2012). Job Quality and Precarious Work: Clarifications, Controversies, and Challenges. http://doi.org/10.1177/0730888412460533 and Occupations, 39(4), 427–448.
  • Kalleberg, A. L., Reskin, B. F. Ve Hudson, K. (2000). Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States. American Sociological Review, 65(2), 256–278.
  • Kitching, J., ve Smallbone, D. (2008). Defining and Estimating The Size of The UK Freelance Workforce. Kingston. www.kingston.ac.uk/sbrc
  • Kjeldstad, R., ve Nymoen, E. H. (2010). Underemployment in a gender segregated labour market (No. 613). Norway. http://www.ssb.no/a/publikasjoner/pdf/DP/dp613.pdf
  • Kutlu, D. (2018). Prekarya ve “Prekarya Bildirgesi” Üzerine Bir Kaç Soru, Gözlem ve Görüş, Denizcan Kutlu (Eds.), Sosyal Yardım Alan: Emek, Geçim, Siyaset ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet (pp. 1860–1880). İletişim.
  • McKay, S., Jefferys, S., Paraksevopoulou, A., ve Keles, J. (2012). Study On Precarious Work And Social Rights. London. http://csdle.lex.unict.it/Archive/LW/Data reports and studies/Reports 013329_Study_precarious_work_Jul12pdf.pdf from Committee and Groups of Experts/20120809
  • Menedez, M., Benach, J., Muntaner, C., Amable, M. ve O ’campo, P. (2007). Is precarious employment more damaging to women’s health than men's? Social Science & Medicine, 64, 776–781.
  • Munck, R., Ulrik Schierup, C., & Delgado Wise, R. (2011). Migration, Work, and Citizenship in the http://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.576553 Order. Globalizations, 8(3), 249–260.
  • Nies, G., ve Pedersini, R. (2003). Report: Freelance Journalists in the European Media Industry. Brussels.
  • O’ Connor, J. S. (2008). Precarious Employment and Flexicurity in the European Union Employment. Employment Anchored Social Policy Framework.
  • Özdemir, M.Ç. (2018), “Türkiye’de Zaman Kullanımının Analizi”, Multidisipliner, Çalışmalar, (Sosyal Bilimler) Cilt I, Ed. Abidin Temizer- İbrahim Serbestoğlu, Institut za Geografiju, Podgorica, Montenegro
  • Platman, K. (2004). “Portfolio careers” and the search for flexibility in later life. Work, Employment&Society, 18(3), 573–599.
  • Rodgers, G., ve Rodgers, J. (1989). Precarious work in Western Europe: The state of the debate. Precarious Jobs in Labour Market Regulation: The Growth of Atypical Employment in Western Europe.
  • Sennet, Richard (2002) Karakter Aşınması: Yeni Kapitalizmde İşin Kişilik Üzerine Etkileri
  • Standing, Guy (2015) Prekarya- Yeni Tehlikeli Sınıf Çevirmen: Ergin Bulut, İletişim Yayıncılık
  • Tacticalmediafiles (2019) http://www.tacticalmediafiles.net/campaigns/6410/EuroMayDay;jsessionid=1C8A4F6 4F806E9DED6EF792AD9C52ED5, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019. EuroMayDay
  • Tucker, D. (2002). “Precarious” Non-Standard Employment – A Review of the Literature Wellington. www.lmpg.dol.govt.nz.
  • Vosko, L. F., Zukewich, N. ve Cranford, C. (2003). Precarious jobs: A new typology of employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 15(4), 16–26.
  • Walters, E., Warren, C. ve Dobbie, M. (2006). The Changing Nature of Work: A global Survey and Case Study of Atypical Work in The Media İndustry. Switzerland.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Serpil Çiğdem Bu kişi benim

Ekrem Erdoğan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Çiğdem, Serpil - Erdoğan, Ekrem. “Medya Endüstrisinde Yeni Bir Prekarizasyon Süreci Olarak Freelance Çalışma”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 7/2 (Nisan 2019), 159-169.