Bölgecilik Uygulamaları Olarak Özerklik Modelleri ve Federalizm: Avrupa Anayasaları Odaklı Normatif Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 993 - 1014, 23.12.2025

Hakan Kolçak

https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1751001

Öz

Özerklik modelleri ve federalizm türleri bağlamındaki uygulama çeşitliliği, öğretide kapsamlı bir şekilde irdelenmektedir. Bölgecilik uygulamalarının çeşitliliği yönünden ise literatürde genel bir ihmal gözlemlenmektedir. Bahse konu ihmalin bertarafı sürecine katkı sunma amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmada, 20 Avrupa devletindeki bölgecilik örnekleri incelenmekte ve bölgecilik uygulamalarının gerek özerklik modelleri gerek federalizm ile bağdaşma düzeyi araştırılmaktadır. Normatif yöntemin işlevsel kılındığı bu çalışmada, bireysel özerkliğin bağdaştığı herhangi bir bölgecilik uygulamasının bulunmadığı ileri sürülmektedir. Bir başka özerklik modeli olan fonksiyonel özerklik ise fonksiyonel bölgecilikle bağdaşır vaziyettedir. Özerkliğin diğer modellerinden olan kültürel ve idari özerklik modellerinin bölge temelli uygulamaları ile idari bölgecilik arasındaki uyum da çalışmamızda belirtilmektedir. Paralel yöndeki uyum, siyasi özerklik modelleri ve bölge temelli federalizm uygulamaları olan birleşmeci ve yetki devredici federalizm ile siyasi bölgecilik arasında gözlemlenmektedir. Bu noktada önemle belirtmek gerekir ki, siyasi özerklik modelleri ile bölge temelli federalizm türlerinde gözlemlenen siyasi bölgeciliğin niteliği anlamlı derecede farklıdır. Siyasi özerklik modelleriyle işlevsel kılınan siyasi bölgecilik uygulamaları öz yönetim odaklıyken, birleşmeci ve yetki devredici federalizm vasıtasıyla şekillendirilen siyasi bölgecilik uygulamaları, hem öz yönetim hem de birlikte yönetim odaklıdır. Siyasi özerklik temelli siyasi bölgecilik ve federalizm temelli siyasi bölgecilik arasında yetki paylaşımının anayasal niteliği ve (a)simetrikliği açısından da farklılıklar bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fonksiyonel Bölgecilik , İdari Bölgecilik , Siyasi Bölgecilik , Özerklik , Federalizm

Models of Autonomy and Federalism as Practices of Regionalism: A Normative Study with a Focus on European Constitutions

Öz

The diversity of practices in the context of autonomy models and types of federalism is extensively analysed in the doctrine. In terms of regionalist practices, however, a general neglect is observed in the literature. This article aims to fill the aforementioned research gap by analysing examples of regionalism in 20 European states and investigating the compatibility of regionalist practices with autonomy models and federalism. Using the normative method, this article argues that no practice of regionalism is compatible with individual autonomy. However, functional autonomy, a different model of autonomy, is compatible with functional regionalism. The article also finds out a level of compatibility between the region-based models of cultural and administrative autonomy and administrative regionalism. According to the article, there is also a clear correlation between the models of political autonomy and the practices of region-based federalism, particularly associative and devolutionist federalism, and political regionalism. It is important to note at this point that the nature of political regionalism in the models of political autonomy and region-based federalism is significantly different. While political regionalism as operationalised through the models of political autonomy focuses on self-rule, political regionalism as shaped via associative and devolutionary federalism focuses on both self- and shared-rule. Moreover, political regionalism based on political autonomy differs from political regionalism based on federalism in terms of the constitutional feature of the power-sharing system and its (a)symmetric characteristic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Functional Regionalism , Administrative Regionalism , Political Regionalism , Autonomy , Federalism

Kaynakça

• Agnew, John. “The ‘New Regionalism’ and the Politics of the Regional Question”. Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism, ed. John Loughlin vd., 130-139, New York: Routledge, 2013.
• Anayurt, Ömer. Anayasa Hukuku: Genel Kısım – Temel İlkeler, Kavram ve Kurumlar. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 6. Baskı, 2023.
• Anderson, Lawrence. “Exploring the Paradox of Autonomy: Federalism and Secession in North America”. Regional & Federal Studies 14/1 (2004), 89-112.
• Anderson, Lawrence. “Federalism and Secessionism: Institutional Influences on Nationalist Politics in Québec”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 13/2 (2007), 187-211.
• Arretche, Marta. “Federalism, Bicameralism, and Institutional Change: General Trends”. Brazilian Political Science Review 4/2 (2010), 10-31.
• Baldi, Brunetta. “Exploring Autonomism: Asymmetry and New Developments in Italian Regionalism”. Revista d’Estudis Autonòmics i Federals 32 (2020), 15-44.
• Barsh, Russell L. “Indigenous Peoples: An Emerging Object of International Law”. American Journal of International Law 80/2 (1986), 369-385.
• Barten, Ulrike. “Article 27 ICCPR: A First Point of Reference”. The United Nations Declaration on Minorities: An Academic Account on the Occasion of its 20th Anniversary (1992-2012), ed. Ugo Caruso – Rainer Hofmann, 46-65. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
• Börzel, Tanja A. “From Competitive Regionalism to Cooperative Federalism: The Europeanization of the Spanish State of the Autonomies”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 30/2 (2000), 17-42.
• Börzel, Tanja A. “Theorizing Regionalism: Cooperation, Integration, and Governance”. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, ed. Tanja A. Börzel – Thomas Risse, 41-63. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Börzel, Tanja A. – Risse, Thomas. “Three Cheers for Comparative Regionalism”. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, ed. Tanja A. Börzel – Thomas Risse, 621-648. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Burgess, Michael. “The Penumbra of Federalism: A Conceptual Reappraisal of Federalism, Federation, Confederation and Federal Political Systems”. Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism, ed. John Loughlin vd., 45-60. New York: Routledge, 2013.
• Clinton, Robert N. “The Rights of Indigenous Peoples as Collective Group Rights”. Arizona Law Review 32/4 (1990), 739-747.
• Coakley, John. “The Strange Revival of Bicameralism”. The Journal of Legislative Studies 20/4 (2014), 542-572.
• Çağdaş, Tülin. “Federal ve Üniter Devletlerin Yerinden Yönetim Birimlerinin Benzerlik ve Farklılıkları Açısından İncelenmesi”. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 6/1 (2019), 161-179.
• Daftary, Farimah. “Experimenting with Territorial Administrative Autonomy in Corsica: Exception or Pilot Region?”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15/2-3 (2008), 273-312.
• de Lombaerde, Philippe vd. “The Problem of Comparison in Comparative Regionalism”. Review of International Studies 36/3 (2010), 731-753.
• Elazar, Daniel J. Exploring Federalism. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987.
• Elazar, Daniel J. Federalism and the Way to Peace. Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1994.
• Eren, Abdurrahman. Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri: Genel Esaslar – Türk Anayasa Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 6. Baskı, 2024.
• Erk, Jan – Anderson, Lawrence. “The Paradox of Federalism: Does Self-rule Accommodate or Exacerbate Ethnic Divisions?”. Regional & Federal Studies 19/2 (2009), 191-202.
• Fazi, André. “The Multilevel Politics of Accommodation and the Non-constitutional Moment: Lessons from Corsica”. Constitutionalism and the Politics of Accommodation in Multinational Democracies, ed. Jaime Llunch, 132-155. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
• Frankenberg, Günter. Comparative Constitutional Studies: Between Magic and Deceit. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
• Gorzelak, Grzegorz – Tucholska, Anna. “The Regions of Poland”. Europe, Regions and European Regionalism, ed. Roger Scully – Richard Wyn Jones, 203-220. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• Gözler, Kemal. Anayasa Hukukunun Genel Esasları: Ders Kitabı. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi, 14. Baskı, 2022.
• Hannum, Hurst. “New Developments in Indigenous Rights”. Virginia Journal of International Law 28/4 (1991), 649-678.
• Hayward, Jack. “From Functional Regionalism to Functional Representation in France: The Battle of Brittany”. Political Studies 17/1 (1969), 48-75.
• Heintze, Hans-Joachim. “On the Legal Understanding of Autonomy”. Autonomy: Applications and Implications, ed. Markku Suksi, 7-32. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998.
• Hepburn, Eve – Detterbeck, Klaus. “Federalism, Regionalism and the Dynamics of Party Politics”. Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism, ed. John Loughlin vd., 76-92. New York: Routledge, 2013.
• Hirschl, Ran. “Comparative Methodologies”. The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Roger Masterman – Robert Schütze, 11-39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
• Horváth, Gyula. “Regionalism in a Unitary State: The Case of Hungary”. Europe, Regions and European Regionalism, ed. Roger Scully – Richard Wyn Jones, 184-202. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• Hörnström, Lisa. “Strong Regions within the Unitary State: The Nordic Experience of Regionalization”. Regional & Federal Studies 23/4 (2013), 427-443.
• Hueglin, Thomas O. – Fenna, Alan. Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2006.
• Hulst, Rudie. “Regional Governance in Unitary States: Lessons from the Netherlands in Comparative Perspective”. Local Government Studies 31/1 (2005), 99-120.
• Jackson, Vicki. “Comparative Constitutional Law: Methodologies”. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld – András Sajó, 54-74. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Josefsen, Eva – Saglie, Jo. “The Sámi Parliament in Norway: A ‘Breaking in’ Perspective”. The Polar Journal 14/1 (2024), 109-128.
• Kaboğlu, İbrahim Ö. Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri: Genel Esaslar. İstanbul: Legal Yayıncılık, 18. Baskı, 2024.
• Kofman, Eleonore. “Functional Regionalism and Alternative Regional Development Programmes in Corsica”. Regional Studies 15/3 (1981), 173-181.
• Kuokkanen, Rauna. “The Problem of Culturalizing Indıgenous Self-determination: Sámi Cultural Autonomy in Finland”. The Polar Journal 14/1 (2024), 148-166.
• Kymlicka, W. “Federalism and Secession: At Home and Abroad”. Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 13/2 (2000), 207-224.
• Lluch, Jaime. “Autonomism and Federalism”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 42/1 (2012), 134-161.
• Malloy, Tove. “Functional Non-territorial Autonomy in Denmark and Germany”. Managing Diversity through Non-territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies, and Risks, ed. Tove Malloy vd., 183-204. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
• McGarry, John. “Asymmetry in Federations, Federacies and Unitary States”. Ethnopolitics 6/1 (2007), 105-116.
• Metin, Yüksel – Erece, Burak. “Bölgeli Devlet ve Federal Devlet Mukayesesi: İspanya ve Federal Almanya Örneği”. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi 7 (2016), 687-720.
• Mörkenstam, Ulf. “Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Self-determination: The Case of the Swedish Sami People”. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 25/2 (2005), 433-461.
• Nilsson, Ragnhild. “The Consequences of Swedish National Law on Sámi Self-constitution: The Shift from a Relational Understanding of Who is Sámi toward a Rights-based Understanding”. Ethnopolitics 19/3 (2020), 292-310.
• Odyakmaz, Zehra – Kaymak, Ümit. Anayasa Hukuku, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 25. Baskı, 2021.
• Parent, Christophe. “Federalism(s) and Secession: From Constitutional Theory to Practice”. Federalism and Secession, ed. Jorge Cagiao y Conde – Alain-G. Gagnon, 21-62. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2021.
• Pereira, Brais Álvarez vd. “Waving Goodbye? The Determinants of Autonomism and Secessionism in Western Europe”. Regional Studies 52/2 (2018), 197-211.
• Petersen, Niels – Chatziathanasiou, Konstantin. “Empirical Research in Comparative Constitutional Law: The Cool Kid on the Block or All Smoke and Mirrors?”. International Journal of Constitutional Law 19/5 (2021), 1810-1834.
• Popelier, Patricia – Sahadžić, Maja. “Conclusion: A Country Studies-based Deliberation on Constitutional Asymmetry in Multi-tiered Multinational Systems”. Constitutional Asymmetry in Multinational Federalism: Managing Multinationalism in Multi-tiered Systems, ed. Patricia Popelier – Maja Sahadžić, 489-502. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
• Requejo, Ferran. “Decentralisation and Federal and Regional Asymmetries in Comparative Politics”. Federalism beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Resymmetrisation in Europe, ed. Ferran Requejo – Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, 1-12. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
• Requejo, Ferran. “Plurinational Democracies, Federalism and Secession: A Political Theory Approach”. Revista Catalana de Dret Públic 54 (2017), 62-80.
• Rezvani, David A. “Shaping the Federacy Research Agenda”. Ethnopolitics 6/1 (2007), 129-131.
• Rezvani, David A. “The Basis of Puerto Rico’s Constitutional Status: Colony, Compact, or ‘Federacy’?”. Political Science Quarterly 122/1 (2007), 115-140.
• Richards, Claudina. “Devolution in France: The Corsical Problem”. European Public Law 10/3 (2004), 481-502.
• Risse, Thomas. “The Diffusion of Regionalism”. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, ed. Tanja A. Börzel – Thomas Risse, 87-108. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Sahadžić, Maja. “Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Federalism: Equity vs. Equality”. Teaching Federalism: Multidimensional Approaches, ed. John Kincaid – Wesley J. Leckrone, 165-175. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2023.
• Sahadžić, Maja – Popelier, Patricia. “Constitutional Asymmetry through an Empirical Lends: A Federal Device for Diverse Systems”. Comparative Federalism A Pluralist Exploration, ed. Félix Mathieu vd., 45-65. Cham: Springer, 2024.
• Savaşan, Zerrin. “Land Rights under Cultural Autonomy: The Case of Sami People”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 31/1 (2023), 51-89.
• Sobacı, Zahid M. “Türk İdari Teşkilatında ‘Adalar’: Bağımsız İdari Otoriteler”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 55/2 (2006), 157-180.
• Sorens, Jason P. “Secession Risk and Fiscal Federalism”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 46/1 (2016), 25-50.
• Söderbaum, Fredrick. “Old, New, and Comparative Regionalism: The History and Scholarly Development of the Field”. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, ed. Tanja A. Börzel – Thomas Risse, 16-38. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Spitzer, Aaron J. – Selle, Per. “Is Nonterritorial Autonomy Wrong for Indigenous Rights? Examining the ‘Territorialisation’ of Sami Power in Norway”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 28/3 (2021), 544-567.
• Stamatopoulou, Elsa. “Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations: Human Rights as a Developing Dynamics”. Human Rights Quarterly 16/1 (1994), 58-81.
• Stepan, Alfred. “A Revised Theory of Federacy and A Case Study of Civil War Termination in Aceh Indonesia”. Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places, ed. Joanne McEvoy – Brendan O’Leary, 231-252. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
• Stepan, Alfred vd. Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies: India and Other Multinational Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
• Suksi, Markku. “Functional Autonomy: The Case of Finland with Some Notes on the Basis of International Human Rights Law and Comparisons with Other Cases”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15/2-3 (2008), 195-225.
• Suksi, Markku. “Personal Autonomy as Institutional Form – Focus on Europe Against the Background of Article 27 of the ICCPR”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15/2-3 (2008), 157-178.
• Suksi, Markku. Sub-state Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions. New York: Springer, 2011.
• Tan, Turgut. “Bağımsız İdari Otoriteler veya Düzenleyici Kurullar”. Amme İdaresi Dergisi 35/2 (2002), 11-37.
• Tkacik, Michael. “Characteristics of Forms of Autonomy”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15/2-3 (2008), 369-401.
• Torres, Raidza. “Rights of Indigenous Populations: The Emerging International Norm”. Yale Journal of International Law 16/1 (1991), 127-175.
• Uygun, Oktay. Federal Devlet: Temel İlkeleri, Başlıca Kurumları ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 3. Baskı, 2007.
• Watts, Ronald L. “Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations”. Annual Review of Political Science 1/1 (1998), 117-37.
• Watts, Ronald L. Comparing Federal Systems. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2. Edition, 1999.
• Watts, Ronald L. “Typologies of Federalism”. Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism, ed. John Loughlin, 19-33. New York: Routledge, 2013.
• Wiberg, Matti. “Political Autonomy: Ambiguities and Clarifications”. Autonomy: Applications and Implications, ed. Markku Suksi, 43-57. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998.
• Wiessner, Siegfried. “Rights and Status of Indigenous Poeples: A Global Comparative and International Legal Analysis”. Harvard Human Rights Journal 12/1 (1999), 57-128.
• Wolf, Sonja. Functional Minority Autonomy in Germany. Bolzano: Eurac Publication Office, 2010.
• Wolff, Stefan. “Complex Power-sharing and the Centrality of Territorial Self-governance in Contemporary Conflict Settlements”. Ethnopolitics 8/1 (2009), 27-45.
• Yaşar, Hasan N. – Cabıoğlu Güler, Sena. “Düzenleyici ve Denetleyici Kurumların Yetkileri Kapsamında Kamu Gücü İlişkisi”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20/4 (2016), 63-80.