Trademarks Contrary to Public Policy and Morality in the U.S. Trademark Law

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 1 - 27

Muhammed Yakup Altun

https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1577173

Öz

US trademark law bars the registration of immoral, scandalous, and disparaging trademarks, and these provisions are similar to those in Turkish and European Union law that prevent the registration of trademarks contrary to public order and morality. However, while these registration bars remain active in Türkiye and the European Union, the U.S. Supreme Court has found the corresponding provisions in U.S. law to be unconstitutional. The Court reasoned that trademarks serve as meaningful symbols capable of conveying ideas and messages, thereby functioning as a form of communication, and concluded that these restrictions constituted viewpoint discrimination, thus violating the Free Speech Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The annulled provisions have not yet been replaced with new regulations by the Congress. This gap has allowed for the registration of many trademarks that would otherwise have been denied under the annulled provisions and has led the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to rely more frequently on the failure to function doctrine when evaluating trademark eligibility.
This paper first discusses the fundamental principles of U.S. trademark law and the application of the annulled provisions prior to the Supreme Court’s decisions. Next, the Supreme Court's decisions will be analyzed in detail, taking into account the dissenting opinions. Finally, USPTO practices following the annulments will be evaluated within the scope of the failure-to-function doctrine, and the possibility of Congress filling this legal gap with a new regulation targeting only offensive expressions, in line with the Constitution, will be discussed. Additionally, the retention of similar provisions in Turkish and EU law, in contrast to their annulment in the U.S., will be explained through differences in constitutional frameworks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lanham Act, Immoral Trademarks, Scandalous Trademarks, Disparaging Trademarks, Freedom of Speech

ABD Marka Hukuku’nda Kamu Düzenine ve Ahlaka Aykırı Markalar

Öz

Türk ve Avrupa Hukuku’nda yer alan kamu düzenine ve ahlaka aykırı markaların tescil edilemeyeceğini düzenleyen hükümlerin benzeri, ABD Hukuku’nda ahlaka aykırı, skandal ve aşağılayıcı markaların tescilini yasaklayan hükümler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak Türkiye’de ve Avrupa Birliği’nde bu tescil yasakları halen yürürlükteyken, ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi, bu tescil yasaklarını düzenleyen hükümleri ABD Anayasası’na aykırı bularak iptal etmiştir. Mahkeme, markaların fikir ve mesajlar ifade edebilen anlamlı semboller olduğunu, bu sebeple iletişim kurma işlevi görebileceğini belirlemiş ve söz konusu hükümlerin bakış açısı ayrımcılığı yaparak ABD Anayasası’nın İfade Özgürlüğü maddesine aykırılık yarattığını belirtmiştir. ABD Yasama Meclisi tarafından iptal edilen bu hükümlerin yerine henüz yeni bir düzenleme getirilmemiştir. Bu boşluk, iptal edilen hükümler uyarınca tescil edilmemesi gereken birçok markanın tesciline imkân tanımış ve Birleşik Devletler Patent ve Marka Ofisi'nin (USPTO) başvuruları değerlendirirken işlev görmeme doktrinini daha sık kullanmasına neden olmuştur.
Bu çalışmada öncelikle ABD Marka Hukuku’nun temel ilkeleri ve iptal kararları öncesinde iptal edilen hükümlerin uygulanma şekli incelenecektir. Ardından, Yüksek Mahkeme’nin iptal kararları, karşı görüşler de dikkate alınarak ayrıntılı olarak analiz edilecektir. Son olarak, işlev görmeme doktrini çerçevesinde iptal kararları sonrası USPTO uygulamaları değerlendirilecek; ABD Kongresi’nin yalnızca saldırgan ifade biçimlerini hedef alan yeni bir düzenleme yaparak marka tescilindeki bu boşluğu Anayasa’ya uygun biçimde doldurma olasılığı tartışılacaktır. Ayrıca ABD Hukuku’nda ilgili hükümlerin iptal edilmesine karşın Türk ve AB Hukuku’nda bu hükümlerin yürürlükte kalmasının anayasal farklılıklardan kaynaklandığı açıklanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lanham Yasası, Ahlaka Aykırı Markalar, Skandal Markalar, Aşağılayıcı Markalar, İfade Özgürlüğü

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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