GÖÇMENLER ARASINDA ALGILANAN AYRIMCILIK, PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLMA HALİ VE SOSYAL KİMLİKLER İLİŞKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2017, , 47 - 70, 31.12.2017

Nagihan Taşdemir

https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.329823

Cited By: 9

Öz

Bu yazıda, göçmenler arasında, algılanan ayrımcılık, psikolojik
iyi olma hali ve sosyal kimlikler arasındaki ilişkiler, sosyal kimlik kuramı
çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Yazıda öncelikli olarak toplumda statüsü
farklı görülen gruplar arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanan sosyal kimlik kuramına
yer verilmektedir. Daha sonra, göçmenlerin psikolojik iyi olma hali ile
algılanan ayrımcılık arasındaki ilişki ele alınmaktadır. Arkasından, bu
ilişkide sosyal kimliğin rolüne vurgu yapan ve sosyal kimlik kuramından
türetilen reddedilme ve özdeşleşme modeli açıklanmaktadır. Yazıda göçmenlerin
sosyal kimlikleri, etnik, ulusal ve çift yönlü olarak ele alınmaktadır ve devam
eden bölümde, bu kimlikler ile algılanan ayrımcılık ve psikolojik iyi olma hali
arasındaki ilişkiler değerlendirilmektedir.
Bu bağlamda, çift yönlü grup özdeşimi psikolojik iyi olma halinin en güçlü
yordayıcısı görünümündedir. Etnik grup özdeşimi psikolojik iyi olma hali ile
olumlu ilişki, ulusal grup özdeşimi ise olumsuz ilişki gösterme eğilimindedir.
Son olarak, kısaca gruplar ve ülkeler arası farklılıklara yer verilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göçmenler, Psikolojik iyi olma hali, algılanan ayrımcılık, Çift yönlü grup özdeşimi, Sosyal kimlik kuramı

Kaynakça

• Arends‐Tóth, J., & Van de Vijver, F. J. (2003). Multiculturalism and acculturation: views of Dutch and Turkish–Dutch. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(2), 249-266.
• Badea, C., Jetten, J., Iyer, A., & Er-Rafiy, A. (2011). Negotiating dual identities: The impact of group‐based rejection on identification and acculturation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(5), 586-595.
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497.
• Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 46(1), 5-34.
• Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 55(3), 303-332.
• Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International journal of intercultural relations, 34(3), 191-207.
• Berlin, I. (1987). Effects of changing Native American cultures on child development. Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 299-306.
• Bobowik, M., Basabe, N., & Páez, D. (2015). The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain. Social science research, 51, 189-204.
• Branscombe, N. R., & Ellemers, N. (1998). Coping with group-based discrimination: Individualistic versus group-level strategies. In J. K.Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target’s perspective (pp. 243-266). New York: Academic Press.
• Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 77(1), 135.
• Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 17(5), 475-482.
• Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2012). Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 393-407.
• Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British journal of clinical psychology, 43(3), 245-265.
• Deaux, K., Reid, A., Martin, D., & Bikmen, N. (2006). Ideologies of diversity and inequality: Predicting collective action in groups varying in ethnicity and immigrant status. Political Psychology, 27, 123–146.
• Ellemers, N. (1993). The influence on socio-structural variables on identity management strategies. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 27-58). New York: Wiley.
• Frable, D. E. S., Platt, L., & Hoey, S. (1998). Concealable stigmas and positive self-perceptions: Feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 909-922.
• Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1204-1213.
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., Jaakkola, M., & Reuter, A. (2006). Perceived discrimination, social support networks, and psychological well-being among three immigrant groups. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 37(3), 293-311.
• Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination: Theoretical and empirical advances. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 251–330). New York, NY: Academic Press. Mesch, G. S., Turjeman, H., & Fishman, G. (2008). Perceived discrimination and the well-being of immigrant adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(5), 592-604.
• Heim, D., Hunter, S. C., & Jones, R. (2011). Perceived discrimination, identification, social capital, and well-being: Relationships with physical health and psychological distress in a UK minority ethnic community sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(7), 1145-1164. Hogg, M. A. (2000). Subjective uncertainty reduction through self-categorization: A motivational theory of social identity processes. European review of social psychology, 11(1), 223-255.
• Inzlicht M, McKay L, Aronson J. (2006). Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self- control. Psychological Science, 17(3):262–269. Liebkind, K., & Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I. (2000). The influence of experiences of discrimination on psychological stress: A comparison of seven immigrant groups. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10(1), 1-16.
• Martinovic, B., & Verkuyten, M. (2012). Host national and religious identification among Turkish Muslims in Western Europe: The role of ingroup norms, perceived discrimination and value incompatibility. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(7), 893-903.
• Martinovic, B., & Verkuyten, M. (2014). The political downside of dual identity: Group identifications and religious political mobilization of Muslim minorities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(4), 711-730.
• Mummendey, A., Kessler, T., Klink, T., & Mielke, R. (1999). Strategies to cope with negative social identity: Predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 229–245.
• Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 135(4), 531.
• Paradies, Y. (2006a). A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International journal of epidemiology, 35(4), 888-901.
• Paradies, Y. C. (2006b). Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Journal of Critical Public Health, 16(2), 143-157.
• Phalet, K., & Hagendoorn, L. (1996). Personal adjustment to acculturative transitions: The Turkish experience. International Journal of Psychology, 31(2), 131-144.
• Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults:Areview of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499–514.
• Phinney, J. S., Berry, J. W., Vedder, P., & Liebkind, K. (2006). The acculturation experience: Attitudes, identities, and behaviors of immigrant youth. Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts, 71-116.
• Phinney, J., & Devich-Navarro, M. (1997). Variations in bicultural identification among African American and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 3–32.
• Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well‐being: An interactional perspective. Journal of social issues, 57(3), 493-510.
• Ramos, M. R., Cassidy, C., Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2012). A longitudinal investigation of the rejection–identification hypothesis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 642-660.
• Rosenberg, M. (1961). The Self Esteem scale. In J. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 121–123). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Sam, D. L., Vedder, P., Ward, C., & Horenczyk, G. (2006). Psychological and sociocultural adaptation of immigrant youth. Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts, 117-141.
• Schaafsma, J. (2011). Discrimination and subjective well‐being: The moderating roles of identification with the heritage group and the host majority group. European journal of social psychology, 41(6), 786-795.
• Schmitt, M. T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2002). The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 167–199.
• Schmid, K., & Muldoon, O. T. (2015). Perceived threat, social identification, and psychological well‐being: The effects of political conflict exposure. Political Psychology, 36(1), 75-92.
• Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R., & Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Constructing a minority group identity out of shared rejection: The case of international students. European Journal of Social Psychology,
• Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921.
• Simon, B., & Ruhs, D. (2008). Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany: the role of dual identification. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(6), 1354. Simon, B., Loewy, M., Sturmer, S., Weber, U., Freytag, P., Habig, C, Kampmeier, C, & Spahlinger, P. (1998). Collective identification and social movement participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 646-658.
• Simon, B., Reichert, F., Schaefer, C. D., Bachmann, A., & Renger, D. (2015). Dual Identification and the (De‐) Politicization of Migrants: Longitudinal and Comparative Evidence. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 193-203.
• Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Collins, N. L. (2006). Risk and resilience: Dual effects of perceptions of group disadvantage among Latinos. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(6), 729-737.
• Sirin, S. R., Bikmen, N., Mir, M., Zaal, M., Fine, M., & Katsiaficas, D. (2008). Exploring dual identification among Muslim-American emerging adults: A mixed methods study. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 259-279.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social psychology of intergroup relations, 33(47), 74.
• Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. CUP Archive.
• Turner, J., & Brown, R. (1978). Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 201–234). New York: Academic Press.
• Vedder, P., Boekaerts, M., & Seegers, G. (2005). Perceived social support and well being in school; The role of students’ ethnicity. Journal of youth and adolescence, 34(3), 269-278.
• Vedder, P., Sam, D. L., & Liebkind, K. (2007). The acculturation and adaptation of Turkish adolescents in North-Western Europe. Applied Development Science, 11(3), 126-136.
• Verkuyten, M. (2008). Life satisfaction among ethnic minorities: The role of discrimination and group identification. Social indicators research, 89(3), 391-404.
• Verkuyten, M., & Reijerse, A. (2008). Intergroup structure and identity management among ethnic minority and majority groups: The interactive effects of perceived stability, legitimacy, and permeability. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(1), 106-127.
• Verkuyten, M., & Yıldız, A. (2007). National (Dis)identification and Ethnic and Religious Identity: A Study Among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1448-1462.
• Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Immigrants' national identification: Meanings, determinants and consequences. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6(1), 82-112.
• Vignoles, V. L. (2011). Identity motives. In Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 403-432). Springer New York.
• Virta, E., Sam, D. L., & Westin, C. (2004). Adolescents with Turkish background in Norway and Sweden: A comparative study of their psychological adaptation. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 45(1), 15-25.