Disaster Diplomacy and Political Communication: An Exploratory Research on Turkiye's Disaster Diplomacy

Öz

Although the conceptual framework of disaster diplomacy is relatively new, its sub-dimensions have been the subject of academic studies for a long time. Disaster diplomacy, which differs from humanitarian aid diplomacy by involving and reconciling local population when necessary, is a comprehensive umbrella concept that includes several aspects of international relations, peace, and conflict. It can be expressed that the Republic of Türkiye's efforts towards international disaster interventions are generally examined in the context of humanitarian aid diplomacy based on a more limited framework. On the other hand, there is a significant deficiency in the number of studies examining the effective conduct of disaster diplomacy and political communication, especially during protracted crises and disaster situations. Accordingly, the international disaster interventions of the Republic of Türkiye, which has attached great importance to humanitarian aid activities since its establishment and has become an essential global actor in this field, is examined from the perspective of disaster diplomacy in a historical context. This study aims to contribute to the creation of a strategic road map for an effective disaster diplomacy strategy by examining the disaster diplomacy process of the Republic of Türkiye in depth from the perspective of political communication.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Disaster Diplomacy
• Disaster Management
• Humanitarian Aid
• Political Communication
• Protracted Crisis

AFET DİPLOMASİSİ VE SİYASAL İLETİŞİM: TÜRKİYE’NİN AFET DİPLOMASİSİNE YÖNELİK KEŞFEDİCİ BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Öz

Afet diplomasisinin kavramsal çerçevesi nispeten yeni olmakla birlikte alt boyutları uzunca bir süredir akademik çalışmalara konu olmaktadır. Afetler esnasında yerel düzeydeki insanların sürece dahil edilmesi ve gerektiğinde uzlaştırılması boyutuyla insani yardım diplomasisinden ayrılan afet diplomasisi, uluslararası ilişkiler, barış ve çatışmanın birçok yönünü içeren geniş kapsamlı şemsiye bir kavramdır. Öte yandan, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin uluslararası afet müdahalelerine yönelik çalışmalarının genel itibarıyla çerçevesi daha sınırlı olan insani yardım diplomasisi bağlamında irdelendiği görülmektedir. Bu noktada bilhassa uzun süreli krizler ve afet durumlarında afet diplomasisi ve siyasal iletişimin etkin bir şekilde yürütülme süreçlerini inceleyen çalışma sayısında da önemli bir eksiklik bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında kurulduğu günden bugüne insani yardım faaliyetlerine büyük önem veren ve bu alanda en önemli küresel aktörlerden birine dönüşen Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin uluslararası afet müdahaleleri, tarihsel bağlamda ve afet diplomasisi perspektifinden incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; siyasal iletişim perspektifinden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin afet diplomasisi sürecini derinlemesine irdeleyerek etkin bir afet diplomasisi stratejisi için stratejik yol haritası oluşturulmasına katkı sağlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet Diplomasisi
• Afet Yönetimi
• İnsani Yardım
• Siyasal İletişim
• Uzun Süreli Kriz

Kaynakça

1. AFAD. (2018). Dünyanın Vicdanı Olmaya Devam Ediyoruz. Retrieved from https://www.afad.gov.tr/dunyanin-vicdani-olmaya-devam-ediyoruz (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2024).
2. AHMAD, Q. K., & AHMED, A. U. (2003). Regional Cooperation In Flood Management In The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Region: Bangladesh Perspective, Natural Hazards, 28(1), ss.181-198.
3. AKÇINAROĞLU, S., DICICCO, J. M., & RADZISZEWSKI, E. (2011). Avalanches And Olive Branches: A Multi-Method Analysis Of Disasters And Peacemaking In Interstate Rivalries. Political Research Quarterly, 64(2), 260–75.
4. AKUT. (2024). Tarihçe. Retrieved from: https://www.akut.org.tr/tarihce (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2024).
5. AMSTRONG, M. C. (2009). Operationalizing Public Diplomacy. Nancy Snow, Philip M. Taylor (der.). İçinde, Handbook of Public Diplomacy. New York: Routledge.
6. ARCENEAUX, K., & STEIN, R. (2006). Who is Held Responsible When Disaster Strikes? The Attribution Of Responsibility For A Natural Disaster In An Urban Election. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(1), 43-45.
7. CABOT VENTON, C. (2018). Economics Of Resilience To Drought In Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia. USAID Center for Resilience. Retrieved from: www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1867/Summary_Economics_of_Resilience_Final_Jan_4_2018_BRANDED.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2024).
8. CAYMAZ, E. (2014). Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Bilincinin Artırılmasında Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Rolü: AKUT Arama Kurtarma Derneği Örneği. İçinde, 13. Ulusal İşletmecilik Kongresi, 8-10 Mayıs, Antalya.

9. CAYMAZ, E., AKYÖN, F. V., & ERENEL, F. (2023). Afetlerde Kaos Yönetiminde Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin Rolü. Sürdürülebilirlik ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
10. CLIFFORD, R. A. (1956). The Rio Grande Flood: A Comparative Study Of Border Communities In Disaster, Publication No. 458. Washington, DC: National Academy Of Sciences – National Research Council.
11. COLE, T., & FELLOWS, K. (2008). Risk Communication Failure: A Case Study Of New Orleansand Hurricane Katrina. Southern Communication Journal, 73(3), ss.211-228.
12. COTTLE, S. (2014). Rethinking Media And Disasters In A Global Age. What’s Changed And Why Itmatters. Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), ss.3-22.
13. DE BUSSY, M., & PATERSON, A. (2012). Crisis Leadership Styles – Bligh Versus Gillard: Acontent Analysis Of Twitter Posts On The Queensland Flood. Journal of Public Affairs, 12(4), ss.326-332.
14. EWART, J., MCLEAN, H., & AMES, K. (2015). Political Communication And Disasters: A Four-Country Analysis Of How Politicians Should Talk Before, During And After Disasters. Discourse, Context and Media.
15. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2016). The Role Of Social Protection In Protracted Crises: Enhancing The Resilience Of The Most Vulnerable. Guidance Note. FAO, 3.
16. GANAPATI, E., KELMAN, I., & KOUKIS, T. (2010). Analyzing Greek-Turkish Disaster-Related Cooperation: A Disaster Diplomacy Perspective. Cooperation and Conflict, 45(2), 162–85.
17. HEWITT, E. (2017). Disaster Tourism: Why Tragedy Draws Tourists. Smarter Travel, June.
18. HOTEZ, P. J. (2010). Peace Through Vaccine Diplomacy. Science, 327(5971), s. 1301.
19. INGHAM, F. (2014). Politicians’ Media Chasing Flood Tourism Exposes Lack Of Authenticity Withvoters. PR Week. Retrieved from http://www.prweek.com/article/1284030/politicians-media-chasing-flood-tourism-exposes-lack-authenticity-voters (Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2024).
20. KDK (2015). Vizyon & Misyon. Retrieved from: http://kdk.gov.tr/faaliyetler/vizyon-misyon/8 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2024).
21. KELMAN, I., & KOUKIS, T. (2000). Preface. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 14(1), s. 214.
22. KELMAN, I. (2003). Beyond Disaster, Beyond Diplomacy. Mark Pelling, (ed.) içinde, Natural Disasters and Development in a Globalizing World. London: Routledge.
23. KELMAN, I. (2005). One Earthquake Won't Seal a U.S.-Iran Bond. Newsday, 11 January.
24. KELMAN, I. (2006). Acting On Disaster Diplomacy. Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), s.222.
25. KELMAN, I. (2012). Disaster Diplomacy: How Disasters Affect Peace And Conflict. Abingdon: Routledge.
26. KELMAN, I. (2018). Connecting Theories Of Cascading Disasters And Disaster Diplomacy. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 30, ss. 172-179.
27. KISSINGER, H. (2014). Diplomacy. Jason Dittmer & Jo Sharp (Eds.) İçinde, Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
28. KOUKIS, T., KELMAN, I., & GANAPATI, N. E. (2016). Greece-Turkey Disaster Diplomacy From Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 24-32.
29. KOVEN, S. (2010). Image Construction In The Wake Of Hurricane Katrina. Public Organ. Rev.10 (4), ss.339–355.
30. KURNAZ, İ., & AVCI, Y. (2016). Diplomaside Tarihin Geri Dönüşü: Klasik Diplomasinin İnsani Diplomasiye Evrimi. Türkiye’de Ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar. (Eds. Erman Akıllı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
31. LE BILLON, P., & WAIZENEGGER, A. (2007). Peace In The Wake Of Disasters? Secessionist Conflicts And The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32(3), ss.411-427.
32. LOWREY, W., EVANS, W., GOWER, K. K., ROBINSON, J. A., GINTER, P. M., MCCORMICK, L., & ABDOLRASULNIA, M. (2007). Effective Media Communication Of Disasters: Pressing Problems And Recommendations. BMC Public Health, 7, s.97.
33. MAVROGENIS, S. & KELMAN, I. (2013). Perceptions Of Greece-Turkey Disaster Diplomacy: Europeanization And The Underdog Culture. Balkanistica, 26, ss. 73-104
34. MCLEAN, H., & EWART, J. (2015). Political Communication In Disasters: A Question Of Relationships. Culture Unbound, 7.
35. OCHA. (2018). Syrian Arab Republic. URL: https://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2024).
36. OĞURLU, E. (2017). Türk Dış Politikasında Afrika Açılımı (The African Opening In Turkish Foreign Policy). Research Journal of Politics, Economics and Management, 5 (5), Special Issue of ICPESS
37. OLSON, R. S., & GAWRONSKI, V. T. (2010). From Disaster Event To Political Crisis: A “5C+A” Framework For Analysis. International Studies Perspectives, 11, ss.205–21.
38. OLSON, R. (2000). Toward A Politics Of Disaster: Losses, Values, Agendas, And Blame. Int. J. Mass. Emerg. Disasters, 18 (2), ss.265–287.
39. ÖZLÜK, E. (2016). İnsani Diplomasi’nin ‘İnsan(İ)’ Boyutu, Türkiye’de Ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar (Eds. Erman Akıllı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
40. PELLING, M., & DILL, K. (2010). Disaster Politics: Tipping Points For Change In The Adaptation Of Sociopolitical Regimes. Progress in Human Geography, 34(1), 21-37.
41. PETERS, L. E. R., & KELMAN, I. (2020). Critiquing And Joining Intersections Of Disaster, Conflict, And Reace Research. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11, 555–567.
42. PETRYNIAK, O., PROCTOR, K., & KURTZ, J. (2020). Towards Resilience: Advancing Collective Impact In Protracted Crises. Retrieved From: https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/resource/towards-resilience-advancing-collective-impact-protracted-crises (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2024).
43. PETROPOULOS, N. P. (2001) The Impact Of The August–September 1999 Earthquakes On Greco-Turkish Relations: An Exploratory Study. İçinde, The 5th Conference of the European Sociological Association, Helsinki, 28 August–1 September.
44. PLAISANCE, S. (2012). Katrina Victims Take On Hurricane Tour Operators. CNBC, Retrieved from:https://www.cnbc.com/2012/10/04/katrina-victims-take-on-hurricane-tour-operators.html (Erişim Tarihi 10.09.2024).
45. PLATT, R. H. (1999). Disasters And Democracy: The Politics Of Extreme Natural Events. Washington: Island Press.
46. READ, M. R. (2019). Climate Change And The Syrian Civil War. F. Golgano (Ed.). İçinde, The Environment-Conflict Nexus: Climate Change and the Emergent National Security Landscape (ss. 167-176). Gewerbestrasse: Springer International Publishing.
47. REKERS, P. (2011). Interview With The Chair. Emergency Media Public Affairs Organization.
48. SILVERSTEIN, M. E. (1991). International Disaster Research. İçinde, International Telemedicine/Disaster Medicine Conference. National Aeronautics And Space Administration. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Bethesda, MD, 9–11 December.
49. STREICH, P. A., & MISLAN, D. B. (2014). What Follows The Storm? Research On The Effect Of Disasters On Conflict And Cooperation. Global Change, Peace & Security, 26(1), ss.55-70.
50. SZONDI, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy And Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities And Differences. Hollanda: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. October:1-42.
51. TAYLOR, M., & PERRY, D. C. (2005). Diffusion Of Traditional And New Media Tactics In Crisis Communication. Public Relations Review, 31(2), ss.209-217.
52. TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI WEBSİTESİ. “Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Acil İnsani Yardımları”. URL: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_nin_-insani-yardimlari.tr.mfa (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2023).
53. TÜRK İŞBİRLİĞİ VE KOORDİNASYON AJANSI BAŞKANLIĞI WEBSİTESİ. “TİKA’dan Afganistan’da 15 Yılda 1300’den Fazla Proje Ve Faaliyet”. URL: https://www.tika.gov.tr/tr/haber/tika%27dan_afganistan%27da_15_yilda_1300_den_fazla_proje_ve_faaliyet-60448 (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2023).
54. TÜRK KIZILAYI WEBSİTESİ. “Tarihçemiz”. URL: https://www.kizilay.org.tr/kurumsal/tarihcemiz (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2023).
55. UNHCR. (2018). Total Persons Of Concern. URL: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria# (Erişim Tarihi 01.12.2023).
56. WEI, J., ZHAO, D., YANG, F., DU., S., & MARINOVA, D. (2010). Timing Crisis Information Release Via Television. Disasters, 34 (4), ss.1013–1030.