Examining Coup-proofing in Democracies Up-close: The Case of Spain in Civil-Military Relations

Öz

Coup-proofing is defined as the entire set of strategies intended to ensure the continuity of democratic regimes and their alternatives. Even though the claim that democratic political systems can encounter coup risks is acknowledged by studies on coup-proofing, the precautions placed under analysis have predominantly been of the type that political systems with a poor democratic record can implement. The experiences of political systems undergoing democratic transition and consolidation when confronted by coup attempts and the steps they take to prevent the repetition of these attempts have rarely been scrutinized. The principal aim of this study is to trace the coup-proofing strategies in political systems that are democratizing. Spain’s journey points out how lessons contributing to the advance of democracy can be learnt from coup attempts and the possibility of repetition can be contained. The steps taken by Spain, which is considered to constitute an example and a model in transitioning to democracy, suggests what measures can be put into practice without eroding the quality of the democratic regime. While coup-proofing was aimed through political liberalization, transformation of the composition of the military cadres via appointments, appeasement, limited resort to punitive measures, and rule through assembling, the search for international alliances was the method resorted to in managing risks involved in the process. The main finding is that, in a manner that diverges from the theoretical discussion on coup-proofing, it is possible to safeguard democratic consolidation in the company of steps geared towards observing a minimal degree of punitive measures and assembling under one roof.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• coup-proofing,transition to democracy,democratic consolidation,civil-military relations,Spain

DEMOKRASİLERDE DARBE GEÇİRMEZLİĞE YAKINDAN BAKMAK: SİVİL-ASKER İLİŞKİLERİNDE İSPANYA ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Darbe geçirmezlik, demokratik rejimler ve alternatiflerinin devamlılığını sağlamaya yönelik bir stratejiler bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Demokratik sistemlerin de darbe riskiyle karşılaşabildikleri savı kabul görse de, irdelenen önlemler çoğunlukla zayıf demokratik karnelere sahip sistemlerin uygulayabilecekleri türdendir. Demokrasiye geçiş ve pekişme dönemlerindeki darbe girişimleri ve bu girişimlerin tekrarının önünü almak için atılan adımlar seyrek olarak mercek altına alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın başlıca hedefi, demokratikleşen sistemlerde darbe geçirmezlik stratejilerinin izlerini aramaktır. İspanya’nın serüveni, darbe girişimlerinden demokrasinin gelişimine katkı yapacak dersler çıkarılabileceği ve tekrarlanma ihtimalinin önünün alınabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Demokrasiye geçişte örnek teşkil ettiğine inanılan İspanya’nın adımları, demokratik rejimin kalitesini zedelemeden uygulanabilecek önlemlere ilişkin fikir vermektedir. Siyasal liberalleşme, atamalarla kadro yapısını dönüştürme, yatıştırma, sınırlı cezalandırma, birleştirerek yönetme yollarıyla darbe geçirmezlik hedeflenirken, uluslararası ittifak arayışları süreçteki riskleri yönetmek için başvurulan yöntem olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Temel bulgu, darbe geçirmezlik üzerine süregelen kuramsal tartışmalardan ayrışacak şekilde, asgari cezalandırma ile tek çatı altında toplamaya yönelik adımlarla demokratik pekişmenin güvence altına alınabildiğidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• darbe geçirmezlik,demokrasiye geçiş,demokratik pekişme,sivil-asker ilişkileri,İspanya,İspanya

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