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Great Depression and Social Policy in the United States

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 41, 871 - 926, 31.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.913935

Öz

Throughout history, economies faced crisis conditions. Some of these crises were local and their effects were felt in a limited geography, and some have affected the economies on a global scale. Great Depression, which began in October 1929 with the Wall Street Crash in the United States, not only had devastating effects on the United States economy, but it gave way to a global economic downturn. In the United States, many companies have gone bankrupt, unemployment and homelessness have increased, giving way to a wave of social unrest. Franklin D. Roosevelt who has come to power in the aftermath of the crisis declared that he would put new economic and social policy measures into place. The economic recovery program was called the “New Deal”. With this program, a broader basis for social policy measures was created, and expansionary economic policies were put into effect, to restore production and create employment. It can be claimed that American social policy which had distinguished from Western countries before Roosevelt era in terms of content, had become closer to the Western countries’ practices during the Roosevelt era. In this paper, this change and the impact of the Great Depression on American social policy will be discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Austin, P. J. (2015). Expansive rights: FDR’s proposed “economic” bill of rights memorialized in the international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights, but with little ımpact in the United States. Chicago-Kent Journal of International & Comparative Law, (15), 1-24.
  • Bass, M. (2012). The success and contradictions of new deal democratic populism: The case of the civilian conservation corps. The Good Society, 21(2), 250-260.
  • Bergh, A. (2014). Sweden and the revival of the capitalist welfare state. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Bernanke, (2004, Mart 2). Money, gold, and the great depression. Speech at the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/200403022/default.htm
  • Bilişli, K. (2011). Askeri Keynesçilik. Aksaray Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3(2), 7-22.
  • Bocutoğlu, E. & Ekinci, A. (2009). Genel teori, küresel krizler ve yeniden maliye politikası. Maliye Dergisi, (156), 66-82.
  • Bocutoğlu, E. (2010). Hyman P. Minsky’nin konjonktür teorisi 2007-2010: heterodoks bir değerlendirme. Bankacılar Dergisi, (75), 3-33.
  • Bulletin of The American Liberty League. (1936, Haziran 15). 1(12). https://exploreuk.uky.edu/catalog/xt7wwp9t2q46_144#page/2/mode/1up
  • Campbell, A. E. (1976). Theodore Roosevelt ve ilerici akım. J. M. Roberts (Ed.), 20. Yüzyıl Dosyası içinde (63-78. ss.), Milliyet Yayınları.
  • Carliste, R. P. (2005). Encyclopedia of politics: The left and the right (Vol. 2). Sage Publications Inc.
  • Corning, P. A. (1969). The evolution of medicare. U.S. Government Printing Office. CPI inflation calculator. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
  • Cutler, D. M. & Johnson, R. (2004). The birth and growth of the social insurance state: explaining old age and medical insurance across countries. Public Choice, (120), 87-121.
  • De Rugy (2003, Mart 14). High taxes and hiigh budget deficits: The Hoover-Roosevelt tax increases of the 1930’s. Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/tbb-0303-14.pdf
  • Dinler, Z. (2009). İktisada giriş. Ekin Kitabevi.
  • Dumenil, L. (1995). The modern temper: American culture and society in the 1920s. Hill & Wang.
  • Fair labor standards act of 1938. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct.pdf
  • Federal emergency relief act of 1933. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/uscode/uscode1934-00101/uscode1934-001015016/uscode1934-001015016.pdf
  • Freidel, F. (1965). The new deal and the American people. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Friedman, M. & Schwarz, A. J. (1993). A monetary history of the United States. Princeton University Press.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (1988). Ekonomi kimden yana? (Çev: N. Himmetoğlu), Altın Kitaplar.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (2004). İktisat tarihi. (Çev: M. Günay), Dost Kitabevi.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (2009). Büyük kriz: 1929. (Çev: E. N. Akbaş), Pegasus Yayınları.
  • Garraty, J. A. (1973). The new deal, national socialism, and the great depression. The American Historical Review, 78(4), 907-944.
  • Government sponsorship of the federal national mortgage association and the federal home loan mortgage corporation, Government Printing Office, July 11, 1996.
  • Göze, A. (1987). Siyasal düşünceler ve yönetimler. Beta Basım, Yayım, Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Güven, S. (1997). Sosyal politikanın temelleri. Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Hawley, E. W. (1974). Herbert Hoover, the commerce secretariat, and the vision of an “associative state”, 1921-1928. The Journal of American History, 61(1), 116-140.
  • Hayford, M. D. & Pasurka, C. A. (1991). Effective rates of protection and the Fordney-McCumber and Smott-Hawley tariff acts. Applied Economics, (23), 1385-1392.
  • Historical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970-Part 1 (1975). U.S. Government Printing Office. Hopkins, H. L. (1936, Mart 16). Report on the works program. United States Government Printing Office.
  • Horwitz, S. (2011, Eylül 22). Herbert Hoover: father of the new deal. CATO Institute Briefing Papers, No. 122.
  • James, H. (2010). 1929: The New York stock market crash. Representations, 110(1), 129-144.
  • Kaufmann, F. X. (2013). Variations of the Welfare State: Great Britain, Sweden, France and Germany Between Capitalism and Socialism. Springer.
  • Keller, R. R. (1987). The role of the state in the U.S. economy during the 1920s. Journal of Economic Issues, 21(2), 877-884.
  • Keynes, J. M. (2008). Genel teori: İstihdam, faiz ve paranın genel teorisi. (Çev. Uğur Selçuk Akalın). Kalkedeon Yayınları.
  • Kumar, R. (2018). Revisiting the great depression 1929-1933 through Keynesian & monetarism perspective. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 6(1), 1622-1632.
  • Koray, M. (2000). Sosyal politika. Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Lange, B. (2007). The stock market crash of 1929: the end of prosperity. Chelsea House Publishers.
  • Link, A. S. (1959). What happened to the progressive movement in the 1920’s? The American Historical Review, 64(4), 833-851.
  • MacKenzie, D. W. (2010). Industrial employment & the policies of Herbert C. Hoover. The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 13(3), 101-119.
  • Marcowitz, H. (2013). The roaring twenties. Reference Point Press.
  • Mason, R. (2012). The Republican Party and American politics from Hoover to Reagan. Cambridge University Press.
  • McNeese, T. (2010). The great depression: 1929-1938. Chelsea House Publishers.
  • Milkis, S. & Nelson, M. (1994). The American presidency: origins and development: 1774-1993. Washington: CQ Press.
  • Nardinelli, C. (1980). Child labor and the factory acts. The Journal of Economic History, 40(4), 739-755.
  • National industry recovery act. Government Printing Office, 1933.
  • National labor relations act of 1935. https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
  • Neal, L. & White, E. N. (2012). The Glass-Steegall act in historical perspective. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, (52), 104-113.
  • Neil, M. M. (2002). A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Environmental History, 7(3), 435-461.
  • Nevins, A. & Commager, H. S. (2005). ABD tarihi. (Çev: H. İnalcık), Doğu-Batı Yayınları.
  • Patterson, J. T. (1966). A conservative coalition forms in congress, 1933-1939. The Journal of American History, 52(4), 757-772.
  • Richardson, G. (2007). The Collapse of the United States banking system during the great depression, 1929 to 1933, New Archival Evidence. The Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal, 1(1), 39-50.
  • Polanyi, K. (2011). Büyük dönüşüm: Çağımızın siyasal ve ekonomik kökenleri. (Çev: A. Buğra), İletişim Yayınları.
  • Popple, P. R. (2018). Social work practice and social welfare policy in the United States. Oxford University Press.
  • Rodgers, D. T. (1982). In search of progressivism. Reviews in American History, 10(4), 113-132.
  • Roosevelt, F. D. (1933, Mart 4). First inaugural address. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/fdr-inaugural
  • Rothbard, M. N. (1972). Herbert Hoover and the myth of laissez-faire. R. Radosh, M. N. Rothbard (Ed.), A new history of Leviathan: Essays on the rise of the American corporate state içinde (111-145. ss.), E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.
  • Saybaşılı, K. (1992). İktisat, siyaset, devlet ve Türkiye. Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Selik, M. (1974). 100 soruda iktisadi doktrinler tarihi. Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Sigerist, H. E. (1999). From Bismarck to Beveridge: Developments and trends in social security legislation. Journal of Public Health Policy, 20(4), 474-496.
  • Skocpol, T. (1995). America’s first modern social policies and their legacies. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The political Origins of Social Policy in the United States of America içinde (525-540. ss.), Harvard University Press.
  • Slack, P. (1990). The English poor law. MacMillan Education Ltd.
  • Some ‘Firsts’ in the history of unemployment insurance (1965). Unemployment Insurance Review, 2(8), 32.
  • Stabile, R. R. (1986). Herbert Hoover, the FAES, and the AF of L. Technology and Culture, 27(4), 819-827.
  • Ştefan, G. M. (2015). European welfare state in a historical perspective: a critical review. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 25-38.
  • Social security act. https://www.ssa.gov/history/35act.html#TITLE%20VII
  • Social security chronology 1940s. https://www.ssa.gov/history/1940.html
  • Stolleis, M. (2013). Origins of the German welfare state. Springer.
  • United States Department of Commerce (1945). Statistical abstract of the United States: 1944-1945, Government Printing Office.
  • Stein, H. (1966). Pre-revolutionary fiscal policy: the regime of Herbert Hoover. The Journal of Law and Economics, (9), 189-221.
  • Streissguth, T. (2007). The roaring twenties. Facts on File.
  • Thane, P. (1996). Foundations of the welfare state. Routledge.
  • The White House, Historical Statistics. https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/
  • Tindall, G. B. & Shi, D. E. (2000). America: a narrative history. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Tokol, A., Alper, Y., Aytaç, S. (2017). Sosyal politika. A. Tokol, Y. Alper (Ed.), Dora Basım-Yayım.
  • United States Agricultural Adjustment Administration (1934). The agricultural adjustment act and its operation, Government Printing Office.
  • Wagner-Steagall Act (1937, Eylül 1). 75th Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 896, 1st Session. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/75th-congress/session-1/c75s1ch896.pdf
  • Walker, M. (1998). African Americans and TVA reservoir property removal: race in a new deal program. Agricultural History, 72(2), 417-428.
  • Walton, G. M. & Rockoff, H. (2010). History of the American economy. South-Western Cangage Learning.
  • Wilson, J. H. (1975). Herbert Hoover: forgotten progressive. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Winders, B. (2014). New Deal agricultural policy: unintended consequences of supply management. S. D. Collins, G. S. Goldberg (Ed.), When government helped: Learning from successes and failures of new deal içinde, Oxford University Press.
  • Wray, L. R. (2009). The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach. Cambridge Journal of Economics, (33), 807-828.

BÜYÜK BUHRAN VE AMERİKA’DA SOSYAL POLİTİKA

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 41, 871 - 926, 31.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.913935

Öz

Tarih boyunca ekonomiler krizlerle karşılaşmışlardır. Bu krizlerin kimileri yerel olup coğrafi açıdan sınırlı etki göstermiş olsalar da kimi krizlerin etkileri küresel ölçektedir. Ekim 1929’da Wall Street Borsası’nın çöküşüyle başlayan Büyük Buhran; sadece Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni etkilemekle kalmamış, dünya ölçeğinde bir ekonomik krizin tetikleyicisi olmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde çok sayıda şirket iflas etmiş, işsizlik ve evsizlik artmış ve toplumsal huzursuzluklar baş göstermiştir. Kriz başladıktan sonra iktidara gelen Franklin D. Roosevelt, yeni ekonomik tedbirler alınacağını söylemiştir. Bu ekonomik tedbirlere sosyal politika uygulamaları da dâhildir. Ekonomik krizden çıkış programına “Yeni Uzlaşma” adı verilmiştir. Bu program ile geniş ölçekli sosyal politika uygulamaları hayata geçirilmiş, genişleyici ekonomi politikaları ile de üretimdeki düşüş giderilmeye ve istihdam yaratmaya çalışılmıştır. Roosevelt öncesi dönemde kapsamı bakımından Batılı ülkelerden farklılaşan Amerikan sosyal politikasının, Roosevelt döneminde belirli ölçülerde Batılı ülkelerdeki uygulamalara yaklaştığı söylenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bu değişim ve Büyük Buhran’ın Amerikan sosyal politikası üzerindeki etkisi ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Austin, P. J. (2015). Expansive rights: FDR’s proposed “economic” bill of rights memorialized in the international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights, but with little ımpact in the United States. Chicago-Kent Journal of International & Comparative Law, (15), 1-24.
  • Bass, M. (2012). The success and contradictions of new deal democratic populism: The case of the civilian conservation corps. The Good Society, 21(2), 250-260.
  • Bergh, A. (2014). Sweden and the revival of the capitalist welfare state. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Bernanke, (2004, Mart 2). Money, gold, and the great depression. Speech at the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/200403022/default.htm
  • Bilişli, K. (2011). Askeri Keynesçilik. Aksaray Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3(2), 7-22.
  • Bocutoğlu, E. & Ekinci, A. (2009). Genel teori, küresel krizler ve yeniden maliye politikası. Maliye Dergisi, (156), 66-82.
  • Bocutoğlu, E. (2010). Hyman P. Minsky’nin konjonktür teorisi 2007-2010: heterodoks bir değerlendirme. Bankacılar Dergisi, (75), 3-33.
  • Bulletin of The American Liberty League. (1936, Haziran 15). 1(12). https://exploreuk.uky.edu/catalog/xt7wwp9t2q46_144#page/2/mode/1up
  • Campbell, A. E. (1976). Theodore Roosevelt ve ilerici akım. J. M. Roberts (Ed.), 20. Yüzyıl Dosyası içinde (63-78. ss.), Milliyet Yayınları.
  • Carliste, R. P. (2005). Encyclopedia of politics: The left and the right (Vol. 2). Sage Publications Inc.
  • Corning, P. A. (1969). The evolution of medicare. U.S. Government Printing Office. CPI inflation calculator. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
  • Cutler, D. M. & Johnson, R. (2004). The birth and growth of the social insurance state: explaining old age and medical insurance across countries. Public Choice, (120), 87-121.
  • De Rugy (2003, Mart 14). High taxes and hiigh budget deficits: The Hoover-Roosevelt tax increases of the 1930’s. Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/tbb-0303-14.pdf
  • Dinler, Z. (2009). İktisada giriş. Ekin Kitabevi.
  • Dumenil, L. (1995). The modern temper: American culture and society in the 1920s. Hill & Wang.
  • Fair labor standards act of 1938. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct.pdf
  • Federal emergency relief act of 1933. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/uscode/uscode1934-00101/uscode1934-001015016/uscode1934-001015016.pdf
  • Freidel, F. (1965). The new deal and the American people. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Friedman, M. & Schwarz, A. J. (1993). A monetary history of the United States. Princeton University Press.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (1988). Ekonomi kimden yana? (Çev: N. Himmetoğlu), Altın Kitaplar.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (2004). İktisat tarihi. (Çev: M. Günay), Dost Kitabevi.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (2009). Büyük kriz: 1929. (Çev: E. N. Akbaş), Pegasus Yayınları.
  • Garraty, J. A. (1973). The new deal, national socialism, and the great depression. The American Historical Review, 78(4), 907-944.
  • Government sponsorship of the federal national mortgage association and the federal home loan mortgage corporation, Government Printing Office, July 11, 1996.
  • Göze, A. (1987). Siyasal düşünceler ve yönetimler. Beta Basım, Yayım, Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Güven, S. (1997). Sosyal politikanın temelleri. Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Hawley, E. W. (1974). Herbert Hoover, the commerce secretariat, and the vision of an “associative state”, 1921-1928. The Journal of American History, 61(1), 116-140.
  • Hayford, M. D. & Pasurka, C. A. (1991). Effective rates of protection and the Fordney-McCumber and Smott-Hawley tariff acts. Applied Economics, (23), 1385-1392.
  • Historical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970-Part 1 (1975). U.S. Government Printing Office. Hopkins, H. L. (1936, Mart 16). Report on the works program. United States Government Printing Office.
  • Horwitz, S. (2011, Eylül 22). Herbert Hoover: father of the new deal. CATO Institute Briefing Papers, No. 122.
  • James, H. (2010). 1929: The New York stock market crash. Representations, 110(1), 129-144.
  • Kaufmann, F. X. (2013). Variations of the Welfare State: Great Britain, Sweden, France and Germany Between Capitalism and Socialism. Springer.
  • Keller, R. R. (1987). The role of the state in the U.S. economy during the 1920s. Journal of Economic Issues, 21(2), 877-884.
  • Keynes, J. M. (2008). Genel teori: İstihdam, faiz ve paranın genel teorisi. (Çev. Uğur Selçuk Akalın). Kalkedeon Yayınları.
  • Kumar, R. (2018). Revisiting the great depression 1929-1933 through Keynesian & monetarism perspective. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 6(1), 1622-1632.
  • Koray, M. (2000). Sosyal politika. Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Lange, B. (2007). The stock market crash of 1929: the end of prosperity. Chelsea House Publishers.
  • Link, A. S. (1959). What happened to the progressive movement in the 1920’s? The American Historical Review, 64(4), 833-851.
  • MacKenzie, D. W. (2010). Industrial employment & the policies of Herbert C. Hoover. The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 13(3), 101-119.
  • Marcowitz, H. (2013). The roaring twenties. Reference Point Press.
  • Mason, R. (2012). The Republican Party and American politics from Hoover to Reagan. Cambridge University Press.
  • McNeese, T. (2010). The great depression: 1929-1938. Chelsea House Publishers.
  • Milkis, S. & Nelson, M. (1994). The American presidency: origins and development: 1774-1993. Washington: CQ Press.
  • Nardinelli, C. (1980). Child labor and the factory acts. The Journal of Economic History, 40(4), 739-755.
  • National industry recovery act. Government Printing Office, 1933.
  • National labor relations act of 1935. https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
  • Neal, L. & White, E. N. (2012). The Glass-Steegall act in historical perspective. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, (52), 104-113.
  • Neil, M. M. (2002). A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Environmental History, 7(3), 435-461.
  • Nevins, A. & Commager, H. S. (2005). ABD tarihi. (Çev: H. İnalcık), Doğu-Batı Yayınları.
  • Patterson, J. T. (1966). A conservative coalition forms in congress, 1933-1939. The Journal of American History, 52(4), 757-772.
  • Richardson, G. (2007). The Collapse of the United States banking system during the great depression, 1929 to 1933, New Archival Evidence. The Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal, 1(1), 39-50.
  • Polanyi, K. (2011). Büyük dönüşüm: Çağımızın siyasal ve ekonomik kökenleri. (Çev: A. Buğra), İletişim Yayınları.
  • Popple, P. R. (2018). Social work practice and social welfare policy in the United States. Oxford University Press.
  • Rodgers, D. T. (1982). In search of progressivism. Reviews in American History, 10(4), 113-132.
  • Roosevelt, F. D. (1933, Mart 4). First inaugural address. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/fdr-inaugural
  • Rothbard, M. N. (1972). Herbert Hoover and the myth of laissez-faire. R. Radosh, M. N. Rothbard (Ed.), A new history of Leviathan: Essays on the rise of the American corporate state içinde (111-145. ss.), E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.
  • Saybaşılı, K. (1992). İktisat, siyaset, devlet ve Türkiye. Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Selik, M. (1974). 100 soruda iktisadi doktrinler tarihi. Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Sigerist, H. E. (1999). From Bismarck to Beveridge: Developments and trends in social security legislation. Journal of Public Health Policy, 20(4), 474-496.
  • Skocpol, T. (1995). America’s first modern social policies and their legacies. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The political Origins of Social Policy in the United States of America içinde (525-540. ss.), Harvard University Press.
  • Slack, P. (1990). The English poor law. MacMillan Education Ltd.
  • Some ‘Firsts’ in the history of unemployment insurance (1965). Unemployment Insurance Review, 2(8), 32.
  • Stabile, R. R. (1986). Herbert Hoover, the FAES, and the AF of L. Technology and Culture, 27(4), 819-827.
  • Ştefan, G. M. (2015). European welfare state in a historical perspective: a critical review. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 25-38.
  • Social security act. https://www.ssa.gov/history/35act.html#TITLE%20VII
  • Social security chronology 1940s. https://www.ssa.gov/history/1940.html
  • Stolleis, M. (2013). Origins of the German welfare state. Springer.
  • United States Department of Commerce (1945). Statistical abstract of the United States: 1944-1945, Government Printing Office.
  • Stein, H. (1966). Pre-revolutionary fiscal policy: the regime of Herbert Hoover. The Journal of Law and Economics, (9), 189-221.
  • Streissguth, T. (2007). The roaring twenties. Facts on File.
  • Thane, P. (1996). Foundations of the welfare state. Routledge.
  • The White House, Historical Statistics. https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/
  • Tindall, G. B. & Shi, D. E. (2000). America: a narrative history. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Tokol, A., Alper, Y., Aytaç, S. (2017). Sosyal politika. A. Tokol, Y. Alper (Ed.), Dora Basım-Yayım.
  • United States Agricultural Adjustment Administration (1934). The agricultural adjustment act and its operation, Government Printing Office.
  • Wagner-Steagall Act (1937, Eylül 1). 75th Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 896, 1st Session. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/75th-congress/session-1/c75s1ch896.pdf
  • Walker, M. (1998). African Americans and TVA reservoir property removal: race in a new deal program. Agricultural History, 72(2), 417-428.
  • Walton, G. M. & Rockoff, H. (2010). History of the American economy. South-Western Cangage Learning.
  • Wilson, J. H. (1975). Herbert Hoover: forgotten progressive. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Winders, B. (2014). New Deal agricultural policy: unintended consequences of supply management. S. D. Collins, G. S. Goldberg (Ed.), When government helped: Learning from successes and failures of new deal içinde, Oxford University Press.
  • Wray, L. R. (2009). The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach. Cambridge Journal of Economics, (33), 807-828.
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Onur Terzioğlu 0000-0003-3781-1408

Cengiz Çağla 0000-0002-4112-8663

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

APA Terzioğlu, O., & Çağla, C. (2021). BÜYÜK BUHRAN VE AMERİKA’DA SOSYAL POLİTİKA. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(41), 871-926. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.913935