Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Kamu Harcamaları Yakınsıyor Mu? Kulüp Yakınsama Üzerine Kanıtlar

Yıl 2023, , 443 - 468, 26.10.2023

Seyhat Bayrak Gezdim

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.21

Öz

Avrupa Birliği içerisinde inşa edilen Ekonomik ve Parasal Birlik, Avrupa’da tek pazar sistemi anlayışının benimsenmesini, ortak para biriminin kullanılmasını ve uygulanan maliye politikaları aracılığıyla üye ülkelerin benzer kamu harcama düzeylerine sahip olmalarını hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışma, ülkeler arasındaki heterojenliği hesaba katan kulüp yakınsaması yaklaşımını kullanarak AB üye ülkeleri arasında toplam kamu harcamaları ve fonksiyonel sınıflandırmaya göre harcama alt bileşenlerinin yakınsamasını incelemektedir. Toplam kamu harcamalarına göre, üye ülkelerin birbirine yakınsayan dört alt kulüp ve yakınsamayan bir grup altında toplandığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Fonksiyonel sınıflandırma bulgularına göre, iskân ve toplum refahı ile dinlenme, kültür ve din hizmetlerine ilişkin harcamalarda üye ülkelerin birbirine yakınsadığı; buna karşın diğer bileşenler bağlamında ise farklı kulüpler altında toplandığı bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bu bulgular, üye ülkelerin kamu harcamaları bakımından farklı geçiş yollarına sahip olduklarını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kulüp Yakınsama Yaklaşımı, Log-t Testi, Kamu Harcamaları, AB Üyesi Ülkeler

Do The Public Expenditures Convergence in European Union Member States? Evidence From Club Convergence

Öz

The Economic and Monetary Union, established within the European Union, aims to create a single market system, use a common currency across Europe, and achieve similar levels of public spending via implemented fiscal policies in member states. This study examines the convergence of total public expenditures and their sub-components by functional classifications across EU member states using the club convergence approach, which accounts for heterogeneity across countries. According to the total public expenditures, it has been found that member countries form four converging sub-clubs and one non-converging group. According to the functional classification findings, it has been found that member countries have converged in housing and community services expenditures and recreation, culture, and religious services expenditures, despite that they have grouped under different clubs in terms of other components. These findings indicate that member countries have different transition paths according to their public expenditures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Club Convergence Approach, Log-t Test, Public Expenditures, EU Member States

Kaynakça

• Afxentiou, P.C. & A. Serletis (1996), “Government Expenditures in The European Union: Do They Converge Or Follow Wagner’s Law?”, International Economic Journal, 10(3), 33-47.
• Alataş, S. & E. Sarı (2021), “An Empirical Investigation on Regional Disparities in Public Expenditures: Province Level Evidence From Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 158, 217-240.
• Albulescu, C.T. et al. (2017), “Is There Any Convergence in Health Expenditures Across EU Countries?”, Economics Bulletin, 37(3), 2095-2101.
• Albulescu, C.T. (2022), “Health Care Expenditure in The European Union Countries: New Insights About the Convergence Process”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 1-16.
• Allahverdi, Z.F. vd. (2021), “Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamalarının İl Düzeyinde Dağılımının Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme ve Kümeleme Analizi ile İncelenmesi”, Maliye Dergisi, 180, 31-60.
• Anastasiou, A. et al. (2023), “Convergence of Public Expenditures and Revenues in EU28 During 2002-2019: Evidence from Club-Clustering Analysis Before and After the European Debt Crisis”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 1-21, 10.1002/ijfe.2756.
• Angelov, A.G. (2019), “Public Expenditure on Education in The EU Member States: A Cluster Analysis”, Economic Archive, 1, 52-64.
• Apergis, N. et al. (2012), “Convergence Patterns in Financial Development: Evidence from Club Convergence”, Empirical Economics, 43, 1011-1040.
• Apergis, N. et al. (2013), “Convergence in Public Expenditures Across EU Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence”, Economics & Finance Research, 1(1), 45-59.
• Apergis, N. (2015), “Convergence in Public Expenditure Across a Sample of Emerging Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence”, Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 51, 448-462.
• Arora, N.K. et al. (2018), “Environmental Sustainability: Challenges and Viable Solutions”, Environmental Sustainability, 1, 309-340.
• Arvanitidis, P. et al. (2014), “Is There an International Convergence in Defence Burdens? Some Initial Findings”, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 611-620.
• Arčabić, V. (2018), “Fiscal Convergence and Sustainability in The European Union”, Public Sector Economics, 42(4), 353-380.
• Aschauer, D.A. (2000), “Public Capital and Economic Growth: Issues of Quantity, Finance, And Efficiency”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(2), 391-406.
• Barrell, A. et al. (2021), “Efficiency of Environmental Protection Expenditures in EU Countries”, Energies, 14(24), 8443.
• Bekmez, S. & S. Evkuran (2011), “Türkiye’de İskân, Toplum Refahı ve Çevre Koruma Hizmetlerinin Geleneksellik Endekslerinin Hesaplanması”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 93-115.
• Bergstrom, O. et al. (2008), “Anticipating restructuring in the European defense industry”, BIPE, 1-124.
• Beriş, H.E. (2015), “Kamu Düzeni, Güvenlik ve Demokratikleşme”, Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 1-18.
• Broniewicz, E. (2011), “Environmental Protection Expenditure in European Union” in: E. Broniewicz (ed.), Environmental Management in Practice (21-36), InTech.
• Canbay, Ş. & D. Mercan (2017), “Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme ve Cari İşlemler Dengesine Etkisi: Türkiye örneği”, Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
• Dökmen, G. & A. Aysu (2012), “Kamu Harcamalarında Yakınsama Süreci: Avrupa Birliği Örneği”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 49(567), 81-94.
• Ercolano, S. & O. Romano (2018), “Spending for The Environment: General Government Expenditure Trends in Europe”, Social Indicators Research, 138, 1145-1169.
• Eurostat (2011), Environmental Protection Expenditure in Europe - Data 1995-2009, Eurostat Statistical Books.
• Eurostat (2022a), Government Expenditure on Economic Affairs, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_economic_affairs>, 03.01.2023.
• Eurostat (2022b), Government Expenditure on Recreation, Culture And Religion, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_recreation,_culture_and_religion>, 03.01.2023.
• Eurostat (2023), Composition of General Government Total Expenditure by Function, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_by_function_%E2%80%93_COFOG#Composition_of_general_government_total_expenditure_by_function>, 17.03.2023.
• Ferreiro, J. et al. (2009), “Is the Composition of Public Expenditures Converging in EMU Countries?”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 31(3), 459-484.
• Ferreiro, J. et al. (2013), “An Analysis of The Convergence of The Composition of Public Expenditures in European Union Countries”, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 72(4), 799-825.
• Ferreiro, J. et al. (2014), “Convergence of Public Expenditures and Implementation of a Single Model of Public Finances in The European Union”, Revista de Economía Mundial, 37, 75-102.
• Guagliardo, S. & M. Palimariciuc (2021), “Well-performing public services for a fair and resilient European society”, The EPC Issue Paper, European Policy Centre CESI, 1-63.
• Halásková, M. & R. Halásková (2014), “Assessment of Public Expenditures in Selected Areas of Public Services in EU Countries”, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finance and Banking (93-103), Ostrava, Czech Republic, 16th-17th October.
• Halásková, M. & R. Halásková (2017), “Public Expenditures in Areas of Public Sector: Analysis and Evaluation in EU Countries”, Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice - Series D, 24(39), 39-50.
• Halásková, M. & R. Halásková (2018), “Evaluation Structure of Local Public Expenditures in the European Union Countries”, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 66(3), 755-766.
• Herrera, R. & E. Gentilucci (2013), “Military Spending, Technical Progress, And Economic Growth: A Critical Overview on Mainstream Defense Economics”, Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 12(2), 13-35.
• Islam, N. (2003), “What Have We Learnt from The Convergence Debate”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3), 309-362.
• Lau, C.K.M. & K.W.T. Fung (2013), “Convergence in Health Care Expenditure of 14 EU Countries: New Evidence from Non-Linear Panel Unit Root Test”, MPRA Paper 52871, 1-21.
• Lehtonen, J.M. (2016), “Is the European Goal for Defence Research and Technology Expenditure Attainable for Small Countries”, Security and Defence Quarterly, 13(4), 32-49.
• Linhartova, V. (2021), “Analyzing the Role of Public Expenditures in Human Development: Panel Data Analysis of EU-28 Countries”, Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 17(1), 85-96.
• Malizard, J. (2016), “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in The European Union: Evidence from SIPRI’s Extended Dataset”, The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 11(2), 38-44.
• Martin, V. & G. Vazquez (2015), “Club Convergence in Latin America”, The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, 15(2), 791-820.
• Miyakoshi, T. et al. (2010), “Optimal Adjustment of The Composition of Public Expenditure in Developing Countries”, Pacific Economic Review, 15(5), 577-595.
• Morales-Lage, R. et al. (2019), “Club Convergence of Sectoral CO2 Emissions in the European Union”, Energy Policy, 135, 111019, 1-13.
• NATO (2022), “Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2022)”, COMMUNIQUE PR/CP (2022)105, 1-16.
• OECD (2008), OECD Factbook 2008: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• OECD (2014), “General government expenditure by function”, in: National Accounts at a Glance 2014, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• OECD (2019), “Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)”, in: Government at a Glance 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Perović, L.M. et al. (2016), “Convergence in Government Spending Components in EU15: A Spatial Econometric Perspective”, Amfiteatru Economic, 18(42), 240-254.
• Phillips, P.C.B. & D. Sul (2007), “Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests”, Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855.
• Phillips, P.C.B. & D. Sul (2009), “Economic Transition and Growth”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 24(7), 1153-1185.
• Sanz, I. & F.J. Velázquez (2004), “The Evolution and Convergence of The Government Expenditure Composition in the OECD Countries”, Public Choice, 119(1/2), 61-72.
• Sánchez, Á. & A.L. Pérez-Corral (2018), “Government Social Expenditure and Income Inequalities in the European Union”, Review of Public Economics, 227(4), 133-156.
• Silva, D.L.D. et al. (2022), “Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021”, SIPRI Fact Sheet, 1-11.
• Skidmore, M. et al. (2004), “Convergence in Government Spending: Theory and Cross-Country Evidence”, Kyklos, 57(4), 587-620.
• Spasova, S. & T. Ward (2019), “Social Protection Expenditure and Its Financing in Europe: A Study of National Policies”, Synthesis Report, European Social Policy Network (ESPN), 6-129.
• Spencer, E. & K. Walshe (2009), “National Quality Improvement Policies and Strategies in European Healthcare Systems”, BMJ Quality & Safety, 18, i22-i27.
• Şahin, D. (2018), “Türkiye ve Mena Ülkelerinde Sağlığın Yakınsaması: Panel Birim Kök Testi”, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(16), 235-251.
• Tashevska, B. et al. (2022), “Social Protection Expenditures in Central and Eastern European Countries: Does Government Debt Matter?”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future, Skopje, North Macedonia, 11th November, 21-32.
• Techau, J. (2015), “The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and The Security Vacuum in Europe”, Carnegie Europe, 1-21.
• Tosunoğlu, Ş. (2014), “Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Kamu Eğitim Harcamaları”, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 3(3), 145-181.
• Traoré, O. (2021), “Convergence in Public Health Expenditure Across the Sub-Saharan African Countries: Does Club Convergence Matter?”, Health Economics Review, 11(21), 1-14.
• Turan, T. (2008), “Maliye Politikası Araçlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: Bir Literatür Incelemesi”, Sayıştay Dergisi, 69, 17-35.
• Tüleykan, H. & M.A. Parlak (2018), “Türkiye’de Kamu Kesiminin Eğitim Harcamalarının Değerlendirilmesi (2006-2018)”, Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 6(2), 34-53.
• Üçler, G. & Ü. Bulut (2021), “Re-Examination of The Convergence in Military Expenditures Across NATO Countries: Do Different Approximations in Modeling Structural Breaks Matter?”, Applied Economics Journal, 28(1), 43-62.
• Wang, Z. (2009), “The Convergence of Health Care Expenditure in the US States”, Health Economics, 18, 55-70.
• Wielechowski, M. et al. (2019), “General Government Expenditure on Sport and Recreation in European Union Member States - Structure and Changes”, Turystyka i Rekreacja, 2(24), 181-190.
• Wille, J.H. et al. (2022), “A Growth Plan for the European Defense Industry”, Strategy & Part of the PwC Network, 1-17.
• Wolswijk, G. (2020), “Drivers of European Public Debt Management”, European Central Bank Working Paper Series No: 2437, 1-38.
• Wood, G. (2007), “The New Public Management in Europe Towards Convergence or Difference?”, The Hungarian Journal of Marketing and Management, 41(4-5), 146-153.
• Yaraşır-Tülümce, S. & F. Zeren (2013), “OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlığın Yakınsamasının Analizi: Panel Birim Kök Testi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 287-300.
• Zeren, F. & V. Yılancı (2011), “Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 143-151.