The Playing Field of Innovative Entrepreneurship: A Multilevel Analysis of Institutional Effects on Female Entrepreneurship

Öz

The low level of female participation in entrepreneurship is usually attributed to the inequality of opportunities between males and females. Thus, female entrepreneurship is argued to increase in a level playing field. Assuming that a country’s institutional environment shapes the playing field for entrepreneurship, this study attempts to investigate the effect of the institutional framework on the rate of early-stage innovative entrepreneurship by women. We develop a framework that relates innovative entrepreneurship to gender as well as the interaction between gender and four institutional variables: government support for entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial finance, commercial infrastructure and support for female entrepreneurship. We test this framework by analyzing a large sample of survey data from 93 countries using the mixed-effect logistic regression. The regression results are largely consistent with our framework. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of the institutional environment in creating a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem, and in enhancing female participation in entrepreneurial activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Women Entrepreneurship,Equal Opportunity,Institutions,Innovative Entrepreneurship,Multi-Level Analysis

Yenilikçi Girişimciliğin Oyun Sahası: Kurumsal Yapının Kadın Girişimciliğine Etkisi

Öz

Girişimciler arasında kadın oranının düşük olması genelde kadın ile erkek arasında fırsat eşitsizliğine bağlanmaktadır. Bu görüşe göre, fırsat eşitliğinin sağlandığı durumlarda kadın girişimciliği artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bir ülkedeki kurumsal yapı ve sistemlerin erken aşama yenilikçi girişimciler arasında kadınların oranı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla ortaya konan kavramsal çerçeve, devletin girişimcilere desteği, kadın girişimcilere sağlanan destek, girişimsel finansman imkânları ve ticari altyapının yenilik içeren girişimler arasında kadın girişimci oranını etkilediğini savunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede geliştirilen hipotezler, 93 ülkeyi kapsayan geniş bir veri setinden yararlanılarak karışık-etkili lojistik regresyon yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Test sonuçları, ortaya konan kavramsal çerçeve ile genelde tutarlı görünmektedir. Bu bulgular, kurumsal yapı ve sistemlerin kadınların ekonomik faaliyet sürecine katılımında oynadıkları rolü ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadın Girişimciliği,Fırsat Eşitliği,Kurumsal Yapı,Yenilikçi Girişimcilik,Çok-Düzeyli Analiz

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