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Medya ve Kültürel İnançların Türkiye’de Kadınların Spora Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Profesyonel Sporda Türk Kadınlarının Karşılaştığı Zorluklar

Yıl 2021, , 91 - 106, 28.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05

Öz

Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ile mücadele spor sektörüne kadar uzanmaktadır. Son zamanlarda kadınların spora katılımında hızlı bir artış görülmesine rağmen, kadın sporcular birçok nedenden ötürü marjinalleştirilmektedir. Karşılaştıkları ayrımcılıklar kadınların Türkiye’de profesyonel spora girmesini engellemekte ve Türkiye’de kadın spor sektörünün gelişmesine imkân vermemektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, modern Türkiye’de spor ve siyaset arasındaki ilişkiyi baz alarak kadınların üstlendiği farklı rolleri incelemektir. Bu çalışma, Türk kadınlarının profesyonel sporda karşılaştığı kısıtlamaları ve zorlukları araştırmaktadır. Türkiye’de farklı şehirlerdeki 142 kadın sporcu ile (amatör ve profesyonel) yapılan görüşmelerden nitel veriler elde edilmiştir. Ailenin etkisi (χ = 4.39/5), ücret eşitsizliği (χ = 4.31/5), medyanın yanlış yönlendirmesi (χ = 4.16/5), kadınlar için yetersiz spor tesisleri (χ = 4.12/5) ve yüksek seviyede cinsel taciz (χ = 3.89/5) kadınların spora katılımını artırmak için ele alınması gereken en önemli sorunlardır. Çalışma, fiziksel aktivite ile spor programlarının öneminin farkındalığını artırmak ve Türkiye’de spor yapan kadınların genel algısını geliştirmek için gereken önemli roller vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, F. & G. Altunok (2013), “The ‘Politics of Intimate’ at the Intersection of Neoliberalism and Neo-Conservatism in Contemporary Turkey”, Women’s Studies International Forum, 41, 14-23.
  • Ahmad, R.H. (2015), “Women sports in India-constraints, Challenges, Complications, and its Remedies”, International Journal of Applied Research, 1(13), 656-659.
  • Asayesh, L. & H. Karkon & M. Karkon & A. Shabani (2013), “The Challenges of Athletics in Iran: A Delphi Study”, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(6), 66-72.
  • Ballantyne, K.N. & M. Kayser & J.A. Grootegoed (2012), “Sex and Gender Issues in Competitive Sports: An Investigation of a Historical Case Leads to A New Viewpoint”, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(8), 614-617.
  • Bibi, I. & S. Khan & W. Khan & S.A. Abbas (2016), “Effects of Parental Problems on Sports Participation: A Study of Female Elite Athletes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan”, Journal of Physical Education Research, 3(2), 88-95.
  • Bibi, I. & S. Khan & W. Khan (2016), “Influence of Sociocultural Problems on Sports Participation: A Case of Female Elite Athletes in Pakistan”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(6), 363-369.
  • Brien, O. & K. Lloyd & C. Riot (2017), “Exploring the Emotional Geography of the Leisure Time Physical Activity Space with Mothers of Young Children”, Leisure Studies, 36(2), 220-230.
  • Buytendijk, F.J.J. (1953), Das Fußballspiel: Eine Psychologische Studies, Würzburg:Werkbund-Verlag.
  • Chien, Y.C. (2013), “The Application of IPA to Examine the Needs on Exercise Environment among the Middle-Aged and Elder Residents”, Master’s Thesis, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
  • Cleland, J. (2014), “Racism, Football Fans, and Online Message Boards: How Social Media Has Added a New Dimension to Racist Discourse in English Football”, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38(5), 415-431.
  • Feldman, D.E. & T. Barnette & I. Shrier & L. Abenhaim (2003), “Is Physical Activity Differentially Associated with Different Types of Sedentary Pursuits?”, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(8), 797-802.
  • FIFA (2015), FIFA, Football and Women: Why Reform Must Specify Inclusion and Investment, submitted to Mr Francias Carrard, Chair of FIFA Reform Committee, October 2015, <https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/i2berd89n7syxdjl5fhq.pdf>, 23.02.2020.
  • Fitzgibbons, R.P. (2015), Sports and the Catholic Family, In Marital Healing, <http://www.maritalhealing.com/conflicts/sportsandfamily.php>, 23.02.2020.
  • Forbes (2016), The World’s Highest Paid Athletes, <https://www.forbes.com/athletes/#3cc9b30b55ae>, 23.02.2020.
  • Hardin, M. & A. Croston (2012), “The Influence of Gender-Role Socialization, Media Use, and Sports Participation on Perception of Gender Appropriate Sports”, Journal of Sport Behavior, 32, 207-226.
  • Huang, H.C. & L.W. Liu & C.M. Chang & H.H. Hsieh & H.C. Lu (2019), “The Effects of Locus of Control, Agents of Socialization and Sports Socialization Situations on the Sports Participation of Women in Taiwan”, International Journal of Environmental and Public Health, (16), 18-41.
  • HuffingtonPost (2016), Women, Media Bias and The Olympics, <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/women-media-bias-and-the-_b_11459540?guccounter=1>, 23.02.2020.
  • Hurriyet Daily News (2018), Violence is the biggest problem women face in Turkey, <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/violence-is-the-biggest-problem-women-face-in-turkey-poll-128372>, 23.02.2020.
  • Kagnicioglu, D. (2017), “The role of women in working life in Turkey”, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 226, 349-358.
  • Kanters, M.A. & J. Bocarro & J. Casper (2015), “Supported or Pressured? An Examination of Agreement among Parents and Children on a Parent’s Role in Youth Sports”, Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(1), 64-80.
  • Kara, F. & A. Demirci (2010), “An Assessment of Outdoor Recreational Behaviors and Preferences of the Residents in Istanbul”, Scientific Research and Essays, 5(1), 93-104.
  • Khalaf, S.B.H. (2014), “Arabic Women’s Participation in Sport: Barriers and Motivation among Egyptian and Kuwaiti Athletes”, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wales.
  • Khan, M.Y. & A. Jamil & U.A. Khan & U.A. Kareem & G. Imran (2012), “Female Students Opinion about Women’s Participation in Sports”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 275-283.
  • Koca, C. & I. Hacısoftaoğlu (2010), “Sport Participation of Women and Girls in Modern Turkey”, in: T. Benn & G. Pfister & H. Jawad (eds.), Muslim Women in Sport, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Koca, C. & I. Hacısoftaoğlu (2011), “Struggling for Empowerment Sport Participation of Women and Girls in Turkey”, in: T. Benn & G. Pfister & H. Jawad (eds.), Muslim Women in Sport, London: Routledge, 154-166.
  • LaVoi, N. & M.J. Kane (2011), “Sociological Aspects of Sport”, in; P.M. Pederson & J.B. Parks & J. Quarterman & L. Thibault (eds.), Contemporary Sport Management, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 374-391.
  • Leigh, K. (2012), “Turkey’s Female Athletes, Like Women Nationwide, Reap Rewards”, New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/sports/olympics/in-turkey-female-athletes-have-come-a-long-way.html>, 23.02.2020.
  • Lin, T.E. & C.C. Liu & C.H. Lee & F.H. Tsai & Z.M. Chen & S.Y. Lee (2012), “A Study of Socialization into Sport and Motivations of Athletes’ Participation Sport”, National Pingtung University of Education, (15), 394-406.
  • MacIntosh, E.W. & L. Nicol (2012), “Athletes’ Event Experiences of the XIX Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India”, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3(1), 12-29.
  • Marwat, M.K. & S. Zia-ul-Islam & M. Waseem & H. Khattak & S. BiBi (2014), “Sport Performance of Muslim Women and Different Constraints in Their Way to Participation in Sport”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(10), 208-214.
  • Monster Salary Index (2017), “Women of India”, Monster Salary Index (MSI) Report on Gender Pay Parity, <http://media.monsterindia.com/>, 23.02.2020.
  • Moran, R. (2014), Cultural Influences that Affect Participation in Sports Act, <https://prezi.com/x7aybvzgpdve/cultural-influences-that-affect-participation-in-sports-act/>, 23.02.2020. Müftüler-Baç, M. (2012), Gender Equality in Turkey, <http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/18894/1/20120207ATT37506EN.pdf>, 23.02.2020.
  • Nogueira, A. & O. Molinero & A. Salguero del Valle & F. Lucidi & S. Marquez (2017), “Identification of Gender Discrimination in Sports: Training of Agents of Change”, Revista de Psicología del Deporte/Journal of Sport Psychology, 27(3), 43-49.
  • Pavlidis, A. & S. Fullagar (2016), Sport, Gender, and Power, Oxford: Routledge.
  • Pelak, C.F. (2005), “Negotiating Gender/race/class Constraints in the New South Africa a Case Study of Women’s Soccer”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(1), 53-70.
  • Perasso, V. (2017) Is the Gender Pay Gap in Sport Closing?, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41685042>, 23.02.2020.
  • Ruseski, J.E. & B.R. Humphreys & K. Hallmann (2011), “Family Structure, Time Constraints, and Sport Participation”, European Review Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 57-66.
  • Saavedra, E. & B. Martha (2010), “Women, Sport and Development”, International Platform on Sport and Development, (1), 23-30.
  • Scott, D. & A.J. Mowen (2010), “Alleviating Park Visitation Constraints through Agency Facilitation Strategies”, Journal of Leisure Research, 42(4), 535-550.
  • Spaaij, R. & A. Anderson (2012), “Parents or Peers: Which Is It? Sport Socialization and Team Identification in Australia: A rejoinder to Melnick and Wann”, International Review of Sociology, (47), 526-530.
  • Stanis, S.A.W. & I.E. Schneider & M.A Pereira (2010), “Parks and Health: Differences in Constraints and Negotiation Strategies for Park-based Leisure-time Physical Activity by Stage of Change”, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, (7), 273-284.
  • Story, C. & P. Markula (2017), “I had One Year in Junior, and Then I was too Old: Structural Age Rules and the Girlification in Canadian Elite Women’s Figure Skating”, Sport in Society, 20(9), 1223-1240.
  • Sümer, S. & H. Eslen-Ziya (2015), “New Waves for Old Rights? Women’s Mobilization and Bodily Rights in Turkey and Norway”, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 24(1), 23-38.
  • Tansel, A. & B. Dalgıç & A. Güven (2014), “Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey”, Discussion Paper IZA DP No.8669.
  • Taylor, A.C. & J.T. Schweichler & B.L. Jorgensen & E.H. McKown & M. Teresak (2014), “Parental Support Behaviors for Children Participating in Community Soccer Programs”, The Sport Journal, <http://thesportjournal.org/article/parental-support-behaviors-for-children-participating-in-community-soccer-programs>, 23.02.2020.
  • Tekin, A. (2010), “The Influence of Religious and Socio-cultural Variables on the Participation of Female University Students in Leisure Activities”, World Applied Sciences Journal, 9(11), 1286-1293.
  • Toksöz, G. (2012), “The State of Female Labor in the Impasse of the Neoliberal Market and Patriarchal Family”, in: S. Dedeoğlu & A.Y. Elveren (eds.), Gender and Society in Turkey: The Impact of Neoliberal Policies, Political Islam and EU Accession, New York: I.B. Tauris, 47-64.
  • Trolan, E.J. (2013), “The Impact of the Media on Gender Inequality within the Sport”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 215-227.
  • TÜİK (2012-b), İşgücü İstatistikleri, <http://www.tuik.gov.tr>, 23.02.2020.
  • Velázquez, P. (2017), “Sports Values: A European Perspective”, En Proceedings ISSP 14th World Congress Sport Psychology, Sevilla (212), Madrid: Dykinson.
  • Wagner, M.M. (2016), “The Decline of Women’s Rights in Turkey: Political Islam...or Tayyip”, Undergraduate Honors Thesis, 1069, <https://scholar.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2383&context=honr_theses>, 23.02.2020.
  • Wangari, G. & E. Kimani & G. Wango (2017), “Challenges Faced by Women Football Players Who Participate in Football Leagues”, Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2(1), 13-35.
  • Westcott, L. & J.W. Foley-Fellow (2018), World Cup Harassment Highlights Issues Female Sports Journalists Face on a Daily Basis in CPJ, <https://cpj.org/blog/2018/07/world-cup-harassment-highlights-issues-female-spor.php>, 23.02.2020.
  • Zhang, T. & M.A. Solmon & Z. Gao & M. Kosma (2012), “Promoting School Students’ Physical Activity: A Social Ecological Perspective”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(1), 92-105.

The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports

Yıl 2021, , 91 - 106, 28.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05

Öz

The fight for gender equality in Turkey extends as far as the sports sector of the economy. Although Turkey has recently seen a fast rise in the participation of women in sports, female athletes are still being marginalized for many reasons. The alarming levels of discrimination discourage females from entering into professional sports in Turkey and have inhibited the growth of the female sports sector in Turkey. This research aims to examine the different roles women have to take with emphasis on explaining the relationship between sports and politics in modern Turkey. The present study explores Turkish women's specific constraints and challenges in professional Sports. Qualitative data were generated from semi-structured interviews conducted with 142 female athletes (both amateur and professionals) across different cities in Turkey. The findings of the study indicate that family influence (χ= 4.39 of 5), wage inequality (χ = 4.31 of 5), media misrepresentation (χ = 4.16 of 5), inadequate sports facilities for women (χ = 4.12 of 5) and high levels of sexual harassment (χ = 3.89 of 5) are the constraints that must be addressed to improve the climate for female participation in sports significantly. The study highlights how these physical activities and sports programs play essential roles in increasing awareness of their importance and improving the overall perception of women in sports in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, F. & G. Altunok (2013), “The ‘Politics of Intimate’ at the Intersection of Neoliberalism and Neo-Conservatism in Contemporary Turkey”, Women’s Studies International Forum, 41, 14-23.
  • Ahmad, R.H. (2015), “Women sports in India-constraints, Challenges, Complications, and its Remedies”, International Journal of Applied Research, 1(13), 656-659.
  • Asayesh, L. & H. Karkon & M. Karkon & A. Shabani (2013), “The Challenges of Athletics in Iran: A Delphi Study”, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(6), 66-72.
  • Ballantyne, K.N. & M. Kayser & J.A. Grootegoed (2012), “Sex and Gender Issues in Competitive Sports: An Investigation of a Historical Case Leads to A New Viewpoint”, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(8), 614-617.
  • Bibi, I. & S. Khan & W. Khan & S.A. Abbas (2016), “Effects of Parental Problems on Sports Participation: A Study of Female Elite Athletes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan”, Journal of Physical Education Research, 3(2), 88-95.
  • Bibi, I. & S. Khan & W. Khan (2016), “Influence of Sociocultural Problems on Sports Participation: A Case of Female Elite Athletes in Pakistan”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(6), 363-369.
  • Brien, O. & K. Lloyd & C. Riot (2017), “Exploring the Emotional Geography of the Leisure Time Physical Activity Space with Mothers of Young Children”, Leisure Studies, 36(2), 220-230.
  • Buytendijk, F.J.J. (1953), Das Fußballspiel: Eine Psychologische Studies, Würzburg:Werkbund-Verlag.
  • Chien, Y.C. (2013), “The Application of IPA to Examine the Needs on Exercise Environment among the Middle-Aged and Elder Residents”, Master’s Thesis, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
  • Cleland, J. (2014), “Racism, Football Fans, and Online Message Boards: How Social Media Has Added a New Dimension to Racist Discourse in English Football”, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38(5), 415-431.
  • Feldman, D.E. & T. Barnette & I. Shrier & L. Abenhaim (2003), “Is Physical Activity Differentially Associated with Different Types of Sedentary Pursuits?”, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(8), 797-802.
  • FIFA (2015), FIFA, Football and Women: Why Reform Must Specify Inclusion and Investment, submitted to Mr Francias Carrard, Chair of FIFA Reform Committee, October 2015, <https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/i2berd89n7syxdjl5fhq.pdf>, 23.02.2020.
  • Fitzgibbons, R.P. (2015), Sports and the Catholic Family, In Marital Healing, <http://www.maritalhealing.com/conflicts/sportsandfamily.php>, 23.02.2020.
  • Forbes (2016), The World’s Highest Paid Athletes, <https://www.forbes.com/athletes/#3cc9b30b55ae>, 23.02.2020.
  • Hardin, M. & A. Croston (2012), “The Influence of Gender-Role Socialization, Media Use, and Sports Participation on Perception of Gender Appropriate Sports”, Journal of Sport Behavior, 32, 207-226.
  • Huang, H.C. & L.W. Liu & C.M. Chang & H.H. Hsieh & H.C. Lu (2019), “The Effects of Locus of Control, Agents of Socialization and Sports Socialization Situations on the Sports Participation of Women in Taiwan”, International Journal of Environmental and Public Health, (16), 18-41.
  • HuffingtonPost (2016), Women, Media Bias and The Olympics, <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/women-media-bias-and-the-_b_11459540?guccounter=1>, 23.02.2020.
  • Hurriyet Daily News (2018), Violence is the biggest problem women face in Turkey, <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/violence-is-the-biggest-problem-women-face-in-turkey-poll-128372>, 23.02.2020.
  • Kagnicioglu, D. (2017), “The role of women in working life in Turkey”, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 226, 349-358.
  • Kanters, M.A. & J. Bocarro & J. Casper (2015), “Supported or Pressured? An Examination of Agreement among Parents and Children on a Parent’s Role in Youth Sports”, Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(1), 64-80.
  • Kara, F. & A. Demirci (2010), “An Assessment of Outdoor Recreational Behaviors and Preferences of the Residents in Istanbul”, Scientific Research and Essays, 5(1), 93-104.
  • Khalaf, S.B.H. (2014), “Arabic Women’s Participation in Sport: Barriers and Motivation among Egyptian and Kuwaiti Athletes”, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wales.
  • Khan, M.Y. & A. Jamil & U.A. Khan & U.A. Kareem & G. Imran (2012), “Female Students Opinion about Women’s Participation in Sports”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 275-283.
  • Koca, C. & I. Hacısoftaoğlu (2010), “Sport Participation of Women and Girls in Modern Turkey”, in: T. Benn & G. Pfister & H. Jawad (eds.), Muslim Women in Sport, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Koca, C. & I. Hacısoftaoğlu (2011), “Struggling for Empowerment Sport Participation of Women and Girls in Turkey”, in: T. Benn & G. Pfister & H. Jawad (eds.), Muslim Women in Sport, London: Routledge, 154-166.
  • LaVoi, N. & M.J. Kane (2011), “Sociological Aspects of Sport”, in; P.M. Pederson & J.B. Parks & J. Quarterman & L. Thibault (eds.), Contemporary Sport Management, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 374-391.
  • Leigh, K. (2012), “Turkey’s Female Athletes, Like Women Nationwide, Reap Rewards”, New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/sports/olympics/in-turkey-female-athletes-have-come-a-long-way.html>, 23.02.2020.
  • Lin, T.E. & C.C. Liu & C.H. Lee & F.H. Tsai & Z.M. Chen & S.Y. Lee (2012), “A Study of Socialization into Sport and Motivations of Athletes’ Participation Sport”, National Pingtung University of Education, (15), 394-406.
  • MacIntosh, E.W. & L. Nicol (2012), “Athletes’ Event Experiences of the XIX Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India”, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3(1), 12-29.
  • Marwat, M.K. & S. Zia-ul-Islam & M. Waseem & H. Khattak & S. BiBi (2014), “Sport Performance of Muslim Women and Different Constraints in Their Way to Participation in Sport”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(10), 208-214.
  • Monster Salary Index (2017), “Women of India”, Monster Salary Index (MSI) Report on Gender Pay Parity, <http://media.monsterindia.com/>, 23.02.2020.
  • Moran, R. (2014), Cultural Influences that Affect Participation in Sports Act, <https://prezi.com/x7aybvzgpdve/cultural-influences-that-affect-participation-in-sports-act/>, 23.02.2020. Müftüler-Baç, M. (2012), Gender Equality in Turkey, <http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/18894/1/20120207ATT37506EN.pdf>, 23.02.2020.
  • Nogueira, A. & O. Molinero & A. Salguero del Valle & F. Lucidi & S. Marquez (2017), “Identification of Gender Discrimination in Sports: Training of Agents of Change”, Revista de Psicología del Deporte/Journal of Sport Psychology, 27(3), 43-49.
  • Pavlidis, A. & S. Fullagar (2016), Sport, Gender, and Power, Oxford: Routledge.
  • Pelak, C.F. (2005), “Negotiating Gender/race/class Constraints in the New South Africa a Case Study of Women’s Soccer”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(1), 53-70.
  • Perasso, V. (2017) Is the Gender Pay Gap in Sport Closing?, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41685042>, 23.02.2020.
  • Ruseski, J.E. & B.R. Humphreys & K. Hallmann (2011), “Family Structure, Time Constraints, and Sport Participation”, European Review Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 57-66.
  • Saavedra, E. & B. Martha (2010), “Women, Sport and Development”, International Platform on Sport and Development, (1), 23-30.
  • Scott, D. & A.J. Mowen (2010), “Alleviating Park Visitation Constraints through Agency Facilitation Strategies”, Journal of Leisure Research, 42(4), 535-550.
  • Spaaij, R. & A. Anderson (2012), “Parents or Peers: Which Is It? Sport Socialization and Team Identification in Australia: A rejoinder to Melnick and Wann”, International Review of Sociology, (47), 526-530.
  • Stanis, S.A.W. & I.E. Schneider & M.A Pereira (2010), “Parks and Health: Differences in Constraints and Negotiation Strategies for Park-based Leisure-time Physical Activity by Stage of Change”, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, (7), 273-284.
  • Story, C. & P. Markula (2017), “I had One Year in Junior, and Then I was too Old: Structural Age Rules and the Girlification in Canadian Elite Women’s Figure Skating”, Sport in Society, 20(9), 1223-1240.
  • Sümer, S. & H. Eslen-Ziya (2015), “New Waves for Old Rights? Women’s Mobilization and Bodily Rights in Turkey and Norway”, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 24(1), 23-38.
  • Tansel, A. & B. Dalgıç & A. Güven (2014), “Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey”, Discussion Paper IZA DP No.8669.
  • Taylor, A.C. & J.T. Schweichler & B.L. Jorgensen & E.H. McKown & M. Teresak (2014), “Parental Support Behaviors for Children Participating in Community Soccer Programs”, The Sport Journal, <http://thesportjournal.org/article/parental-support-behaviors-for-children-participating-in-community-soccer-programs>, 23.02.2020.
  • Tekin, A. (2010), “The Influence of Religious and Socio-cultural Variables on the Participation of Female University Students in Leisure Activities”, World Applied Sciences Journal, 9(11), 1286-1293.
  • Toksöz, G. (2012), “The State of Female Labor in the Impasse of the Neoliberal Market and Patriarchal Family”, in: S. Dedeoğlu & A.Y. Elveren (eds.), Gender and Society in Turkey: The Impact of Neoliberal Policies, Political Islam and EU Accession, New York: I.B. Tauris, 47-64.
  • Trolan, E.J. (2013), “The Impact of the Media on Gender Inequality within the Sport”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 215-227.
  • TÜİK (2012-b), İşgücü İstatistikleri, <http://www.tuik.gov.tr>, 23.02.2020.
  • Velázquez, P. (2017), “Sports Values: A European Perspective”, En Proceedings ISSP 14th World Congress Sport Psychology, Sevilla (212), Madrid: Dykinson.
  • Wagner, M.M. (2016), “The Decline of Women’s Rights in Turkey: Political Islam...or Tayyip”, Undergraduate Honors Thesis, 1069, <https://scholar.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2383&context=honr_theses>, 23.02.2020.
  • Wangari, G. & E. Kimani & G. Wango (2017), “Challenges Faced by Women Football Players Who Participate in Football Leagues”, Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2(1), 13-35.
  • Westcott, L. & J.W. Foley-Fellow (2018), World Cup Harassment Highlights Issues Female Sports Journalists Face on a Daily Basis in CPJ, <https://cpj.org/blog/2018/07/world-cup-harassment-highlights-issues-female-spor.php>, 23.02.2020.
  • Zhang, T. & M.A. Solmon & Z. Gao & M. Kosma (2012), “Promoting School Students’ Physical Activity: A Social Ecological Perspective”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(1), 92-105.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Meltem Ince Yenilmez 0000-0002-4689-3196

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Ince Yenilmez, M. (2021). The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi, 29(48), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05
AMA Ince Yenilmez M. The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi. Nisan 2021;29(48):91-106. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05
Chicago Ince Yenilmez, Meltem. “The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges Faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports”. Sosyoekonomi 29, sy. 48 (Nisan 2021): 91-106. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05.
EndNote Ince Yenilmez M (01 Nisan 2021) The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi 29 48 91–106.
IEEE M. Ince Yenilmez, “The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 29, sy. 48, ss. 91–106, 2021, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05.
ISNAD Ince Yenilmez, Meltem. “The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges Faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports”. Sosyoekonomi 29/48 (Nisan 2021), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05.
JAMA Ince Yenilmez M. The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi. 2021;29:91–106.
MLA Ince Yenilmez, Meltem. “The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges Faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 29, sy. 48, 2021, ss. 91-106, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.05.
Vancouver Ince Yenilmez M. The Impact of Media and Cultural Beliefs on Women’s Participation in Sports in Turkey: The Challenges faced by Turkish Women in Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi. 2021;29(48):91-106.