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Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 28, 131 - 146, 14.04.2016
https://doi.org/10.17233/se.43089

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 1992-2010 yıllarında, G-20 ülkeleri için kişi başına gelirde meydana gelen artışın kişi başına düşen yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminde nasıl bir değişim meydana getirdiğini ortaya koymaktır. Panel eş bütünleşme analiz sonuçları G-20 ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin var olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Daha sonra ise elde edilen bu uzun dönemli ilişkinin yönü panel model tahmincileri yardımıyla ortaya konmuştur. Kişi başına reel GSYİH’da meydana gelen %1’lik artışın, kişi başına yenilebilir enerji tüketiminde; POLS analizine göre %0.56’lık, REM analizine göre %0.79’luk ve FGLS analizine göre %0.59’luk bir artışa neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Diğer yandan ECM analizi örneklem grubunun yaklaşık %33’nde ekonomik büyümenin yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini arttırdığı saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia”, Energy Economics, 32, 1392-1397.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010b), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010c), “On the Causal Dynamics between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, 69, 2255-2260.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2011a), “The Renewable Energy Consumption–Growth Nexus in Central America”, Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2011b), “On the Causal Dynamics between Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Developed and Developing Countries”, Energy Syst., 2, 299-312.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2012), “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 34, 733-738.
  • Arrelano, M. (2004), Panel Data Econometrics (Advanced Tests in Econometrics), New York, Oxford University Press, Inc.
  • Bakırtas, I. & S. Bayrak & A. Cetin (2014), “Economic Growth and Carbon Emission: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis”, European Journal of Sustainable Development, 3 (4), 91-102.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Ed., Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Beck, N. & J.N. Katz (1995), “What to do (and not to do) with Time Series Cross Section Data”, The American Political Science Review, 89(3), 634-647.
  • Chien, T. & J. Hu (2008), “Renewable energy: An Efficient Mechanism to Improve GDP”, Energy Policy, 36, 3045-3052.
  • Choi, I. (2001), “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, 249-272.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Drukker, D.M. (2003), “Testing for Serial Correlation in Linear Panel-data Models”, The Stata Journal, 3(2), 168-177.
  • Energy Information Administration of USA (2015), Renewable and Alernative Fuels, <http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/index.cfm?tg=renewable>, 01.03.2015.
  • Fang, Y. (2011), “Economic Welfare Impacts from Renewable Energy Consumption: The China Experience”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128.
  • Friedman, M. (1937), “The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumptions of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32(200), 675-701.
  • Greene, W.H. (2012), Econometric Analysis, 7th Ed., New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Grossman, G. & A.B. Krueger (1991), “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, NBER Working Paper, 3914, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Grossman, G. & A.B. Krueger (1995), “Economic Growth and the Environment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 353–377.
  • Gujarati, D.N & D.C. Porter (2009), Basic Econometrics, 5th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003), Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd Ed., New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Im, K.S. & M.H. Pesaran & Y. Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency (2014), World Energy Outlook (WEO)-2014, <http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2014/>, 22.03.2015.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Economic Inequality”, The American Economic Review, 45, 1-28.
  • Maddala, G.S. (1992), Introduction to Econometrics, 2nd Ed., New York, Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Maddala G.S. & S. Wu (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
  • Matyas, L. & P. Sevestre (2008), The Econometrics of Panel Data, Fundamentals and Recent Developments in Theory and Practice, 3rd Ed., Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Menegaki, A.N. (2011), “Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model with Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis”, Energy Economics, 33, 257-263.
  • Menyah, K. & Y. Wolde-Rufael (2011), “CO2 Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in the US”, Energy Policy, 38, 2911-2915.
  • Nargeleçekenler, M. (2011), “Hisse Senedi Fiyatları ve Fiyat/Kazanç Oranı İlişkisi: Panel Verilerle Sektörel Bir Analiz”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(2): 165-184.
  • Nordhaus, D.W. (1991), “The Cost of Slowing Climate Change: a Survey”, The Energy Journal, 12(1), 37-65.
  • Ocal, O. & A. Aslan (2013), “Renewable Energy Consumption–Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, Working Paper, WP238, Technology and Employment Programme, Geneva, International Labor Office.
  • Panayotou, T. (1997), “Demystifying the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Turning a Black Box into a Policy Tool”, Environment and Development Economics, 2, 465-484.
  • Pao, H. & H. Fu (2013), “Renewable Energy, Non-renewable Energy and Economic Growth in Brazil”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 381-392.
  • Parks, R.W. (1967), “Efficient Estimation of a System of Regression Equations when Disturbances are Both Serially and Contemporaneously Correlated”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 500-509.
  • Pearce, D. (1991), “The Role of Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to Global Warming”, The Economic Jounal, 101(407), 938-948.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 0305-9049.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESIfo Working Paper, 1229, Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research, Munich, Germany.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 37(10), 4021-4028.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009b), “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil prices in the G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 31(3), 456-462.
  • Shafik, N. & S. Bandyopadhyay (1992), “Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence”, Background Paper for the World Development Report 1992, The World Bank, Washington DC.
  • Shafik, N. (1994), “Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis”, Oxford Economic Papers, 46, 757–773.
  • Selden, S.M. & D. Song (1995), “Neoclassical Growth, the J curve for Abatement, and the Inverted U Curve for Pollution”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 29, 162-168.
  • Solomon, S. & G. Plattner & R. Knutti & P. Friedlingstein (2009), “Irreversible Climate Change due to Carbon Dioxide Emissions”, PNAS, 106(6), 1704-1709.
  • Tarı, R. (2010), Ekonometri, İstanbul: UmuttepeEğitim Dizisi.
  • Taş, N. & A. Doğan & E. Önder (2014), “İşsizlik, Takibe Düşen Kredi ve Boşanma Oranı Değişkenlerinin Suç Sayısı Üzerine Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Türkiye İçin Bölgesel Panel Veri Analizi”, Niğde Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 7(1), 13-35.
  • Tatoğlu, F.Y. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (Stata Uygulamalı), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Tuğcu, C.T. & I. Ozturk & A. Aslan (2012), “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950.
  • Wiggins, V. & B. Poi, (2001), Testing for Panel-level Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation, <http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/stat/panel.html>, 15.04.2015.
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2002), Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • World Bank (2015), Data Indicators, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator>, 01.03.2015.

Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 28, 131 - 146, 14.04.2016
https://doi.org/10.17233/se.43089

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 1992-2010 yıllarında, G-20 ülkeleri için kişi başına gelirde meydana gelen artışın kişi başına düşen yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminde nasıl bir değişim meydana getirdiğini ortaya koymaktır. Panel eş bütünleşme analiz sonuçları G-20 ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin var olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Daha sonra ise elde edilen bu uzun dönemli ilişkinin yönü panel model tahmincileri yardımıyla ortaya konmuştur. Kişi başına reel GSYİH’da meydana gelen %1’lik artışın, kişi başına yenilebilir enerji tüketiminde; POLS analizine göre %0.56’lık, REM analizine göre %0.79’luk ve FGLS analizine göre %0.59’luk bir artışa neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Diğer yandan ECM analizi örneklem grubunun yaklaşık %33’nde ekonomik büyümenin yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini arttırdığı saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia”, Energy Economics, 32, 1392-1397.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010b), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010c), “On the Causal Dynamics between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, 69, 2255-2260.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2011a), “The Renewable Energy Consumption–Growth Nexus in Central America”, Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2011b), “On the Causal Dynamics between Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Developed and Developing Countries”, Energy Syst., 2, 299-312.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2012), “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 34, 733-738.
  • Arrelano, M. (2004), Panel Data Econometrics (Advanced Tests in Econometrics), New York, Oxford University Press, Inc.
  • Bakırtas, I. & S. Bayrak & A. Cetin (2014), “Economic Growth and Carbon Emission: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis”, European Journal of Sustainable Development, 3 (4), 91-102.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Ed., Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Beck, N. & J.N. Katz (1995), “What to do (and not to do) with Time Series Cross Section Data”, The American Political Science Review, 89(3), 634-647.
  • Chien, T. & J. Hu (2008), “Renewable energy: An Efficient Mechanism to Improve GDP”, Energy Policy, 36, 3045-3052.
  • Choi, I. (2001), “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, 249-272.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Drukker, D.M. (2003), “Testing for Serial Correlation in Linear Panel-data Models”, The Stata Journal, 3(2), 168-177.
  • Energy Information Administration of USA (2015), Renewable and Alernative Fuels, <http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/index.cfm?tg=renewable>, 01.03.2015.
  • Fang, Y. (2011), “Economic Welfare Impacts from Renewable Energy Consumption: The China Experience”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128.
  • Friedman, M. (1937), “The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumptions of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32(200), 675-701.
  • Greene, W.H. (2012), Econometric Analysis, 7th Ed., New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Grossman, G. & A.B. Krueger (1991), “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, NBER Working Paper, 3914, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Grossman, G. & A.B. Krueger (1995), “Economic Growth and the Environment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 353–377.
  • Gujarati, D.N & D.C. Porter (2009), Basic Econometrics, 5th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003), Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd Ed., New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Im, K.S. & M.H. Pesaran & Y. Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency (2014), World Energy Outlook (WEO)-2014, <http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2014/>, 22.03.2015.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Economic Inequality”, The American Economic Review, 45, 1-28.
  • Maddala, G.S. (1992), Introduction to Econometrics, 2nd Ed., New York, Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Maddala G.S. & S. Wu (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
  • Matyas, L. & P. Sevestre (2008), The Econometrics of Panel Data, Fundamentals and Recent Developments in Theory and Practice, 3rd Ed., Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Menegaki, A.N. (2011), “Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model with Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis”, Energy Economics, 33, 257-263.
  • Menyah, K. & Y. Wolde-Rufael (2011), “CO2 Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in the US”, Energy Policy, 38, 2911-2915.
  • Nargeleçekenler, M. (2011), “Hisse Senedi Fiyatları ve Fiyat/Kazanç Oranı İlişkisi: Panel Verilerle Sektörel Bir Analiz”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(2): 165-184.
  • Nordhaus, D.W. (1991), “The Cost of Slowing Climate Change: a Survey”, The Energy Journal, 12(1), 37-65.
  • Ocal, O. & A. Aslan (2013), “Renewable Energy Consumption–Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, Working Paper, WP238, Technology and Employment Programme, Geneva, International Labor Office.
  • Panayotou, T. (1997), “Demystifying the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Turning a Black Box into a Policy Tool”, Environment and Development Economics, 2, 465-484.
  • Pao, H. & H. Fu (2013), “Renewable Energy, Non-renewable Energy and Economic Growth in Brazil”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 381-392.
  • Parks, R.W. (1967), “Efficient Estimation of a System of Regression Equations when Disturbances are Both Serially and Contemporaneously Correlated”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 500-509.
  • Pearce, D. (1991), “The Role of Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to Global Warming”, The Economic Jounal, 101(407), 938-948.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 0305-9049.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESIfo Working Paper, 1229, Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research, Munich, Germany.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 37(10), 4021-4028.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009b), “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil prices in the G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 31(3), 456-462.
  • Shafik, N. & S. Bandyopadhyay (1992), “Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence”, Background Paper for the World Development Report 1992, The World Bank, Washington DC.
  • Shafik, N. (1994), “Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis”, Oxford Economic Papers, 46, 757–773.
  • Selden, S.M. & D. Song (1995), “Neoclassical Growth, the J curve for Abatement, and the Inverted U Curve for Pollution”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 29, 162-168.
  • Solomon, S. & G. Plattner & R. Knutti & P. Friedlingstein (2009), “Irreversible Climate Change due to Carbon Dioxide Emissions”, PNAS, 106(6), 1704-1709.
  • Tarı, R. (2010), Ekonometri, İstanbul: UmuttepeEğitim Dizisi.
  • Taş, N. & A. Doğan & E. Önder (2014), “İşsizlik, Takibe Düşen Kredi ve Boşanma Oranı Değişkenlerinin Suç Sayısı Üzerine Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Türkiye İçin Bölgesel Panel Veri Analizi”, Niğde Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 7(1), 13-35.
  • Tatoğlu, F.Y. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (Stata Uygulamalı), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Tuğcu, C.T. & I. Ozturk & A. Aslan (2012), “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950.
  • Wiggins, V. & B. Poi, (2001), Testing for Panel-level Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation, <http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/stat/panel.html>, 15.04.2015.
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2002), Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • World Bank (2015), Data Indicators, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator>, 01.03.2015.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İbrahim Bakırtaş

Mümin Çetin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Nisan 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Bakırtaş, İ., & Çetin, M. (2016). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri. Sosyoekonomi, 24(28), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.43089
AMA Bakırtaş İ, Çetin M. Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri. Sosyoekonomi. Nisan 2016;24(28):131-146. doi:10.17233/se.43089
Chicago Bakırtaş, İbrahim, ve Mümin Çetin. “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri”. Sosyoekonomi 24, sy. 28 (Nisan 2016): 131-46. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.43089.
EndNote Bakırtaş İ, Çetin M (01 Nisan 2016) Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri. Sosyoekonomi 24 28 131–146.
IEEE İ. Bakırtaş ve M. Çetin, “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 24, sy. 28, ss. 131–146, 2016, doi: 10.17233/se.43089.
ISNAD Bakırtaş, İbrahim - Çetin, Mümin. “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri”. Sosyoekonomi 24/28 (Nisan 2016), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.43089.
JAMA Bakırtaş İ, Çetin M. Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri. Sosyoekonomi. 2016;24:131–146.
MLA Bakırtaş, İbrahim ve Mümin Çetin. “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 24, sy. 28, 2016, ss. 131-46, doi:10.17233/se.43089.
Vancouver Bakırtaş İ, Çetin M. Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G-20 Ülkeleri. Sosyoekonomi. 2016;24(28):131-46.

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GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERDEKİ YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİNİN GELECEĞİ
Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.56574/nohusosbil.1342962