Araştırma Makalesi
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Effects on Women’s Employment in Turkey of the Changing Job and Occupations in the Industry 4.0 Era

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 54 - 76, 31.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.701685

Öz

With the concept of Industry 4.0, which is used to define a new development period and structure, the introduction of digital tools and opportunities in almost every area leads to reshaping of the social structure and workforce markets as a result of the digitalization of everything. While new technologies create new jobs, their share in employment is also expected to change in accordance with their qualifications. It is worth examining how the new developments will affect women's employment.
The aim of this study is to examine the structure and feature of Industry 4.0, alongside the technology it includes with its impact on working life; to evaluate the reflections of the structure of these new jobs which will be created with the change in the understanding of the transacting and managing business to women's employment in Turkey. In the study, within this scope, readiness of women’s employment in Turkey to new and changing occupations in the Industry 4.0 environment is discussed in terms of education, digital literacy and STEM education. The study discusses how women’s workforce can take part in new job and new occupations created by the Industry 4.0 environment as long as they obtain sufficient knowledge and skills.

Kaynakça

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Endüstri 4.0 Ortamında Değişen İş ve Mesleklerin Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamına Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 54 - 76, 31.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.701685

Öz

Yeni bir ekonomik gelişim dönemini ve toplum yapısını tanımlamak amacıyla kullanılan Endüstri 4.0 ile IoT, yapay zeka, artırılmış gerçeklik, sanal gerçeklik, bulut bilişim, büyük veri, eklemeli üretim, uçtan uca bütünleşme ile kendi kendini yönetebilen teknoloji ve inovasyona dayalı bir üretim ve iş yapma ortamı temsil edilmektedir. Yeni teknolojiler yeni işler yaratırken, işlerin vasıflarına göre istihdamdaki paylarının da değişmesi beklenmektedir. Kadın iş gücünün bu değişim ve dönüşüm sürecinin neresinde yer aldığı, gelecekte iş gücü piyasasında nasıl konumlanacağı, yeni iş alanlarından yararlanma koşulları, oluşacak fırsatlara erişmede yeterli bilgi ve beceriye sahip olabilmesi incelenmesi gereken önemli konulardandır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Endüstri 4.0’ın özelliklerinin, içerdiği teknolojilerin ve çalışma hayatı üzerinde yarattığı etkilerinin incelenerek, bu yeni sanayi ortamında iş yapma ve yönetme anlayışındaki değişimle oluşacak yeni mesleklerin yapısının Türkiye’deki kadın istihdamına yansımalarını değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada Türkiye’de kadın istihdamının Endüstri 4.0 ortamında yeni ve değişen mesleklere hazır olma durumu eğitim, dijital okur-yazarlık ve STEM eğitimi açılarından ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca çeşitli ülkelerde BİT endüstrilerindeki mevcut kadın işgücü arzı ve Endüstri 4.0 politika ve uygulamalarına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada kadın işgücünün yeterli bilgi ve beceriyi edinmesi, gerekli koşullar oluşturulması ve eşit fırsatlar tanınması durumunda Endüstri 4.0 ortamının yarattığı yeni iş ve yeni mesleklerde nasıl yer alabileceği tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • Gerbert, P., Lorenz M., Rüßmann, M. , Waldner, M. , Justus, J., Engel P. & Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0-the future of productivity and growth in manufacturing ındustries, BCG (Boston Consulting Group). Retrieved from: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/engineered_products_project_business_Industry_4_
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  • Hilbert, M. (2011). Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics, Women's Studies International Forum, 34 (6), 479-489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001.
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  • Karadeniz, O. (2011). Türkiye’de atipik çalışan kadınlar ve yaygın sosyal güvencesizlik. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2, 83-127.
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  • Lasi H., Fettke P., Kemper H.G., Feld T. & Hoffmann M. (2014). Endüstri 4.0. işletme ve bilgi sistemleri mühendisliği, 6, 239-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-0334-4.
  • Lincove J. A. (2008). Growth, girls education, and female labor: A longitudinal analysis, The Journal of Developing Areas, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 45-66.
  • Maycotte, O., H. (2015, March, 31). Women in technology: The rise of the female CDO. Forbes. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/homaycotte/2015/03/31/women-in technologythe- rise-of-thefemale-cdo/2/#68a2d07f3dff.
  • McKinsey Global Institute (2013). Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy. Retrieved from: http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Disruptive%20technologies/MGI_Disruptive_technologies_Full_report_May2013.ashx
  • McKinsey Global Institute, (2017a). Harnessing automation for a future that Works, McKinsey & Company.
  • McKinsey Global Institute (2017b). Jobs lost, jobs gained: workforce transitions in a time of automation, McKinsey & Company.
  • McKinsey Global Institute (2017c). What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages, McKinsey & Company.
  • Mcloughlin C. (2013). Women’s Economic Role in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Helpdesk Research Report.
  • MEB (2016). STEM eğitim raporu. Erişim adresi: https://yegitek.meb.gov.tr/www/meb-yegitek-genel-mudurlugu-stem-fen-teknoloji-muhendislik-matemetik-egitim-raporu-hazirladi/icerik/719
  • Mehtap S., Jayyousi Y., Gammoh N. & Al Haj A. (2016). Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in the Jordanian Workforce, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 10, October 2016, doi: 10.18178/ijssh.2016.6.10.7503
  • OECD (2015). The ABC of gender equality in education: aptitude, behaviour, confidence, OECD Publishing, Paris, Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264229945-en.
  • OECD (2016). Skills for a digital world, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 250, OECD Publishing, Paris, Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwz83z3wnw-en.
  • OECD (2017a). Going digital: The future of work for women. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/employment/Going-Digital-the-Future-of-Work-for-Women.pdf
  • OECD (2017b). Education at a glance 2017, Country Note: Turkey, Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/EAG2017CN-Turkey-Turkish.pdf (Retrieved from: 3.11.2019)
  • OECD (2018a), Towards the Implementation of the G20 Roadmap for Digitalisation: Skills, Business Dynamics and Competition, OECD, Paris, Retrieved from: www.oecd.org/g20/OECDreport_Implementation_G20_Roadmap.pdf.
  • OECD (2018b). Bridging The Digital Gender Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate. Retrieved from:http://www.oecd.org/internet/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf
  • OECD (2018c). Empowering Women in The Digital Age: Where Do We Stand? Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/social/empowering-women-in-the-digital-age-brochure.pdf.
  • OECD (2019a). Labour force statics by sex and age, Retrieved from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=64196.
  • OECD (2019b). Women at Work in G20 countries: Progress and policy action, Paper prepared under Japan’s G20 Presidency. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/g20/summits/osaka/G20-Women-at-Work.pdf
  • Oktay Yılmaz, B. (2017). Lizbon stratejisinden Avrupa 2020 stratejisine Avrupa Birliği’nin toplumsal cinsiyet politikalari nerede duruyor? Asos Journal (The Journal of Academic Social Science), 5(54). 192-213.
  • Önder, N. (2013). Türkiye’de kadın işgücünün görünümü. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1(1). 35-61.
  • Öcal, F.M. & Altıntaş, K. (2018). Dördüncü sanayi devriminin emek piyasaları üzerindeki olası etkilerinin incelenmesi ve çözüm önerileri, Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(15), 2066-2092.
  • Özbay, F. (2019). Kadın Emeği: Seçme Yazılar, Şemsa Özar (Yay.Haz.), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Özer, M. & Biçerli, K. (2004). Türkiye’de kadın işgücünün panel veri analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 3(1). 55-85.
  • Pessl, E., Sorko, S.R. & Mayer, B. (2017). Roadmap industry 4.0 – implementation guideline for enterprises. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society. 5(6), 193-202.
  • PwC –TUSİAD (2019). 2023’e doğru Türkiye’de STEM gereksinimi, Erişim adresi: https://www.pwc.com.tr/tr/gundem/dijital/2023e-dogru-turkiyede-stem-gereksinimi.html
  • Rodriquez, F. & E. J. Wilson III (2000). Are poor countries losing the information revolution?, The world bank group, global information and communication technologies department, the information for development program working paper, May 2000. Retrieved from: http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/library/papers/ewilson/apxc.pdf (13.02. 2017).
  • Schwab, K. (2016). Dördüncü sanayi devrimi. (Z. Dicleli. Çev.). İstanbul: Optimist Yayınları.
  • Sorgner, A., Bode E.& Krieger-Boden, C., (2017). The effects of digitalization on gender equality in the G20 economies,Women20study. Retrieved from: http://www.w20-germany.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/20170714-w20-studie-web.pdf
  • Sümer, B. (2018). Impact of Industry 4.0 on Occupations and Employment in Turkey, European Scientific Journal, April 2018 edition .14(10), 1-17. Retrieved from: URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n10p1
  • Tansel, A. (2012), 2050’ye doğru nüfus, bilim ve yönetim: İşgücü piyasasına bakış, TÜSİAD, Yayın No: TÜSİAD-T/2012-11/536, Erişim adresi: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/6062-2050ye-dogru-nufusbilim-ve-yonetim-isgucu-piyasasina-bakis
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2017). Temel işgücü göstergeleri, Erişim adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007
  • TÜİK (2018). Hanehalkı işgücü araştırması, Erişim adresi: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1068
  • TÜİK (2019a). Öğretim alanlarına göre yüksek öğretimde öğrenci sayısı, Erişim adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1068
  • TÜİK (2019b). En son kullanım zamanına ve cinsiyete göre bilgisayar ve internet kullanım oranları 2004-2019, Erişim adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1028
  • TÜSİAD (2014). STEM alanında eğitim almış işgücüne yönelik talep ve beklentiler araştırması, Erişim adresi: Yayın No. TÜSİAD-T/2014,10-557 https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/8054-stem-alaninda-egitim-almis-isgucune-yonelik-talep-ve-beklentiler-arastirmasi
  • TÜSİAD-Deloitte (2016a). Türkiye’deki Dijital Değişime CEO Bakışı. Erişim adresi: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/tr/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/turkiyedeki-dijital-degisime-CEO-bakisi.pdf
  • TÜSİAD-BCG (Türk Sanayicileri ve İş Adamları Derneği- The Boston Consulting Group) (2016b). Türkiye’nin küresel rekabetçiliği için bir gereklilik olarak sanayi 4.0: Gelişmekte olan ekonomi perspektifi. Yayın No: TÜSİAD-T/2016-3/576. Erişim adresi: http://www.tusiad.org/indir/2016/sanayi-40.pdf
  • TÜSİAD-BCG (2017). Türkiye’nin Sanayide Dijital Dönüşüm Yetkinliği, Yayın No: TÜSİAD-T/2017, 12-589. Erişim adresi: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9864-tusiad-bcg-turkiye-nin-sanayide-dijital-donusum-yetkinligi
  • UN Women (2005). Gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT, UN Division for the Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, Retrieved from: www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf
  • UN Statistics (2016). Population by age, sex and urban/rural residence: latest available year, 2007-2016 in Demographic Yearbook – 2016 (database), United Nations Statistics Division, Retrieved from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml.
  • UNESCO (2017). Literacy rates continue to rise from one generation to the next, Fact Sheet No. 45,September, FS/2017/LIT/45, Retrieved from: http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf
  • Vaidya, S., Ambad, P.&Bhosle, S. (2018). Industry 4.0–A Glimpse, in: Procedia Manufacturing. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Materials Manufacturing and Design Engineering, 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.034
  • Verick, S. (2014). Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries, IZA World of Labor, pp. 87-88.
  • World Bank Group (2011). World Development Report, Washington: Gender Equality and Development.
  • World Economic Forum (2016). The industry gender gap: women and work in the fourth industrial revolution. Retrieved from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FOJ_Executive_Summary_GenderGap.pdf
  • World Economic Forum (2017, January, 12). The jobless world and its discontents. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/jobless-world-and-its-discontents
  • World Economic Forum (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018, Retrieved from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf.
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zümrüt Ecevit Satı 0000-0002-6687-9981

Berrin Oktay Yılmaz 0000-0002-4572-2731

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Ecevit Satı, Z., & Oktay Yılmaz, B. (2020). Endüstri 4.0 Ortamında Değişen İş ve Mesleklerin Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamına Etkileri. Strategic Public Management Journal, 6(11), 54-76. https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.701685

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