Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

AN INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE DYSMORPHIA SYMPTOMS IN INDIVIDUALS RELATED IN BODYBUILDING SPORTS: SAMSUN PROVINCE EXAMPLE

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 180 - 192, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.734424

Öz

The problem of muscle dysmorphia can be seen on bodybuilders. It has been suggested that this may be associated with unconscious use of ergogenic aids, excessive exercise, and bad nutrition behavior. A survey was conducted in Samsun among 100 male volunteers who were ages between 18-45 and spent at least 3 years in bodybuilding. The survey questions which including participant’s personal and demographic data, their nutritional habits and knowledge about the sport of bodybuilding and the use of ergogenic aids and Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and subscales of Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) were performed on the volunteers. Descriptive statistical analysis, t test, one-way analysis of variance and pearson product moment correlation analysis were used for data analysis.The mean DMS score was found to be 3.60 ± 0.86, while the mean subscale score for Muscularity-Oriented Body Image Attitudes (MBIA) was found to be 3.94 ± 1.13, and score for Muscle Development Behaviors (MDB) was found to be 3.95 ± 0.97. The mean of total scale score was 50.4 ± 12.1. 53% of individuals had a higher score of DMS than the mean score (X> 3,6), and 51% of the individuals had a higher mean score of MDB subscale(X> 3,95). When the total scale score was examined, 53% of the individuals scored more than the total scale score (X> 50.46). There was no significant difference between muscle dysmorphia and the duration and frequency of the exercise training (p = 0.264; p = 0.87 p> 0.05). There was observed that the score of DMS was higher in the individuals who frequently used ergogenic aids. As a result, it was determined that bodybuilders tend to show more muscular dysmorphic symptoms. While the symptoms are often seen in young people, it was also determined that bodybuilders with these symptoms are more likely to use ergogenic aids.

Kaynakça

  • Babusa, B. (2013). Muscle dysmorphia in hungarian high risk populations. Phd.Thesis. Semmelweis University, Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Budapest.
  • Bergeron, D., Tylka, T.L. (2007). Support for the uniqueness of body dissatisfaction from drive for muscularity among men. Body Image, 4(3), 288–295. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2007.05.002
  • Blashill, A.J. (2011). Gender roles, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction in men: a meta-analysis. Body Image, 8, 1–11.
  • Cafri, G., Strauss, J., Thompson, J.K. (2002). Male body image: satisfaction and its relationship to well-being using the somatomorphic matrix. Int J Ment Health, 1, 215-31.
  • Canbolat, E., Çakıroğlu, F.P. (2016). Vücut geliştirme ve fitness salonlarında çalışan antrenörlerin beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin saptanması. CBÜ Bed Eğt Spor Bil Dergisi,11(2).
  • Coşkun, M. (2011). Vücut geliştirme sporu ile ilgilenen erkek yetişkin bireylerde beden algısının yeme davranışı ve besin tüketimi ile ilişkisi. Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Başkent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cunningham, M.L., Griffith, S., Mitchison, D.M., Mond, J.M., Castle, D., Murray, S.B. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia: an overview of clinical features and treatment options. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(4), 255–271. Doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.255
  • Dakanalis, A., Timko, A., Madeddu, F., Volpato, C., Clerici, M., Riva, G., Zanetti, A.M. (2015). Are the male body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity scales reliable and valid instruments?. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 48–59. Doi: 10.1177/1359105313498108
  • Daniel, S., Bridges, S.K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men : media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7(1), 32–38. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2009.08.003
  • Dawes, J., Mankin, T. (2004). Muscle dysmorphia. National Strength and Conditioning Association, 26(2), 24–25.
  • Dos Santos Filho, C.A., Tirico, P.P., Stefano, S.C., Touyz, S.W., Claudino, A.M. (2016). Systematic review of the diagnostic category muscle dysmorphia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 322–333. Doi: 10.1177/0004867415614106.
  • Eik-Nes, T.T., Calzo, J.P., Austin, S.B., Blashill, A.J., Murray, S.B. (2018). Prospective health associations of drive for muscularity in young adult males. Int J Eat Disord., 51, 1185–1193. Doi: 10.1002/Eat.22943.
  • Gilchrist, G.A. (2008). Drive for muscularity and reasons for exercise among bodybuilders: factors that influence who becomes a male bodybuilder. Seattle Pacific University, Proquest Dissertations Publishing. Https://Search.Proquest.Com/Docview/304801177?Accountid=8319
  • Hale, B.D., Roth, A.D., Delong, R.E., Briggs, M.S. (2010). Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body Image, 7(3), 234–239. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2010.02.001
  • Karimian, J., Esfahani, P.S. (2011). Supplement consumption in body builder athletes. J Res Med Sci., 16(10) 1347–1353.
  • Longobardi, C., Pino, L.R., Fabris, M.A., Settanni, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: findings from an italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research, 256(March), 231–236. Doi: 10.1016/J.Psychres.2017.06.065
  • Marsh, H.W., Marco, I.T, Aşçı, F.H. (2002). Cross-cultural validity of the physical self-description questionnaire: comparison of factor structures in Australia, Spain, and Turkey. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(3), 257-270.
  • Marsh, H.W., Richards, G.E., Johnson, S., Roche, L. (1994). Physical self-description questionnaire: Psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 270-305. Mccreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48, 297–304.
  • Mcfarland, M.B., Kaminski, P.I. (2009). Men, muscles, and mood: the relationship between self-concept, dysphoria, and body image disturbances. Eating Behaviors, 10(1), 68–70. Doi: 10.1016/J.Eatbeh.2008.10.007.
  • Mitchell, L., Murray, S.B., Cobley, S., Hackett D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., O’connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 233–259. Doi: 10.1007/S40279-016-0564-3
  • Mosley, P.E. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(3), 191–198. Doi: 10.1002/Erv.897
  • Olivardia, R., Pope, H.G., Hudson, J.I. (2000). Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: a case-control study. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 157, 1291-1296. Doi: 10.1176/Appi.Ajp.157.8.1291
  • Pope, H.G., J.R., Gruber, A.J., Choi, P., Olivardia, B.A., Phillips, K.A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: an underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38,548-557.
  • Pope, H.G., Katz, D.L., Hudson, J.I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and ‘reverse anorexia’ among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406–409. Doi: 10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-D
  • Robert, C.A., Munroe-Chandler, K., Gammage, K.L. (2009). The relationship between the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in male and female weight trainers. Journal of Strength And Conditioning Research, 23, 1656-1662. Rodgers, R.F., Ganchou, C., Franko, D.L., Chabrol, H. (2012). Drive for muscularity and disordered eating among french adolescent boys : a sociocultural model. Body Image, 9(3), 318–323. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2012.03.002
  • Schneider, C., Agthe, M., Yanagida, T., Voracek, M., Hennig-Fast, K. (2017). Effects of muscle dysmorphia, social comparisons and body schema priming on desire for social interaction: an experimental approach. Bmc Psychology, 5(1), 1–9. Doi: 10.1186/S40359-017-0189-9
  • Schneider, C., Rollitz, L., Voracek, M., Hennig-Fast, K. (2016). Biological, psychological, sociocultural factors contributing to the drive for muscularity in weight-training men. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11. Doi: 10.3389/Fpsyg.2016.01992
  • Swami, V., Vintila, M., Tudorel, O., Goian, C., Barron, D. (2018). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a romanian translation of the drive for muscularity scale (dms) in university men. Body Image, 25, 48–55. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2018.02.004
  • Yıldız, A. (2015). Egzersiz katılımcılarında kas yoksunluğu semptomları ile temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar tutkunluk ve güdüsel yönelim ilişkisi. Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.

VÜCUT GELİŞTİRME SPORU İLE İLGİLENEN KİŞİLERDE KAS YOKSUNLUĞU BELİRTİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ: SAMSUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 180 - 192, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.734424

Öz

Vücut geliştirme sporcularında kas yoksunluğu problemi görülebilmektedir. Bunun bilinçsiz ergojenik yardımcı kullanımı, aşırı egzersiz yapma ve kötü beslenme davranışları ile ilişkili olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı vücut geliştirme yapan kişilerde kas yoksunluğu (kas dismorfisi) belirtilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışma, Samsun ilinde, en az 3 yıl vücut geliştirme sporunu yapan, 18-45 yaş aralığındaki 100 erkek gönüllü katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya katılan bireylere, kişisel ve demografik bilgilerini, beslenme alışkanlıklarını ve besin tüketim bilgilerini, vücut geliştirme sporu ile bilgileri ve sporcu destek ürün kullanım bilgilerini içeren bir anket ve Kas Yoksunluğu Ölçeği (KYÖ) ve Kendini Fiziksel Tanımlama Envanterinin (PSDQ) 3 alt ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistik analizi, t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve pearson çarpım momentler korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bireylerin kas yoksunluğu ortalama puanı 3,60±0,86, Kas Yönelimli Beden İmaj Tutumları (KYBİT) alt boyut ortalama puanı 3,34±1,13, Kas Geliştirme Davranışı (KGD) alt boyut ortalama puanı 3,95±0,97 olarak bulunmuştur. Toplam ölçek puan ortalaması ise 50,4±12,1’dir. Bireylerin %53’ünün, KYÖ ortalama puanından (X>3,6) ve %51’inin, KGD alt ölçeğinin ortalama puanından (X>3,95) daha yüksek bir ortalamaya sahiptir. Toplam ölçek puanına bakıldığında ise bireylerin %53’ü toplam ölçek puanından(X>50,46) daha fazla puan almıştır. Vücut geliştirme sporuyla ilgilenme süresi ve bu sporun yapılma sıklığı ile kas yoksunluğu arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p=0,264; p=0,87 p>0,05). Ergojenik yardımcıları sıklıkla kullanan bireylerde kas yoksunluğu puanının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, vücut geliştirme sporcularının kas yoksunluğu semptomlarını gösterebildiği ve genç yaştaki sporcularda anlamlı olmasa da semptomların daha fazla olduğu, bu semptomlara sahip kişilerin ergojenik yardımcıları daha fazla kullandığı belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Babusa, B. (2013). Muscle dysmorphia in hungarian high risk populations. Phd.Thesis. Semmelweis University, Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Budapest.
  • Bergeron, D., Tylka, T.L. (2007). Support for the uniqueness of body dissatisfaction from drive for muscularity among men. Body Image, 4(3), 288–295. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2007.05.002
  • Blashill, A.J. (2011). Gender roles, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction in men: a meta-analysis. Body Image, 8, 1–11.
  • Cafri, G., Strauss, J., Thompson, J.K. (2002). Male body image: satisfaction and its relationship to well-being using the somatomorphic matrix. Int J Ment Health, 1, 215-31.
  • Canbolat, E., Çakıroğlu, F.P. (2016). Vücut geliştirme ve fitness salonlarında çalışan antrenörlerin beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin saptanması. CBÜ Bed Eğt Spor Bil Dergisi,11(2).
  • Coşkun, M. (2011). Vücut geliştirme sporu ile ilgilenen erkek yetişkin bireylerde beden algısının yeme davranışı ve besin tüketimi ile ilişkisi. Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Başkent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cunningham, M.L., Griffith, S., Mitchison, D.M., Mond, J.M., Castle, D., Murray, S.B. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia: an overview of clinical features and treatment options. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(4), 255–271. Doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.255
  • Dakanalis, A., Timko, A., Madeddu, F., Volpato, C., Clerici, M., Riva, G., Zanetti, A.M. (2015). Are the male body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity scales reliable and valid instruments?. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 48–59. Doi: 10.1177/1359105313498108
  • Daniel, S., Bridges, S.K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men : media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7(1), 32–38. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2009.08.003
  • Dawes, J., Mankin, T. (2004). Muscle dysmorphia. National Strength and Conditioning Association, 26(2), 24–25.
  • Dos Santos Filho, C.A., Tirico, P.P., Stefano, S.C., Touyz, S.W., Claudino, A.M. (2016). Systematic review of the diagnostic category muscle dysmorphia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 322–333. Doi: 10.1177/0004867415614106.
  • Eik-Nes, T.T., Calzo, J.P., Austin, S.B., Blashill, A.J., Murray, S.B. (2018). Prospective health associations of drive for muscularity in young adult males. Int J Eat Disord., 51, 1185–1193. Doi: 10.1002/Eat.22943.
  • Gilchrist, G.A. (2008). Drive for muscularity and reasons for exercise among bodybuilders: factors that influence who becomes a male bodybuilder. Seattle Pacific University, Proquest Dissertations Publishing. Https://Search.Proquest.Com/Docview/304801177?Accountid=8319
  • Hale, B.D., Roth, A.D., Delong, R.E., Briggs, M.S. (2010). Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body Image, 7(3), 234–239. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2010.02.001
  • Karimian, J., Esfahani, P.S. (2011). Supplement consumption in body builder athletes. J Res Med Sci., 16(10) 1347–1353.
  • Longobardi, C., Pino, L.R., Fabris, M.A., Settanni, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: findings from an italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research, 256(March), 231–236. Doi: 10.1016/J.Psychres.2017.06.065
  • Marsh, H.W., Marco, I.T, Aşçı, F.H. (2002). Cross-cultural validity of the physical self-description questionnaire: comparison of factor structures in Australia, Spain, and Turkey. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(3), 257-270.
  • Marsh, H.W., Richards, G.E., Johnson, S., Roche, L. (1994). Physical self-description questionnaire: Psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 270-305. Mccreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48, 297–304.
  • Mcfarland, M.B., Kaminski, P.I. (2009). Men, muscles, and mood: the relationship between self-concept, dysphoria, and body image disturbances. Eating Behaviors, 10(1), 68–70. Doi: 10.1016/J.Eatbeh.2008.10.007.
  • Mitchell, L., Murray, S.B., Cobley, S., Hackett D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., O’connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 233–259. Doi: 10.1007/S40279-016-0564-3
  • Mosley, P.E. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(3), 191–198. Doi: 10.1002/Erv.897
  • Olivardia, R., Pope, H.G., Hudson, J.I. (2000). Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: a case-control study. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 157, 1291-1296. Doi: 10.1176/Appi.Ajp.157.8.1291
  • Pope, H.G., J.R., Gruber, A.J., Choi, P., Olivardia, B.A., Phillips, K.A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: an underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38,548-557.
  • Pope, H.G., Katz, D.L., Hudson, J.I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and ‘reverse anorexia’ among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406–409. Doi: 10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-D
  • Robert, C.A., Munroe-Chandler, K., Gammage, K.L. (2009). The relationship between the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in male and female weight trainers. Journal of Strength And Conditioning Research, 23, 1656-1662. Rodgers, R.F., Ganchou, C., Franko, D.L., Chabrol, H. (2012). Drive for muscularity and disordered eating among french adolescent boys : a sociocultural model. Body Image, 9(3), 318–323. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2012.03.002
  • Schneider, C., Agthe, M., Yanagida, T., Voracek, M., Hennig-Fast, K. (2017). Effects of muscle dysmorphia, social comparisons and body schema priming on desire for social interaction: an experimental approach. Bmc Psychology, 5(1), 1–9. Doi: 10.1186/S40359-017-0189-9
  • Schneider, C., Rollitz, L., Voracek, M., Hennig-Fast, K. (2016). Biological, psychological, sociocultural factors contributing to the drive for muscularity in weight-training men. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11. Doi: 10.3389/Fpsyg.2016.01992
  • Swami, V., Vintila, M., Tudorel, O., Goian, C., Barron, D. (2018). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a romanian translation of the drive for muscularity scale (dms) in university men. Body Image, 25, 48–55. Doi: 10.1016/J.Bodyim.2018.02.004
  • Yıldız, A. (2015). Egzersiz katılımcılarında kas yoksunluğu semptomları ile temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar tutkunluk ve güdüsel yönelim ilişkisi. Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Derya Çağlayan 0000-0002-7330-5978

Mitat Koz 0000-0002-5793-6999

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çağlayan, D., & Koz, M. (2020). VÜCUT GELİŞTİRME SPORU İLE İLGİLENEN KİŞİLERDE KAS YOKSUNLUĞU BELİRTİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ: SAMSUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(4), 180-192. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.734424

Flag Counter