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VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF MOTIVATION SCALE IN SPORTS: TURKISH ADAPTATION STUDY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 56 - 68, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1062454

Öz

Sports motivation is an internal factor that enables and sustains individuals to do sports and to strive to achieve their goals. In this study, scale developed by Mallett et al. (2007) was adapted to Turkish in order to measure the sports motivation of athletes. Therefore, validity and reliability studies of the scale were conducted in a Turkish sample consisting of 466 participants. For the scope and appearance validity of the scale, the opinions of linguists, field experts, psychological counselors, educational scientists, assessment and evaluation experts were consulted. CFA was used to test the construct validity of the Sports Motivation Scale. At the end of the CFA analysis, a 6-dimensional scale consisting of 24 items was obtained. Within the scope of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the final fit indices were within the desired limits. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale calculated with Cronbach Alpha is over .70 for the sub-dimensions. In addition, the criterion validity of the scale, which was adapted into Turkish, is high. According to the findings, it was determined that the Sports Motivation Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure motivation in sports. Finally, it was seen that Turkish Motivation Scale in Sports revealed significant findings in terms of gender and licensed sports status.

Kaynakça

  • Akdeniz, C., Bacanlı, H., Baysen, E., Çakmak, M., Doğruer, N., Erişti, B., Eyyam, R., Gündoğdu, K., Karataş, E., Kayabaşı, Y., Kurnaz, A., Sünbül, A.M. & Tok, H. (2016). Learning and teaching. Ankara: Çözüm Eğitim Yayıncılık
  • Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Keer, H., Van Den Berghe, L., De Meyer, J. Haerens, L. (2012). Students’ objectively measured physical activity levels and engagement as a function of between-class and between-student differences in motivation towards physical education. J. Sport Exerc Psychol, 34(4), 457–480.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological methods and research, 17(3), 303-316.
  • Brewer, B.W. (2009). Handbook of sports medicine and science, Sport Psychology. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  • Briere, N.M., Vallerand, R.J., Blais, M.R, Pelletier, LG. (1995). Development and validation of a scale on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and lack of motivation in sports: The scale on motivation in sports. International journal of sport psychology, 26, 465–89.
  • Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage focus editions, 154, 136-136.
  • Byrne, B. (1989). A Primer of LISREL, Basic assumptions and programming for confirmatory factor analysis models. New York: S.Springer.
  • Clancy, R.B., Herring, M.P., MacIntyre, T.E., Campbell, M.J. (2016) A review of competitive sport motivation research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 232–42.
  • Coppens, E., De Meester, A., Deconinck, F., De Martelaer, K., Haerens, L., Bardid, F., Lenoir, M., D'Hondt, E. (2021). Differences in weight status and autonomous motivation towards sports among children with various profiles of motor competence and organized sports participation. Children, 8(2), 156.
  • Cresswell, S. L., Eklund, R. C. (2005). Motivation and burnout among top amateur rugby players. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 37, 469–477. 10.1249/01.mss.0000155398.71387.c2
  • De Pero, R., Amici, S., Benvenuti, C., Minganti, C., Capranica, L., Pesce, C. (2009) Motivation for sport participation in older Italian athletes: The role of age, gender and competition level. Sport sciences for health, 5(2), 61–9.
  • Ding, J. L., Lei, X., Huang, Q., Xun, Y., Yang, L. (2016). The multi-relational research of whole social network of professional athletes in China. J. Xi’an Phys. Educ. Univ. 33, 405–409. 10.16063/j.cnki.issn1001-747x.2016.04.005
  • Eime, R.M., Young, J.A, Harvey, J.T, Charity, M.J, Payne, W.R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 1-13
  • Güney, S. (2013). Davranış bilimleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Filho, M.B, Andrade, D, Miranda, R, Núñez J.L, Martín-Albó, J, Ribas, P.R. (2011) Preliminary validation of a brazilian version of the sport motivation scale. Universitas Psychologica, 10(2), 557–66.
  • Fortier, M.S, Vallerand, R.J, Brière, N.M, Provencher, R.J. (1995). Competitive and recreational sport structures and gender: A test of their relationship with sport motivation. International journal of sport psychology, 26, 24–39.
  • Freeman, P., Coffee, P., Rees, T. (2011). The pass-q: the perceived available support in sport questionnaire. J. Sport Exercise Psychol. 33, 54–74. 10.1123/jsep.33.1.54
  • Huang, X. T., Zhang, L. W., Mao, Z. X. (2018). Sports Psychology, 2nd Edn. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.
  • Jones, G., Hanton, S., Connaughton D, (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243–264. doi: 10.1123/tsp.21.2.243.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., ve Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Kazak, Z (2004) Sporda güdüleme ölçeği (SGÖ)'nin Türk Sporcuları için güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 191-206.
  • Komarc, M., Harbichová, I., Scheier, L. M. (2020). Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale. PloS one, 15(1).
  • Ma, Q., W., Zhang L. W. (2003). Sports Psychology. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Education Press.
  • Mallett, C., Kawabata, M., Newcombe, P., Otero-Forero, A., Jackson, S. (2007). Sport motivation scale-6 (SMS-6): A revised six-factor sport motivation scale. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(5), 600-614.
  • Marsh, H. W., Jackson, S. A. (1999). Flow experience in sport: Construct validation of multidimensional, hierarchical state and trait responses. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(4), 343-371.
  • Martens, M. P., Webber, S. N. (2002). Psychometric properties of the Sport Motivation Scale: An evaluation with college varsity athletes from the US. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 24(3), 254-270.
  • Martin, J. J., Cutler, K. (2002). An exploratory study of flow and motivation in theater actors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(4), 344-352.
  • Núñez, J. L., Martín-Albo, J., Navarro, J. G., González, V. M. (2006). Preliminary validation of a Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102(3), 919-930. 10.2466/pms.102.3.919-930
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi (çok değişkenli analizler). Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.
  • Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briere, N. M., Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.
  • Quinaud, R. T., Gonçalves, C. E., Possamai, K., Morais, C. Z., Capranica, L., Carvalho, H. M. (2021). Validity and usefulness of the student-athletes’ motivation toward sport and academics questionnaire: a Bayesian multilevel approach. PeerJ, 9, e11863.
  • Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A sport commitment perspective. J. Sport Exercise Psychol, 19, 396–417. 10.1123/jsep.19.4.396.
  • Raedeke, T. D., Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 23(4), 281-306.
  • Riemer, H. A., Fink, J. S., Fitzgerald, M. P. (2002). External validity of the sport motivation scale. Avante-Ontarıo, 8(2), 57-66.
  • Rooney, D., Jackson, R. C., & Heron, N. (2021). Differences in the attitudes to sport psychology consulting between individual and team sport athletes. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00271-7
  • Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
  • Shang, Y., Yang, S. Y. (2021). The effect of social support on athlete burnout in weightlifters: The mediation effect of mental toughness and sports motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 1408.
  • Tanaka, J. S., Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
  • Tiryaki, Ş., Gödelek, E. (1997). Spora özgü başarı motivasyonu ölçeğinin Türk sporcuları için uyarlanması çalışması. I. Uluslararası Spor Psikolojisi Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitapçığı, Bağırgan Yayınevi, 128-141.
  • Tok, S. (2004). Spor tüketimi davranışını etkileyen motivasyonel faktörler ve Spor Tüketimi Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ ye uyarlanması (İzmir ili örneği). Yüksek lisans tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Vallerand, R. J., Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of applied sport psychology, 11(1), 142-169.
  • Vallerand, R. J., Ratelle, C. F. (2004). Instrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A hierarchical model. E. L. Deci ve R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination içinde (37-65), Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
  • Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European journal of developmental psychology, 9(4), 486-492.
  • Vlachopoulos, S. P., Karageorghis, C. I., Terry, P. C. (2000). Motivation profiles in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 71(4), 387-397.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
  • Ye, L., Wang, B., Ge, Y., Bu, S., Wang, L. (2016). The effect of athletes’ gratitude on burnout—chain mediating effects of social support and mental toughness. China Sport Sci, 36, 39-49.
  • Yıldız, A., Yıldırım, S., Koçak, S. (2015). Spor etkinlikleri gönüllü motivasyon ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 105–113.
  • Yurt, E., Sünbül, A. M. (2012). Effect of modeling-based activities developed using virtual environments and concrete objects on spatial thinking and mental rotation skills. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(3), 1975- 1992.
  • Zhang, L. W., Mao, Z. X. (2004). Handbook of psychological scales for sport sciences. Beijing: Beijing Sport University Press.
  • Zhang, Z. (2015). Relationship between training and competition satisfaction and sport motivation of elite athletes: the mediating role of athletes’ burnout. J. Sports Sci., 36, 91–96.
  • Weinberg, R.S, Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of Sport and exercise psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • Wikman, J.M., Elsborg, P., Nielsen, G., Seidelin, K., Nyberg, M., Bangsbo, J. (2018). Are team sport games more motivating than individual exercise for middle-aged women? A comparison of levels of motivation associated with participating in floorball and spinning. Kinesiology, 50(1), 34–42.
  • Willis, J. D. (1982). Three scales to measure competition-related motives in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(4), 338-353.

SPORDA MOTİVASYON ÖLÇEĞİNİN GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİĞİ: TÜRKÇE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 56 - 68, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1062454

Öz

Spor motivasyonu, bireylerin spor yapmalarını, amaçlarına ulaşmak için çaba göstermelerini sağlayan ve sürdüren içsel bir faktördür. Bu çalışmayla, sporcuların spor motivasyonlarını ölçmek amacıyla Mallett ve arkadaşları (2007) tarafından geliştirilen ölçeğin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda 466 katılımcıdan oluşan Türk örnekleminde, ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin kapsam ve görünüş geçerliliği için dil uzmanları, alan uzmanları, psikolojik danışman, eğitim bilimci ve ölçme ve değerlendirme uzmanlarının görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Spor Motivasyon Ölçeğinin yapı geçerliliğini test etmek için DFA kullanılmıştır. DFA analizleri sonunda 24 maddeden oluşan 6 boyutlu bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kapsamında nihai uyum indekslerinin istenilen sınırlar içinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha ile hesaplanan iç tutarlılık katsayısı alt boyutlar için .70’in üzerindedir. Ayrıca Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliği yüksek düzeydedir. Bulgulara göre Spor Motivasyon Ölçeğinin sporda motivasyonu ölçmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Son olarak Türkçe SMÖ’nün, cinsiyet ve lisanslı olarak spor yapma durumu açısından anlamlı bulgular ortaya koyduğu görülmüştür

Kaynakça

  • Akdeniz, C., Bacanlı, H., Baysen, E., Çakmak, M., Doğruer, N., Erişti, B., Eyyam, R., Gündoğdu, K., Karataş, E., Kayabaşı, Y., Kurnaz, A., Sünbül, A.M. & Tok, H. (2016). Learning and teaching. Ankara: Çözüm Eğitim Yayıncılık
  • Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Keer, H., Van Den Berghe, L., De Meyer, J. Haerens, L. (2012). Students’ objectively measured physical activity levels and engagement as a function of between-class and between-student differences in motivation towards physical education. J. Sport Exerc Psychol, 34(4), 457–480.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological methods and research, 17(3), 303-316.
  • Brewer, B.W. (2009). Handbook of sports medicine and science, Sport Psychology. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  • Briere, N.M., Vallerand, R.J., Blais, M.R, Pelletier, LG. (1995). Development and validation of a scale on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and lack of motivation in sports: The scale on motivation in sports. International journal of sport psychology, 26, 465–89.
  • Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage focus editions, 154, 136-136.
  • Byrne, B. (1989). A Primer of LISREL, Basic assumptions and programming for confirmatory factor analysis models. New York: S.Springer.
  • Clancy, R.B., Herring, M.P., MacIntyre, T.E., Campbell, M.J. (2016) A review of competitive sport motivation research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 232–42.
  • Coppens, E., De Meester, A., Deconinck, F., De Martelaer, K., Haerens, L., Bardid, F., Lenoir, M., D'Hondt, E. (2021). Differences in weight status and autonomous motivation towards sports among children with various profiles of motor competence and organized sports participation. Children, 8(2), 156.
  • Cresswell, S. L., Eklund, R. C. (2005). Motivation and burnout among top amateur rugby players. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 37, 469–477. 10.1249/01.mss.0000155398.71387.c2
  • De Pero, R., Amici, S., Benvenuti, C., Minganti, C., Capranica, L., Pesce, C. (2009) Motivation for sport participation in older Italian athletes: The role of age, gender and competition level. Sport sciences for health, 5(2), 61–9.
  • Ding, J. L., Lei, X., Huang, Q., Xun, Y., Yang, L. (2016). The multi-relational research of whole social network of professional athletes in China. J. Xi’an Phys. Educ. Univ. 33, 405–409. 10.16063/j.cnki.issn1001-747x.2016.04.005
  • Eime, R.M., Young, J.A, Harvey, J.T, Charity, M.J, Payne, W.R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 1-13
  • Güney, S. (2013). Davranış bilimleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Filho, M.B, Andrade, D, Miranda, R, Núñez J.L, Martín-Albó, J, Ribas, P.R. (2011) Preliminary validation of a brazilian version of the sport motivation scale. Universitas Psychologica, 10(2), 557–66.
  • Fortier, M.S, Vallerand, R.J, Brière, N.M, Provencher, R.J. (1995). Competitive and recreational sport structures and gender: A test of their relationship with sport motivation. International journal of sport psychology, 26, 24–39.
  • Freeman, P., Coffee, P., Rees, T. (2011). The pass-q: the perceived available support in sport questionnaire. J. Sport Exercise Psychol. 33, 54–74. 10.1123/jsep.33.1.54
  • Huang, X. T., Zhang, L. W., Mao, Z. X. (2018). Sports Psychology, 2nd Edn. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.
  • Jones, G., Hanton, S., Connaughton D, (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243–264. doi: 10.1123/tsp.21.2.243.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., ve Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Kazak, Z (2004) Sporda güdüleme ölçeği (SGÖ)'nin Türk Sporcuları için güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 191-206.
  • Komarc, M., Harbichová, I., Scheier, L. M. (2020). Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale. PloS one, 15(1).
  • Ma, Q., W., Zhang L. W. (2003). Sports Psychology. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Education Press.
  • Mallett, C., Kawabata, M., Newcombe, P., Otero-Forero, A., Jackson, S. (2007). Sport motivation scale-6 (SMS-6): A revised six-factor sport motivation scale. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(5), 600-614.
  • Marsh, H. W., Jackson, S. A. (1999). Flow experience in sport: Construct validation of multidimensional, hierarchical state and trait responses. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(4), 343-371.
  • Martens, M. P., Webber, S. N. (2002). Psychometric properties of the Sport Motivation Scale: An evaluation with college varsity athletes from the US. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 24(3), 254-270.
  • Martin, J. J., Cutler, K. (2002). An exploratory study of flow and motivation in theater actors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(4), 344-352.
  • Núñez, J. L., Martín-Albo, J., Navarro, J. G., González, V. M. (2006). Preliminary validation of a Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102(3), 919-930. 10.2466/pms.102.3.919-930
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi (çok değişkenli analizler). Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.
  • Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briere, N. M., Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.
  • Quinaud, R. T., Gonçalves, C. E., Possamai, K., Morais, C. Z., Capranica, L., Carvalho, H. M. (2021). Validity and usefulness of the student-athletes’ motivation toward sport and academics questionnaire: a Bayesian multilevel approach. PeerJ, 9, e11863.
  • Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A sport commitment perspective. J. Sport Exercise Psychol, 19, 396–417. 10.1123/jsep.19.4.396.
  • Raedeke, T. D., Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 23(4), 281-306.
  • Riemer, H. A., Fink, J. S., Fitzgerald, M. P. (2002). External validity of the sport motivation scale. Avante-Ontarıo, 8(2), 57-66.
  • Rooney, D., Jackson, R. C., & Heron, N. (2021). Differences in the attitudes to sport psychology consulting between individual and team sport athletes. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00271-7
  • Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
  • Shang, Y., Yang, S. Y. (2021). The effect of social support on athlete burnout in weightlifters: The mediation effect of mental toughness and sports motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 1408.
  • Tanaka, J. S., Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
  • Tiryaki, Ş., Gödelek, E. (1997). Spora özgü başarı motivasyonu ölçeğinin Türk sporcuları için uyarlanması çalışması. I. Uluslararası Spor Psikolojisi Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitapçığı, Bağırgan Yayınevi, 128-141.
  • Tok, S. (2004). Spor tüketimi davranışını etkileyen motivasyonel faktörler ve Spor Tüketimi Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ ye uyarlanması (İzmir ili örneği). Yüksek lisans tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Vallerand, R. J., Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of applied sport psychology, 11(1), 142-169.
  • Vallerand, R. J., Ratelle, C. F. (2004). Instrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A hierarchical model. E. L. Deci ve R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination içinde (37-65), Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
  • Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European journal of developmental psychology, 9(4), 486-492.
  • Vlachopoulos, S. P., Karageorghis, C. I., Terry, P. C. (2000). Motivation profiles in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 71(4), 387-397.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
  • Ye, L., Wang, B., Ge, Y., Bu, S., Wang, L. (2016). The effect of athletes’ gratitude on burnout—chain mediating effects of social support and mental toughness. China Sport Sci, 36, 39-49.
  • Yıldız, A., Yıldırım, S., Koçak, S. (2015). Spor etkinlikleri gönüllü motivasyon ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 105–113.
  • Yurt, E., Sünbül, A. M. (2012). Effect of modeling-based activities developed using virtual environments and concrete objects on spatial thinking and mental rotation skills. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(3), 1975- 1992.
  • Zhang, L. W., Mao, Z. X. (2004). Handbook of psychological scales for sport sciences. Beijing: Beijing Sport University Press.
  • Zhang, Z. (2015). Relationship between training and competition satisfaction and sport motivation of elite athletes: the mediating role of athletes’ burnout. J. Sports Sci., 36, 91–96.
  • Weinberg, R.S, Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of Sport and exercise psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • Wikman, J.M., Elsborg, P., Nielsen, G., Seidelin, K., Nyberg, M., Bangsbo, J. (2018). Are team sport games more motivating than individual exercise for middle-aged women? A comparison of levels of motivation associated with participating in floorball and spinning. Kinesiology, 50(1), 34–42.
  • Willis, J. D. (1982). Three scales to measure competition-related motives in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(4), 338-353.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hayri Demir 0000-0001-9496-8992

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, H. (2022). SPORDA MOTİVASYON ÖLÇEĞİNİN GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİĞİ: TÜRKÇE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1062454

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