Takım Temsili Ölçeğinin Faktör Yapısının Türkiye Örneklemine Yönelik Sınanması: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 219 - 237, 05.10.2024

Buse Cengiz , Tuğberk Bilgi , Utku Işık

https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1511214

Öz

Spor yönetimi alanında yapılan çalışmalarda, spor taraftar topluluklarının sosyalleşme süreçlerini anlamak için çok sayıda bakış açısı sunulmuştur. Bu araştırmalar teorik olarak sosyoloji, psikoloji, tüketici davranışı ve pazarlama alanlarından yararlanan çok disiplinli bir yaklaşıma dayanmaktadır. Spor kulüpleri, belirli coğrafi toplulukların kültürel ve sembolik temsilleri olmaları bakımından diğer işletmelerden farklıdır. Spor takımları memleketlerini temsil ettikleri için; bölge sakinlerini çekerek, sürdürülebilir taraftar kitlelerini genişletirler. Bu noktada spor takımları bölge sakinlerinin sosyalleşme sürecinde de katalizör görevi görürler. Bu nedenle, hem başarılı bir takım yönetimi elde etmek hem de sosyal gruplar ve topluluklar arasında olumlu bir etki yaratmak için spor takımlarının yerel topluluklarındaki temsil statülerini sürdürmeleri önemlidir. Takım temsilinin doğrudan ölçülmesi, takım temsilinin nasıl oluştuğunun anlaşılması, yerel sakinlerin bir takıma nasıl bağlandığının ortaya konulması ve taraftar ve takımlar arasındaki ilişkinin daha iyi anlaşılması için olanak sağlayacaktır. Bu noktalardan hareketle çalışmamızın amacı, Asada ve Reifurth (2023) tarafından geliştirilen “Team Representation Scale” ölçeğinin Türkiye örneklemine yönelik sınanmasıdır. Araştırmanın evrenini Türkiye’de farklı takımları destekleyen bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu ise kartopu yöntemi aracılığıyla ulaşılan ve İzmir’de yaşayan (Xyaş=28,10±11,22) 411 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın temelini oluşturan “Team Represantation Scale” ölçeği 5 alt boyut (Normatif, Somut, Tanımlayıcı, Sembolik, Toplam) ve 20 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçek 7’li likert (1-Kesinlikle Katılmıyorum, 7=Kesinlikle Katılıyorum) ile derecelendirilmiştir. Ölçek uyarlanırken sırasıyla dilsel eşdeğerlilik analizi, kapsam geçerliliği, yapı geçerliliği, yakınsak ve ayrışım geçerliliği analizlerine tabi tutularak son şeklini almıştır. Ölçeğin Güvenirliliğini test etmek amacıyla Cronbach’ s Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısından yararlanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları incelendiğinde; kapsam geçerliliği için her alt maddenin KGO’sunun 0,80’i, her faktörün KGİ’sinin de 0,67’yi aştığı tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini sınamak amacıyla DFA analizi gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplam uyum indeksi (GFI=0,902) ve karşılaştırmalı uyum indeksi (CFI=0,939) önerilen eşik değerleri geçmiştir. Tahmin edilen hataların ortalama karekökü ise 0,076 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar modelin verilere iyi uyum sağladığını göstermektedir. Yakınsak geçerliği test etmek için MSV

Anahtar Kelimeler

Temsil, Takım Temsili, Geçerlilik, Güvenirlilik

Etik Beyan

Ölçeğin Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik çalışması için ilk yazar olan Dr. Akira Asada ile elektronik posta yoluyla iletişime geçilmiş ve ölçek uyarlama çalışması için gerekli izinler alınmıştır. Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulundan da 08/02/2024 tarih 01/14 karar sayısı ve 2284 protokol numaralı yazısı ile çalışmanın etik açıdan uygun olduğuna dair değerlendirme raporu alınmıştır. Mevcut araştırma süresince “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” çerçevesinde hareket edilmiştir.

Testing The Factor Structure Of The Team Representation Scale For Turkey Sample: Validity And Reliability Study

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Representation, Team Representation, Validity, Reliability

Kaynakça

• Anderson, D.F., & Stone, G.P. (1981). Sport: A search for community. In S.L. Greendorfer & A. Yiannakis (Eds.), Sociology of sport: Diverse perspectives (pp. 164-172). West Point, NY: Leisure Press.
• Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-offit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49, 155-173.
• Armstrong, K.L. (2002). An examination of the social psychology of Blacks’ consumption of sport. Journal of Sport Management, 16(4), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.4.267.
• Aiken, K.D., Campbell, R.M., & Koch, E.C. (2013). Exploring the relationship between team (as brand) personality and geographic personality: Linking consumer perceptions of sports teams and cities International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 15(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-15-01-2013-B002.
• Asada, A., & Ko, Y. J. (2019). Conceptualizing relative size and entitativity of sports fan community and their roles in sport socialization. Journal of Sport Management, 33(6), 530-545.
• Asada, A., Ko, Y. J., & Jang, W. E. (2020). Effects of relative size and homogeneity of sports fan community on potential fans’ support intentions. Journal of Sport Management, 34(2), 103-119.
• Andrijiw, A.M., & Richardson, F.M. (2022). Navigating a white, male space: The lived experiences of black, female ice hockey fans. Journal of Sport Management, 37(3), Article 351. https://doi.org/ 10.1123/jsm.2021-0351.
• Asada, A., & Reifurth, K. R. (2023). Team Representation: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Sport Management, 37(4), 272-289.
• Ayre, C. & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47 (1): 79-86.
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. PubMed ID: 847061 doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
• Basham, A. & Sedlacek, W. E. (2009). Validity. In: American Counseling Association (Ed.), The ACA encyclopedia of counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
• Baumgartner, T. A. ve Chung, H. (2001). Confidence limits for intraclass reliability coefficients. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5(3), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0503_4
• Brinkman. W.-P. (2009). Design of a questionnaire instrument. handbook of mobile technology research methods. Netherlands: Nova Publisher.
• Blair, C. (2014). NFL season has begun. Which team does Hawaii follow? Civil Beat. Re trieved from https://www.civilbeat.org/2014/09/ nfl-season-has-begun-which-team-does-hawaii-follow/
• Brown, B., & Bennett, G. (2015). “Baseball is whack!” Exploring the lack of African American baseball consumption. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(4), 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723 514561550.
• Behrens, A., & Uhrich, S. (2020). Uniting a sport teams’ global fan community: Prototypical behavior of satellite fans enhances local fans’ attitudes and perceptions of groupness. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(5), 598-617.
• Barbu, M.C.R., Popescu, M.C., Burcea, G.B., Costin, D.E., Popa, M.G., Păsărin, L.D., & Turcu, I. (2022). Sustainability and social respon sibility of Romanian sport organizations. Sustainability, 14(2), 643–659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020643.
• Cavallaro, D. (2001). Critical and cultural theory. Athlone Press.
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-012
• Conner, N. (2014). Global cultural flows and the routes of identity: The imagined worlds of Celtic FC. Social & Cultural Geography, 15(5), 525–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.908233.
• Collins, D. R., Heere, B., Shapiro, S., Ridinger, L., & Wear, H. (2016). The displaced fan: The importance of new media and community identification for maintaining team identity with your hometown team. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(5), 655-674.
• Dimmock, J.A., Grove, J.R., & Eklund, R.C. (2005). Reconceptualizing team identification: New dimensions and their relationship to intergroup bias. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 9(2), 75-86.
• Dimmock, J. A., & Grove, J. R. (2006). Identification with sport teams as a function of the search for certainty. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 1203–1211.
• Delia, E.B. (2020). The psychological meaning of team among fans of women’s sport. Journal of Sport Management, 34(6), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0404.
• Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, İ., Demir, O., Özdamar, K ve Sanisoğlu, S. Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve uyum indeksleri. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210-223.
• Fishwick, L., & Greendorfer, S. (1987). Socialization revisited: A critique of the sport-related research. Quest, 39,1–8. doi:10.1080/00336297. 1987.10483852.
• Fisher, R.J., & Wakefield, K. (1998). Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers. Psychology & Marketing, 15, 23-40.
• Funk, D.C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual’s psychologi cal connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119–150. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
• Funk, D.C., & James, J.D. (2004). The fan attitude network (FAN) model: Exploring attitude formation and change among sport consumers. Sport Management Review, 7, 1–26. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(04) 70043-1
• Foster, W. M., & Hyatt, G. H. (2008). Inventing team tradition: A conceptual model for the strategic development of fan nations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(3), 265–287. doi:10.180/ 16184740802224183.
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
• Greendorfer, S.L., & Lewko, J.H. (1978). Role of family members in sport socialization of children. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health Physical Education and Recreation, 49, 146–152. doi:10. 1080/10671315.1978.10615519.
• Greendorfer, S.L., & Bruce, T. (1991). Rejuvenating sport socialization research. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15, 129–144. doi:10. 1177/019372359101500203.
• Gibson, H., Willming, C., & Holdnak, A. (2002). “We’re Gators ::: not just Gator fans”: Serious leisure and university of Florida football. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 397–425. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00222216.2002.11949979.
• Golder, M., & Stramski, J. (2010). Ideological congruence and electoral institutions. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00420.x
• Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Cengage Learning. Hampshire, United Kingdom.
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
• Henseler, J., Hubona, G. ve Ray, P. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116, 2–20
• Hirt, E.R., Zillmann, D., Erickson, G.A., & Kennedy, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of alle giance: Changes in fans’ self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 724-738.
• Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Sage.
• Heere, B., & James, J.D. (2007). Sports teams and their communities: Examining the influence of external group identities on team identity. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 319–337. doi:10.1123/jsm. 21.3.319
• Heggestad, E. D., Scheaf, D. J., Banks, G. C., Monroe Hausfeld, M., Tonidandel, S., & Williams, E. B. (2019). Scale adaptation in organizational science research: A review and best-practice recommendations. Journal of Management, 45(6), 2596-2627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319850280
• Hornsey, M.J. (2008). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory: A historical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 204–222. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
• Heere, B., Walker, M., Yoshida, M., Ko, Y.J., Jordan, J.S., & James, J.D. (2011). Brand community development through associated commu nities: Grounding community measurement within social identity theory. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19, 407–422. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190404.
• Hills, S., Heere, B., & Walker, M. (2018). The British Olympic football team: A quasi-experimental assessment of support for a new sport team among Scottish and English football fans. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 19(3), 276-289.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Jang, W.E., Ko, Y.J., & Chan-Olmsted, S.M. (2015). Spectator-based sports team reputation: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 16(3), 52–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-16-03-2015-B005.
• Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Kline, P. (2005). An Essay Guide to Factor Analysis. New York: Routledge.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
• Kenyon, G.S., & McPherson, B.D. (1973). Becoming involved in physical activity and sport: A process of socialization. In G.L. Rarick (Ed.), Physical activity: Human growth and development (pp. 303-332). New York: Academic Press.
• Katz, M., & Heere, B. (2015). Empowerment within brand communities: Overcoming the Achilles’ heel of scale-free networks. Sport Management Review, 18, 370–383.
• Lawshe C.H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575.
• Lewis, M. (2001). Franchise relocation and fan allegiance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 25(1), 6-19.
• Lock, D., & Funk, D. C. (2016). The multiple In-group identity framework. Sport Management Review, 19(2), 85–96.
• Lawrence, S. (2016). ‘We are the boys from the Black Country’! (Re)Imagining local, regional and spectator identities through fandom at Walsall Football Club. Social & Cultural Geography, 17(2), 282–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2015.1059481.
• Malhotra N. K., & Dash, S. (2011). Marketing research an applied orientation. Pearson Publishing. Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391-410.
• McPherson, B.D. (1976). Socialization into the role of sport consumer: A theory and causal model. Canadian Review of Sociology, 13, 165–177. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.1976.tb00796.x
• Madrigal, R. (2000). The influence of social alliances with sports teams on intensions to purchase corporate sponsors’ products. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 13-24.
• Matsuoka, H., Chelladurai, P., & Harada, M. (2003). Direct and interaction effects of team identification and satisfaction on intention to attend games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 244-253.
• Melnick, M.J., & Wann, D.L. (2004). Sport fandom influences, interests, and behaviors among Norwegian university students. International Sports Journal, 8,1–13.
• Melnick, M.J., & Wann, D.L. (2011). An examination of sport fandom in Australia: Socialization, team identification, and fan behavior. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46, 456–470. doi:10.1177/1012690210380582.
• Nunnally JC, Bernstein IR. (1994): Psychometric Theory, 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Pitkin, H.F. (1967). The concept of representation. University of California Press.
• Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Touchstone. Raykov, T., ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An ıntroduction to applied multivariate analysis. NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
• Raykov, T. (1998). Coefficient alpha and composite reliability with interrelated nonhomogeneous items. Applied Psychological Measurement, 22(4), 375-385.
• Reifurth, K., Bernthal, M. J., Ballouli, K., & Collins, D. (2019). Nonlocal fandom: effects of geographic distance, geographic identity, and local competition on team identification. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 28(4).
• Rowe, K., Karg, A., & Sherry, E. (2019). Community-oriented practice: Examining corporate social responsibility and development activities in professional sport. Sport Management Review, 22(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.001.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Şimşek, M. Ş. (2005). Işletme bilimlerine giriş, 12. Baskı, Eğitim Yayınevi.
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5. Ed.). Boston: Allyn And Bacon.
• Teo, T. S. H., Srivastava, S. C., & Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and electronic government success: An empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99-132. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222250303
• Thompson, B. (2004), Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
• Tugtekin, U., Barut Tugtekin, E., Kurt, A. A., & Demir, K. (2020). Associations between fear of missing out, problematic smartphone use, and social networking services fatigue among young adults. Social Media + Society, 6(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120963760
• Türk Dil Kurumu. (2024, Mart 22). Erişim Adresi: temsil ne demek TDK Sözlük Anlamı (sozluk.gov.tr).
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 14, 103–117.
• Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1991). The positive social and self concept consequences of sports team identification. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15, 115-127.
• Wann, D.L., Melnick, M.J., Russell, G.W., & Pease, D.G. (2001). Sport fans: The psychology and social impact of spectators. New York, NY: Routledge.
• Wann, D.L., Dimmock, J.A., & Grove, J.R. (2003). Generalizing the team identification–psychological health model to a different sport and culture: The case of Australian Rules football. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10. 1037/1089-2699.7.4.289.
• Wann, D.L. (2006). Understanding the positive social psychological benefits of sport team identification: The team identification-social psychological health model. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(4), 272–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.10. 4.272
• Wilson F. R., Pan W, Schumsky D. A. (2012): Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 45(3), 197-210
• Yurdagül H. (2005): Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliği için Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. 14. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Denizli.