Öz
Rusların Türk topraklarıüzerindeki yayılmalarısiyasî, ekonomik, jeopolitik, dinî, kültürel ve askerî olarak birçok sebebe dayanmaktadır. Rusya’nın coğrafyasından idarecisine, din adamlarından politikacısına kadar her alanda ve her kesimde bir şeyler Rus topraklarını, Türk topraklarıaleyhine genişletmeye zorlamıştır. Bu yazıda, Rusların yayılmacıemellerini körükleyen motifler ve bu motiflerin tarihi süreçte Rus yayılmacılığına katkılarıbelirtilmiştir. Ruslar, coğrafik şartlar, tarihi gelişmeler, ihtiraslıidareciler, dinî motifler, büyük insan ve malzeme kaynaklarının baskısı, buna karşılık bu baskılara karşıkoyamayacak durumda sürekli zayıflayan Türk dünyasının tesirleriyle, on altıncıasır ortalarından başlayarak genişTürk topraklarınıele geçirmişlerdir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adams, Arthur E., “Pobedonostsev: Preserve the Autocratic System and Its Institutions,” Imperial Russia After 1861: Peaceful Modernization of Revolution? editör Arthur E. Adams, Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company, 1965.
- Akşin, Sina (ed.), Türkiye Tarihi: Osmanlı Devleti , 1600-1908, 3. cilt, İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi, 1997.
- Ataç, A.M., Rusya Tarihi: Türkler ve Komşularıyla Münasebetleri, Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1952.
- “An Indian Officer,” Russia’s March towards India, vol. 2, London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, 1894.
- Bennigsen, Alexander and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide, London: C. Hurst & Company, 1985.
- Bennigsen, Alexandre ve Marie Broxup, The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
- Black, Cyril E., “No Political Alternative to Autocracy Had Adequate Support,” Imperial Russia After 1861: Peaceful Modernization of Revolution? Editör Arthur E. Adams. Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company
- Blerzy, H., “Les Revolutions de L’Asie Centrale,” Revue des Deux Mondes, tome 50 (1874): 127-154.
- Burnaby, Fred, A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1883.
- Chirol, Valentine, The Middle Eastern Question or Some Political Problems on Indian Defense, New York: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1903.
- Colquhoun, Archibald R., Russia Against India: the Struggle for Asia, London: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1900.
- Dillon, E. J., “Our Foreign Policy,” The Contemporary Review (July- December 1895): 609-631.
- Dobson, George, Russia’s Railway Advance into Central Asia: Notes of a Journey from St. Petersburg to Samarkand, London: W.H. Allen, 1890.
- Donnelly, Alton S., “Peter the Great and Central Asia,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. XVII, No.2&3 (Summer and Fall 1975): 202-217.
- Engelhardt, Tanzimat ve Türkiye, Türkçesi Ali Reşad, İstanbul: Kaknüs, 1999.
- Hayit, Baymirza, Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki Türklüğün ve İslâm’ın Bazı Meseleleri, İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1987.
- Hamilton, Angus, Problems of the Middle East, London: Eveleigh Nash, 1909.
- Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, London: Kodansha International, 1992.
- İnalcık, Halil, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600, London: Weidenfeld and Nicoolson, 1973.
- İnalcık, Halil ve Donald Quataert (ed.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, Cambridge: University Press, 1994.
- Kafesoğlu, İbrahim, Türk Milli Kültürü, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları, 1988.
- Kohn, Hans, Basic History of Modern Russia: Political, Cultural, and Social Trends, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1957.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1993.
- Mansel, Philip, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453-1924. London: John Murray, 1995.
- Rice, David Talbot (ed.), The Dawn of European Civilization: the Dark Ages, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965.
- Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Sherman, Dennis, A. Tom Grunfeld, Gerald Markowitz, David Rosner ve Linda Heywood, World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, cilt 2, London: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
- Schoroeder, Paul W., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763- 1848, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
- Shaw, Stanford J. ve Ezel Kural Shaw, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Modern Turkiye, cilt 2, çeviren Mehmet Harmancı, İstanbul: E Yayınları
- Strakhovsky, Leonid I., “Stolypin: To Save the Crown Suppress Revolutionaries and Create Individual Peasant Landowners.” Imperial Russia after 1861: Peaceful Modernization of Revolution? Editör Arthur E. Adams. Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company, 1965.
- Togan, A. Zeki Velidi, Bugünkü Türkili (Türkistan) ve Yakın Tarihi, İstanbul: Arkadaş, İbrahim Horoz ve Güven Basımevleri, 1942-1947.
- The Times of London, Şubat 18, 20, 1882.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Tarihi: II. Selim’in Tahta Çıkışından 1699 Karlofça Anlaşmasına Kadar, cilt 3, kısım 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988.
- Witte, Sergei, “Save Russia by Rapid and Forceful Industrialization,” Imperial Russia after 1861: Peaceful Modernization or Revolution? Editör Arthur E. Adams, Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company, 1965.
- Yemelianova Galina, Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey, Palgrave, 2002.
Öz
Reasons for the Russian expansions in the Turkish lands had many political, economical, geopolitical, religious, cultural and military aspects. From Russian geography to Russian rulers, from Russian religious men to politicians, in every environment, something forced the Russians to expand their lands against the Turkish lands. In this paper, the motifs that forced the Russians to capture the Turkish lands and that historically helped the Russian expansions have been discussed. Geographic conditions, historical developments, greedy rulers, religious motifs, great man and material sources and decreasing Turkish powers helped the Russians to capture large Turkish lands starting in the mid-sixteenth century
Anahtar Kelimeler
The Turks the Russians the Ottoman State Turkistan Russia the Turkish World
Kaynakça
- Adams, Arthur E., “Pobedonostsev: Preserve the Autocratic System and Its Institutions,” Imperial Russia After 1861: Peaceful Modernization of Revolution? editör Arthur E. Adams, Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company, 1965.
- Akşin, Sina (ed.), Türkiye Tarihi: Osmanlı Devleti , 1600-1908, 3. cilt, İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi, 1997.
- Ataç, A.M., Rusya Tarihi: Türkler ve Komşularıyla Münasebetleri, Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1952.
- “An Indian Officer,” Russia’s March towards India, vol. 2, London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, 1894.
- Bennigsen, Alexander and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide, London: C. Hurst & Company, 1985.
- Bennigsen, Alexandre ve Marie Broxup, The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
- Black, Cyril E., “No Political Alternative to Autocracy Had Adequate Support,” Imperial Russia After 1861: Peaceful Modernization of Revolution? Editör Arthur E. Adams. Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company
- Blerzy, H., “Les Revolutions de L’Asie Centrale,” Revue des Deux Mondes, tome 50 (1874): 127-154.
- Burnaby, Fred, A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1883.
- Chirol, Valentine, The Middle Eastern Question or Some Political Problems on Indian Defense, New York: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1903.
- Colquhoun, Archibald R., Russia Against India: the Struggle for Asia, London: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1900.
- Dillon, E. J., “Our Foreign Policy,” The Contemporary Review (July- December 1895): 609-631.
- Dobson, George, Russia’s Railway Advance into Central Asia: Notes of a Journey from St. Petersburg to Samarkand, London: W.H. Allen, 1890.
- Donnelly, Alton S., “Peter the Great and Central Asia,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. XVII, No.2&3 (Summer and Fall 1975): 202-217.
- Engelhardt, Tanzimat ve Türkiye, Türkçesi Ali Reşad, İstanbul: Kaknüs, 1999.
- Hayit, Baymirza, Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki Türklüğün ve İslâm’ın Bazı Meseleleri, İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1987.
- Hamilton, Angus, Problems of the Middle East, London: Eveleigh Nash, 1909.
- Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, London: Kodansha International, 1992.
- İnalcık, Halil, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600, London: Weidenfeld and Nicoolson, 1973.
- İnalcık, Halil ve Donald Quataert (ed.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, Cambridge: University Press, 1994.
- Kafesoğlu, İbrahim, Türk Milli Kültürü, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları, 1988.
- Kohn, Hans, Basic History of Modern Russia: Political, Cultural, and Social Trends, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1957.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1993.
- Mansel, Philip, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453-1924. London: John Murray, 1995.
- Rice, David Talbot (ed.), The Dawn of European Civilization: the Dark Ages, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965.
- Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Sherman, Dennis, A. Tom Grunfeld, Gerald Markowitz, David Rosner ve Linda Heywood, World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, cilt 2, London: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
- Schoroeder, Paul W., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763- 1848, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
- Shaw, Stanford J. ve Ezel Kural Shaw, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Modern Turkiye, cilt 2, çeviren Mehmet Harmancı, İstanbul: E Yayınları
- Strakhovsky, Leonid I., “Stolypin: To Save the Crown Suppress Revolutionaries and Create Individual Peasant Landowners.” Imperial Russia after 1861: Peaceful Modernization of Revolution? Editör Arthur E. Adams. Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company, 1965.
- Togan, A. Zeki Velidi, Bugünkü Türkili (Türkistan) ve Yakın Tarihi, İstanbul: Arkadaş, İbrahim Horoz ve Güven Basımevleri, 1942-1947.
- The Times of London, Şubat 18, 20, 1882.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Tarihi: II. Selim’in Tahta Çıkışından 1699 Karlofça Anlaşmasına Kadar, cilt 3, kısım 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988.
- Witte, Sergei, “Save Russia by Rapid and Forceful Industrialization,” Imperial Russia after 1861: Peaceful Modernization or Revolution? Editör Arthur E. Adams, Dallas: D. C. Heath and Company, 1965.
- Yemelianova Galina, Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey, Palgrave, 2002.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ağustos 2006 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2006 Sayı: 16 |