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The Cultural Determinants of Corruption and Bribery

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 38, 140 - 153, 01.08.2017

Öz

Corruption and bribery are observed to be a common behavior not only in developing or transition economies also for all countries. Bribery is emerging as related to the societies’ economic, political or cultural structures. Therefore, the factors that determine the behavior of bribery are also emerging as a versatile and multi-dimensional. However, even if bribery and corruption cases arise from various factors, the economic consequences of both actions impose significant costs and undermine the society’s cultural structure. In this paper, generally the corruption and especially the bribery process are analyzed by the factors determining this process. The study examines the linkages between the bribery behavior and the society’s cultural institutions and structures. Thus, it aims at revealing the cultural determinants of corruption and bribery behavior. For this purpose, the study firstly makes cross-country comparisons through the corruption perception index the data from Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index CPI and World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators. Then, it is considered correlations and associations between the corruptions scores of the countries the countries’ cultural values and structures through data which is obtained from the World Value Survey WVS and the European Value Survey EVS . WVS and EVS have large sets of variables to develop indexes for cultural classifications at its various dimensions. Thus, it can be analyzed the corruption scores of countries together predictors on cultural characteristics which is obtained from WVS/EVS at aggregated level, and on other macro level economic factors through cross-section regressions. The study also seeks to determine the predictors of bribery behavior at micro level using different countries data of WVS. The WVS contains a question on how much the individuals tolerate the bribery. In this section, the study uses the bribery acceptance of individuals as a dependent variable, and estimates the effect of determinants as individual values, attitudes and demographic variables

Kaynakça

  • Cheloukhine, S.; Haberfeld, M. R. (2011), “Corruption in Russia: Past, Present, and Future, Russian Organized Corruption Networks and their International Trajectories”, DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0990-9_4, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 53-84.
  • Choi, E. ; Woo, J. (2011), “Liberal Reform, Political Corruption, and Socio-Economic Impacts in Asia and Eastern Europa”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52 (3), pp. 181-196.
  • Dungan, J.; Waytz, A.; Young, L., (2014), “Corruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs”, Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, Vol: 26 (1&2), pp. 97-118.
  • Fischer R.; Ferreira M. C.; Milfont, T.o; Pilati, R., (2014), “Culture of Corruption? The Effects of Priming Corruption Images in a High Corruption Context”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol: 45 (10), DOI: 10.1177/002202211458874, pp. 1594-1605.
  • Getz G, Kathleen A.; Volkema R. J. (2001), “Culture, Perceived Corruption and Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes”, Business&Society, Vol:40, No:1, pp. 7-30.
  • Gymiah B., K.; DE camacho, S. M. (2006), “Corruption, Growth, and Income Distribution: Are there Regional Differences”, Economic of Governance, DOI: 10.1007/s10101-005-0008-2, Springer-Verlag, pp. 245-269.
  • Hofstede G.; Bond, M. H. (1984), “Hofstede’s Culture Dimension and Independent Validation using Rokeach’s Value Survey”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol:15, No:4, pp. 417-433.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), “Culture and Organizations”, International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol: 10, No: 4, pp. 15-41.
  • Ivlevs, A.; Hinks, T. (2014), “Global Economic Crisis and Corruption”, Public Choice, DOI: 10.1007/s11127-014-0213-2, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., pp. 1-25.
  • Johnston, M. (2012), “Corruption Control in the United States: Law, Values, and The Political Foundations of Reform”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78 (2), DOI: 10.1177/0020852312438782, pp. 329-345.
  • Li, Y.; Yao, F. K.; Ahlstrom, D. (2014), “The Social Dilemma of Bribery in Emerging Economies: A Dynamic Model of Emotion, Social Value, and Institutional Uncertainty”, Asia Pac. J. Manag, Springer,Science&Business Media, DOI: 10.1007/s10490-014-9406-8.
  • Lord, N. J. (2014), “Responding to Transnational Corporate Bribery Using International Frameworks for Enforcement: Anti-Bribery and Corruption in the UK and Germany”, Criminology & Criminal Justice, Vol: 14 (1), DOI: 10.1177/1748895812474662, pp. 100-120.
  • Nwabazor, A. (2005), “Corruption and Development: New Initiatives in Economic Openness and Strengthened Rule of Law”, Journal of Business Ethics, 59, DOI:10.1007/s10551-005-3402-3, pp. 121-138.
  • O’Connor, S.; Fischer, R. (2012), “Predicting Societal Corruption Across Time: Values, Wealth, or Institutions?”,Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43 (4), pp. 649-659.
  • Pellegrini, L. (2011), “Corruption, Economic Analyses of Corruption, Development and the Environment”, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0599-9_2, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., pp. 13-27.
  • Roman, V. A.; Miller, H. T. (2014), “Building Social Cohesion: Family, Friends and Corruption”, Administration & Society, Vol: 46/7, pp. 775-795.
  • Sanyal, R. (2005), “Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and Economic Factors”, Journal of Business Ethics, 59, pp.139-145.
  • Themudo, N. S. (2014), “Government Size, Nonprofit Sector Strenght, and Corruption: A Cross-National Examination”, American Review of Public Administration, Vol: 44 (3), DOI: 10.1177/0275074012465791., pp. 309-323.
  • Transparency International, (2016), Corruption Perception Index, www.transparency.org
  • Tricot, J. (2014), “Corporate Anti-Bribery Self-Regulation and the International Legal Framework”, S. Manacorda et al (eds), Preventing Corporate Corruption, DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-04480-4_11, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland
  • Wang, Y. (2013), “Institutions and Bribery in an Authoritarian State”, St. Comp. Int. Dev. 49, DOI 10.1007/s12116-013-9138-7 Springer Science+Business Media New York, pp. 217-241.
  • Williams, J.W.; & Beare M. E. (1999), “The Business of Bribery: Globalization, Economic Liberalization, and The “Problem” of Corruption, Crime”, Law & Social Change, 32, pp. 115-146.
  • World Values Survey (2010-2014), “Crossing by Country Study”, #906-WVS2010, v.2014.04.28, www.worldvaluessurvey.org

YOLSUZLUK VE RÜŞVETİN KÜLTÜREL BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 38, 140 - 153, 01.08.2017

Öz

Yolsuzluk ve rüşvet sadece gelişmekte olan ya da geçiş ekonomilerinde değil tüm ekonomilerde ortak bir davranış olarak görülmektedir. Rüşvet, toplumların ekonomik, politik ve kültürel yapıları ile ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Böylece yolsuzluk ve rüşvet davranışını belirleyen faktörler de çok yönlü ve çok boyutlu olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, rüşvet ve yolsuzluk olayları farklı faktörlerden etkileniyor olsa bile, bu olayların ekonomik sonuçları önemli maliyetler doğurmakta ve toplumun kültürel yapısını zayıflatmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, genel olarak yolsuzluk ve özellikle rüşvet süreci, bu süreci belirleyen faktörler analiz edilecektir. Çalışma, rüşvet davranışı ve toplumların kültürel kurumları ve yapıları arasındaki bağlantıyı incelemektedir. Böylece çalışma, yolsuzluk ve rüşvet davranışlarının kültürel belirleyicilerini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç için ilk olarak; Uluslararası Şeffaflık Örgütü Yolsuzluk Algılama Endeksi CPI ve Dünya Bankası Yönetişim Göstergelerinden ulaşılan yolsuzluk algılama endeksi verisi ile farklı ülkeler özelinde karşılaştırma yapılmaktadır. Daha sonra ülkelerin yolsuzluk puanları ile kültürel değerleri ve yapıları arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiler, Dünya Değerler Araştırması World Value Survey WVS ve Avrupa Değerler Araştırması European Value Survey EVS ile elde edilen veriler aracılığıyla değerlendirilmektedir. WVS ve EVS, çeşitli boyutlarda kültürel sınıflandırmaya yönelik endeksleri geliştirmek için çok geniş bir değişken setine kapsamaktadır. Ülkelerin yolsuzluk puanları WVS/EVS’den toplu düzeyde ve kesit regresyonlar aracılığıyla, diğer makro seviyedeki ekonomik değişkenlerden elde edilen kültürel özelliklerinin belirleyicileri ile birlikte analiz edilmektedir. WVS, özellikle bireylerin rüşveti ne kadar tolere ettiği sorusunu içermektedir. Bu çalışma ayrıca mikro ölçekte farklı ülkelerin WVS verilerini kullanarak yolsuzluk ve rüşvet davranışının temel göstergelerini belirlemeye çalışmaktadır. Metodolojik açıdan Çalışma; bağımlı değişken olarak bireylerin rüşveti kabul etmesini kullanmakta ve bireysel değerler, davranışlar ve demografik değişkenler olarak temel belirleyicilerin etkisini tahmin etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Cheloukhine, S.; Haberfeld, M. R. (2011), “Corruption in Russia: Past, Present, and Future, Russian Organized Corruption Networks and their International Trajectories”, DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0990-9_4, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 53-84.
  • Choi, E. ; Woo, J. (2011), “Liberal Reform, Political Corruption, and Socio-Economic Impacts in Asia and Eastern Europa”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52 (3), pp. 181-196.
  • Dungan, J.; Waytz, A.; Young, L., (2014), “Corruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs”, Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, Vol: 26 (1&2), pp. 97-118.
  • Fischer R.; Ferreira M. C.; Milfont, T.o; Pilati, R., (2014), “Culture of Corruption? The Effects of Priming Corruption Images in a High Corruption Context”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol: 45 (10), DOI: 10.1177/002202211458874, pp. 1594-1605.
  • Getz G, Kathleen A.; Volkema R. J. (2001), “Culture, Perceived Corruption and Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes”, Business&Society, Vol:40, No:1, pp. 7-30.
  • Gymiah B., K.; DE camacho, S. M. (2006), “Corruption, Growth, and Income Distribution: Are there Regional Differences”, Economic of Governance, DOI: 10.1007/s10101-005-0008-2, Springer-Verlag, pp. 245-269.
  • Hofstede G.; Bond, M. H. (1984), “Hofstede’s Culture Dimension and Independent Validation using Rokeach’s Value Survey”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol:15, No:4, pp. 417-433.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), “Culture and Organizations”, International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol: 10, No: 4, pp. 15-41.
  • Ivlevs, A.; Hinks, T. (2014), “Global Economic Crisis and Corruption”, Public Choice, DOI: 10.1007/s11127-014-0213-2, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., pp. 1-25.
  • Johnston, M. (2012), “Corruption Control in the United States: Law, Values, and The Political Foundations of Reform”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78 (2), DOI: 10.1177/0020852312438782, pp. 329-345.
  • Li, Y.; Yao, F. K.; Ahlstrom, D. (2014), “The Social Dilemma of Bribery in Emerging Economies: A Dynamic Model of Emotion, Social Value, and Institutional Uncertainty”, Asia Pac. J. Manag, Springer,Science&Business Media, DOI: 10.1007/s10490-014-9406-8.
  • Lord, N. J. (2014), “Responding to Transnational Corporate Bribery Using International Frameworks for Enforcement: Anti-Bribery and Corruption in the UK and Germany”, Criminology & Criminal Justice, Vol: 14 (1), DOI: 10.1177/1748895812474662, pp. 100-120.
  • Nwabazor, A. (2005), “Corruption and Development: New Initiatives in Economic Openness and Strengthened Rule of Law”, Journal of Business Ethics, 59, DOI:10.1007/s10551-005-3402-3, pp. 121-138.
  • O’Connor, S.; Fischer, R. (2012), “Predicting Societal Corruption Across Time: Values, Wealth, or Institutions?”,Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43 (4), pp. 649-659.
  • Pellegrini, L. (2011), “Corruption, Economic Analyses of Corruption, Development and the Environment”, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0599-9_2, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., pp. 13-27.
  • Roman, V. A.; Miller, H. T. (2014), “Building Social Cohesion: Family, Friends and Corruption”, Administration & Society, Vol: 46/7, pp. 775-795.
  • Sanyal, R. (2005), “Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and Economic Factors”, Journal of Business Ethics, 59, pp.139-145.
  • Themudo, N. S. (2014), “Government Size, Nonprofit Sector Strenght, and Corruption: A Cross-National Examination”, American Review of Public Administration, Vol: 44 (3), DOI: 10.1177/0275074012465791., pp. 309-323.
  • Transparency International, (2016), Corruption Perception Index, www.transparency.org
  • Tricot, J. (2014), “Corporate Anti-Bribery Self-Regulation and the International Legal Framework”, S. Manacorda et al (eds), Preventing Corporate Corruption, DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-04480-4_11, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland
  • Wang, Y. (2013), “Institutions and Bribery in an Authoritarian State”, St. Comp. Int. Dev. 49, DOI 10.1007/s12116-013-9138-7 Springer Science+Business Media New York, pp. 217-241.
  • Williams, J.W.; & Beare M. E. (1999), “The Business of Bribery: Globalization, Economic Liberalization, and The “Problem” of Corruption, Crime”, Law & Social Change, 32, pp. 115-146.
  • World Values Survey (2010-2014), “Crossing by Country Study”, #906-WVS2010, v.2014.04.28, www.worldvaluessurvey.org
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Mehmet Okan Taşar Bu kişi benim

Savaş Çevik Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 38

Kaynak Göster

APA Taşar, M. O., & Çevik, S. (2017). YOLSUZLUK VE RÜŞVETİN KÜLTÜREL BELİRLEYİCİLERİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(38), 140-153.


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