Gelenekselden Dijitale Siber İstihbarat ve Rus Dış Politikası

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 42.1, 296 - 308, 01.12.2019

Demet Şefika Mangır Sevda Nur Küçükkırlı

Öz

Uluslararası sistemin egemen devletleri çıkarları gereği, askeri, güvenlik, ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetler içerisinde karşılıklı işbirliğini sürdürebildikleri gibi, çatışan çıkarları doğrultusunda rekabetçi politikalar izleyebilmektedirler. Bu bağlamda çıkar eksenli amaçlar doğrultusunda farklı birçok yol ve yönteme de başvurmaktadırlar. Bunlardan biri de istihbarattır. İstihbarat ülkelerin “gizli” yollar ile bazı bilgilere ulaşma ve bu bilgileri devletin yararına olacak şekilde kullanma, gizleme ya da engelleye yönelik olarak taktik içerikli işlenmiş bilgi olarak özetlenebilir. Devletler ve devlet-dışı aktörler istihbarat kavramını çok uzun yıllardan beri kullanmaktadır. Günümüzde CIA, FSB, MOSSAD gibi istihbarat servisleri ve arkalarında ABD, Rusya, İsrail gibi küresel etkileri tartışılmaz ülkelerin bu servisleri kullanarak pek çok alanda devletlerin çıkarlarına uygun politikaların oluşturulması için araştırmalar yaptıkları ve çeşitli araçlarla bilgi topladıkları bilinmektedir. Sovyetler Birliği’nin halefi olarak uluslararası sistemde yerini alan Rusya, yakın çevre doktrini kapsamında eski Sovyet sınırlarında önemli bir aktör olduğunu, özellikle eski KGB ajanı Vladimir Putin’in iktidara gelmesiyle birlikte değişimin ve dönüşümün kapılarını aralayacağının sinyallerini vermiştir. Realist paradigmadan bakıldığında anarşik ve çıkar temelli bir dünyada yürütülen ilişkiler, menfaatleri öncelemekte ve devletlerin ve devlet-dışı aktörlerin muhatapları karşısında bir adım önde olma isteği istihbaratın gerekliliğini kendi içinde meşrulaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle Rusya’nın hem iç politikada hem de dış politikada etkin olmasında, ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal açılardan istihbarat servislerinin nasıl bir rol oynadığı merak konusudur. Günümüzde istihbarat yöntemleri eski geleneksel yöntemlerini devam ettirmekle birlikte, teknolojik gelişim ve dijitalleşen dünyada yetersiz kalmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla çalışmada, uluslararası sistemin önemli aktörlerinden Rusya’nın dış politikasında, geleneksel istihbarattan siber istihbarata verilerin işlevinin ve etki alanının dijitalleşmeyle nasıl bir boyut kazandığı irdelenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, literatür taraması ile elde edilen verilerden yola çıkılarak, kuramsal çerçevede istihbarat kavramı sorgulanarak Rus dış politikasında geleneksel istihbarattan dijital istihbarata geçiş süreci ve bunun politik eksendeki yansımaları analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İstihbarat, Siber İstihbarat, Rus Dış Politikası

Cyber Intelligence in Russian Foreign Policy

Öz

The sovereign states of the international system can continue their mutual cooperation in military, security, economic and commercial activities as well as pursue competitive policies in line with their conflicting interests. In this context, they apply to many different ways and methods for interest-oriented purposes. One of them is intelligence. Intelligence can be summarized as tactical information for countries to access certain information through “confidential” means and to use, conceal or block this information for the benefit of the state. States and non-state actors have been using the concept of intelligence for many years. Today, it is known that intelligence services such as CIA Central Intelligence Agency , FSB Federal Security Service , MOSSAD The Institute for Intelligence and Special Positions and the countries whose global influences such as the USA United States of America , Russia and Israel are indisputable are conducting researches and collecting information by means of these services in order to formulate policies that are in the interests of the states. Russia, which took its place in the international system as the successor of the Soviet Union, signaled that it was an important actor within the borders of the former Soviet Union, especially with the arrival of the former KGB agent Vladimir Putin to open the doors of change and transformation. From the realist paradigm, relations in an anarchic and interest-based world prioritize interests, and the desire to be one step ahead of the interlocutors of states and non-state actors justifies the necessity of intelligence in itself. Therefore, the role of intelligence services in economic, social and political aspects plays an important role in Russia's effectiveness in both domestic and foreign policy. Today, although intelligence methods continue their old traditional methods, they are inadequate in technological development and digitalizing world. Therefore, the study examines how the function and domain of data from traditional intelligence to cyber intelligence has gained a dimension in the foreign policy of Russia, one of the important actors of the international system. In this direction, based on the data obtained from literature review, the concept of intelligence is questioned in the theoretical framework and the process of transition from traditional intelligence to digital intelligence in Russian foreign policy and its reflections on political axis will be analyzed

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intelligence, Digitalization, Cyber Intelligence, Russian Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

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