Thomas Aquinas'ın İktisadî Düşüncesi: Faiz Yasağı, Ticaret, Özel Mülkiyet ve İdeal Fert Tipi

Öz

Amaç - Bu makalenin amacı, anaakım iktisadın homo economicus modeline karşı, Aziz Thomas Aquinas'ın (1225–1274) iktisadi düşüncesini normatif açıdan daha zengin bir alternatif olarak yeniden inşa etmektir. Yöntem - Çalışma, Summa theologica'nın Secunda Secundae bölümünün yakın okumasına dayalı niteliksel bir doktrinel analiz yöntemi kullanmaktadır. Yaklaşım, skolastik iktisat literatürü ve çağdaş erdem etiği çalışmalarıyla diyalog kuran disiplinlerarası bir hermenötik çerçeveye yaslanmaktadır. Bulgular – Analiz dört temel bulguya ulaşmaktadır: Aquinas'ın teolojik antropolojisi araç-amaç ikiliğini aşmakta; adil fiyat doktrini hukuki bir ilke işlevi görmekte; faiz yasağı tözsel bir para teorisi sunmakta; özel mülkiyet anlayışı ise ortak iyi ile dengelenmektedir. Sonuç – Aquinas'ın çerçevesi, antika bir miras değil, iş etiği, dağıtımsal adalet ve iktisat felsefesindeki güncel tartışmalara kavramsal kaynak sunan canlı bir kaynaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İktisat teorisi, İktisat felsefesi, İktisadi düşünce JEL Kodları: B11, A13.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İktisat teorisi
• İktisat felsefesi
• İktisadi düşünce

Thomas Aquinas's Economic Thought: Usury, Commerce, Private Property, and the Ideal Human Type

Öz

Purpose – This paper aims to reconstruct the economic thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) as a normatively richer alternative to the homo economicus model that underpins mainstream economics. Methodology – The study employs a qualitative doctrinal analysis based on a close reading of the Secunda Secundae of the Summa theologica. The approach rests on an interdisciplinary hermeneutic framework that engages in dialogue with scholastic economics scholarship and contemporary virtue ethics literature Findings – The analysis yields four principal findings: Aquinas's theological anthropology transcends the means-ends dichotomy; the doctrine of the just price functions as a juridical principle; the prohibition of usury articulates a substantive theory of money; and the conception of private property is balanced by the common good. Conclusions – Aquinas's framework is not an antiquarian legacy but a living tradition supplying conceptual resources for contemporary debates in business ethics, distributive justice, and the philosophy of economics. Keywords: Economic theory, Philosophy of economics, Economic thought JEL Codes: B11, A13.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Economic theory
• Philosophy of economics
• Economic thought

Kaynakça

1. Akalın, K. H. (2007). Orta Çağ İktisat Zihniyetinde Adil Fiyat Kuramı. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 25-48. https://izlik.org/JA56RE79RG
2. Akerlof, G. A. (1970). The market for "lemons": Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.2307/1879431
3. Aquinas, T. (1947). Summa theologica (Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Trans.). Benziger Brothers. (Original work published 1265–1274)
4. Aquinas, T. (1964). Commentary on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (C. I. Litzinger, Trans.). Henry Regnery. (Original work published ca. 1271)
5. Aristotle. (1984). The complete works of Aristotle: The revised Oxford translation (J. Barnes, Ed.). Princeton University Press.
6. Avila, C. (1983). Ownership: Early Christian teaching. Sheed and Ward.
7. Beabout, G. R. (2012). Management as a domain-relative practice that requires and develops practical wisdom. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(2), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201222214
8. Booth, W. J. (1993). Households: On the moral architecture of the economy. Cornell University Press.

9. Chafuen, A. A. (2003). Faith and liberty: The economic thought of the late scholastics. Lexington Books.
10. Çağman, E. (2016). Sabri F. Ülgener’İn Metodolojisi, Kaynakları Ve Bazı Kavramlarına Dair Eleştiriler. Öneri Dergisi, 12(45), 93-118. https://doi.org/10.14783/od.v12i45.1000020005
11. Finn, D. K. (2006). The moral ecology of markets: Assessing claims about markets and justice. Cambridge University Press.
12. Finnis, J. (1998). Aquinas: Moral, political, and legal theory. Oxford University Press.
13. Grice-Hutchinson, M. (1952). The School of Salamanca: Readings in Spanish monetary theory, 1544–1605. Clarendon Press.
14. Hirschfeld, M. L. (2018). Aquinas and the market: Toward a humane economy. Harvard University Press.
15. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
16. Koehn, D., & Wilbratte, B. (2012). A defense of a Thomistic concept of the just price. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(3), 501–526. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201222332
17. Langholm, O. (1992). Economics in the medieval schools: Wealth, exchange, value, money and usury according to the Paris theological tradition, 1200–1350. Brill.
18. Langholm, O. (1998). The legacy of scholasticism in economic thought: Antecedents of choice and power. Cambridge University Press.
19. Le Goff, J. (1988). Your money or your life: Economy and religion in the Middle Ages (P. Ranum, Trans.). Zone Books.
20. MacIntyre, A. (2007). After virtue: A study in moral theory (3rd ed.). University of Notre Dame Press.
21. McCloskey, D. N. (2006). The bourgeois virtues: Ethics for an age of commerce. University of Chicago Press.
22. Nelson, J. A. (1996). Feminism, objectivity and economics. Routledge.
23. Noonan, J. T. (1957). The scholastic analysis of usury. Harvard University Press.
24. Novak, M. (1993). The Catholic ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Free Press.
25. Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and human development: The capabilities approach. Cambridge University Press.
26. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
27. Persky, J. (1995). The ethology of homo economicus. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.2.221
28. Pieper, J. (1966). The four cardinal virtues. University of Notre Dame Press.
29. Pope Francis. (2015). Laudato si': On care for our common home. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
30. Pope Leo XIII. (1891). Rerum novarum: On capital and labor. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
31. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
32. Sandel, M. J. (2012). What money can't buy: The moral limits of markets. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
33. Schumpeter, J. A. (1954). History of economic analysis. Oxford University Press.
34. Sen, A. (1987). On ethics and economics. Blackwell.
35. Sison, A. J. G. (2008). Corporate governance and ethics: An Aristotelian perspective. Edward Elgar.
36. Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Information and the change in the paradigm in economics. American Economic Review, 92(3), 460–501. https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260136363
37. Thaler, R. H. (2015). Misbehaving: The making of behavioral economics. W. W. Norton.
38. Yavan, S., & Çimen, G. (2026). Latin Amerika’da Vergisel Meşruiyetin Devlet-Toplum İlişkileri: Mali Güven Döngüsü Yaklaşımı. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1), 211-231. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1824123
39. Yuengert, A. M. (2012). Approximating prudence: Aristotelian practical wisdom and economic models of choice. Palgrave Macmillan.
40. Zamagni, S. (2007). L'economia del bene comune [The economy of the common good]. Città Nuova.