Tarihî Coğrafya Bağlamında Urumçi’nin Konumu, Adının Kökeni ve Anlamı

Öz

17. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, Cungar Hanlığı’nın güçlenmesi ve Yarkent Hanlığı’nı yıkmasıyla Doğu Türkistan bir bütün olarak Cungarların hâkimiyeti altına girdi. Hemen akabinde başlayan Mançu-Cungar mücadelesi yaklaşık 70 yılın ardından 1755 yılında Mançuların zaferiyle sonuçlandı. Cungarya ile Tarım Havzası’nı birbirinden ayıran Tanrı Dağları’ndaki doğal bir geçit olan Urumçi havalisinde önce Cungarlar küçük kaleler inşa ederek askerî üsler kurmuşsa da Cungarların ortadan kaldırılmasıyla Mançular, Urumçi Nehri çevresine ve bölgedeki geçide daha da önem vererek tarım kolonileri kurdu ve askerî kaleler inşa etti. Bulunduğu coğrafi konumdan dolayı Mançuların haberleşme, ulaşım, lojistik ve askerî seferlerine büyük avantaj sağlayan Urumçi, onların Doğu Türkistan yönetimini sürdürmesi açısından vazgeçilmez bir konuma sahip oldu. Doğu Türkistan’daki diğer şehirlerden farklı olarak Urumçi bir Türk-İslam şehri olarak değil Mançu askerî ve tarım kolonisi olarak doğdu. 1876 yılında başlayan İkinci Mançu İstilası tamamlandıktan sonra 1884 yılında Mançuların Doğu Türkistan’daki idari merkezi hâline getirildi. Bu çalışmada, dönemin Mançuca, Çince ve Çağatayca birincil kaynaklarına dayanılarak Urumçi’nin tarihî coğrafyası, adının kökeni ve anlamı tartışılmaktadır. Böylece Türkoloji alanıyla ilgilenen araştırmacılara, günümüz Türk dünyası içinde önemli bir konuma sahip olan Urumçi ve tarihi hakkında yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırılması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Urumçi
• Cungarya
• Doğu Türkistan
• Mançular
• Qing Hanedanlığı
• Çin

The Historical Geography of Urumchi: Its Strategic Position, Etymology, and Semantic Origins

Öz

In the final quarter of the 17th century, with the rise of the Dzungar Khanate and its conquest of the Yarkand Khanate, the entirety of Eastern Turkestan effectively came under Dzungar control. The subsequent Dzungar–Manchu struggle, which began soon after, lasted for nearly seventy years and ultimately ended with a Manchu victory in 1755. In the Urumchi region, a natural pass in the Tengri Tagh (modern Tianshan) Mountains separating Dzungaria from the Tarim Basin, the Dzungars initially constructed small forts and established military bases. Following their elimination, the Manchus placed even greater strategic importance on the Urumchi River and its surrounding passes, founding agricultural colonies and building military fortifications. Due to its geographical location, Urumchi provided significant advantages for the Manchus in terms of communication, transportation, logistics, and military operations, making it an indispensable center for maintaining their rule in Eastern Turkestan. Unlike all other cities in the region, Urumchi did not emerge as a Turkic-Islamic city but rather as a Manchu military and agricultural colony. After the completion of the Second Manchu Invasion in 1876, Urumchi was designated in 1884 as the administrative center of Manchu authority in Eastern Turkestan. This study, drawing on primary sources in Manchu, Chinese, and Chagatai from the period, explores the historical geography of Urumchi, the etymology and meaning of its name, and aims to provide scholars of Turkology with new perspectives on a city that holds a significant place within the contemporary Turkic world.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Urumchi
• Dzungaria
• Eastern Turkestan
• Manchu
• Qing Dynasty
• China

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