ULUSLARARASI SİVİL HAVACILIK TEŞKİLATI (ICAO) KONSEYİNİN YARGISAL İŞLEVİ

Öz

Bu çalışma, en geniş katılımlı uluslararası andlaşmalardan biri olan 1944 tarihli Şikago Sözleşmesi’nin tarafı olan devletler arasındaki sivil havacılığa ilişkin uyuşmazlıklarda Sözleşme’nin, ihtilafın çözümüne yönelik olarak Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Teşkilatına (ICAO) verdiği görev ve yetkileri incelemektedir. Bu çerçevede, teknik ve politik boyutlarıyla uluslararası hava seyrüseferini düzenlemeye ilaveten Sözleşme’nin 54(n) maddesine göre kendisine havale edilen Sözleşme ile ilgili herhangi bir konuyu değerlendirme ve 84. maddesine göre “Sözleşme’nin ve Eklerinin yorumlanması ve uygulanması” konularındaki anlaşmazlıkları karara bağlama yetkileri de verilen ICAO’nun daimî yürütme organı olan Konseyin uyuşmazlık çözüm işlevini tetkik etmektedir. Ayrıca tarihsel süreçte ICAO Konseyinin önüne gelen uyuşmazlıkları ele alarak Sözleşme’nin Konseye biçtiği rolün uygulamadaki görünümünü ortaya koymaktadır. Şikago Sözleşmesi’nin pek çok hükmünün ihlalinin gündeme geldiği bu uyuşmazlıklardan biri olan 2017 Körfez Krizi, Konseyin yaklaşımını ve pratiğini göstermek ve Konseyin Uluslararası Adalet Divanı ile ilişkisini açıklamak için bu çalışmada bir vaka incelemesi olarak ayrıca ele alınmaktadır. Bu tabloya bakıldığında, ICAO Konseyinin uyuşmazlık çözüm süreçlerinde çoğunlukla teknik ve diplomatik araçlara başvurduğu, yargısal nitelik taşıyan yetkilerini sınırlı ve ihtiyatlı biçimde kullandığı görülmektedir. Konseyin politik temelli kurumsal yapısı ve Şikago Sözleşmesi’nin uyuşmazlık çözüm mekanizması kurgusu, özellikle siyasi yönü ağır basan ihtilaflarda nihai bağlayıcı kararın ICAO bünyesinde verilerek çözüme ulaşılması ihtimalini azaltmaktadır. Bu durum, uluslararası sivil havacılığa ilişkin hukuki belirliliği ve öngörülebilirliği olumsuz etkilemektedir. Sonuç olarak bu makale, ICAO Konseyinin güncel uluslararası sivil havacılık ihtiyaçları ışığında yargısal işlevini daha etkili şekilde yerine getirmesinin gerekliliğini vurgulamakta; böylece ICAO’nun uluslararası sivil hava ulaşımının fırsat eşitliği temelinde güvenli, düzenli ve ekonomik anlamda verimli şekilde gerçekleşmesini sağlama amaçlarına katkıda bulunacağına işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hava Hukuku
• Şikago Sözleşmesi
• ICAO Konseyi
• Uyuşmazlık Çözümü
• Yargısal İşlev
• 2017 Körfez Krizi

The Judicial Function of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Council

Öz

This study examines the duties and powers conferred by the 1944 Chicago Convention, one of the most widely ratified treaties, upon the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for the settlement of disputes relating to civil aviation between States parties to the Convention. In this context, it analyses the dispute settlement function of the Council, the permanent executive body of ICAO, which, in addition to regulating international air navigation in its technical and political dimensions, is also empowered by Article 54(n) to consider any matter referred to it in relation to the Convention and by Article 84 to decide on disagreements relating to the “interpretation or application of this Convention and its Annexes”. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how the role assigned to the ICAO Council by the Convention has manifested in practice through analysis of the disputes that have come before the Council over time. 2017 Gulf Crisis, in which violations of numerous provisions of the Chicago Convention were at issue, is examined as a separate case study to illustrate the ICAO Council’s approach and practice and to explain its relationship with the International Court of Justice. From this perspective, it is observed that the ICAO Council predominantly resorts to technical and diplomatic instruments in dispute settlement processes and exercises its judicial powers in a limited and cautious manner. The Council’s politically oriented institutional structure and the design of the dispute settlement mechanism under the Chicago Convention reduce the likelihood of achieving a resolution through the issuance of a final and binding decision within the ICAO framework, particularly in disputes with a pronounced political character. This situation adversely affects legal certainty and predictability in the field of international civil aviation. Consequently, considering contemporary international civil aviation needs, this study emphasizes the necessity for the ICAO Council to perform its judicial function more effectively, thereby contributing to the fulfilment of ICAO’s objectives of ensuring safe, regular, and economically efficient international civil air transport on the basis of equality of opportunity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Air Law
• Chicago Convention
• ICAO Council
• Dispute Settlement
• Judicial Function
• 2017 Gulf Crisis

Kaynakça

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