BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Ordeal of Europe With Terrorism: Experiences of France and the Netherlands in the context of Countering Foreign Terrorist Fighters

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 31, 441 - 468, 01.07.2017

Öz

Western European countries are part of a stream of mainly “salafist jihadist” foreign fighters that has grown since the 1980s. With the beginning of conflicts in Syria and Iraq, the number and activities of this terrorists have prominently increased in Europe. This study, examines the use of administrative and criminal measures, such as travel bans and control orders, in the counter-terrorism and foreign terrorist fighters context in Western Europe. In that sense, we will look at a few specific repressive measures announced or adopted by France and the Netherlands, as well as criticism expressed by Human Rights Organizations against these proposals and measures. The study, identifies in which situations it might be justified to use administrative measures, and assesses the impact of the use of these measures on the protection of human rights. In this study, the main approach to this issue is only human rights-based response will be most effective way in countering terrorism

Kaynakça

  • Bakker, E./Entenmann, E./C. Paulussen, Dealing with European Foreign Fighters in Syria: Governance Challenges and Legal Implications, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 4, No. 8 (2013).
  • Çalışmanın Türkçe tercümesi için ayrıca bkz: “Suriye’deki Yabancı Savaşçılar Üzerine: Siyasi Açmazlar ve Hukuki Yansımalar ICCT Analiz Çalışması”, Tercüme: Süleyman Özar/Hakan A. Yavuz, Küresel Bakış Çeviri Dergisi, Y. 5, S. 17, Nisan 2015, s. 71-95.
  • English, Richard, ‘’21st-Century Terrorism: How Should We Respond?’’, Political Insight, Y. 2010, S. 3, s. 78vd., http://www.economist.com/news/ international/21706250-people-are-surprisingly-good-coping-repeated-terroristattacks-america-and, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2016.
  • Ölçer, F. Pınar/Keijzer, Nico, “Hollanda Ülke Raporu: Maddi Ceza Hukuku”, içinde: Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Ceza Hukuku Reformları Kongresi (26 Mayıs - Haziran 2010), Editör: Adem Sözüer, Bildiri Kitabı, İstanbul 2013, s. 1197-1254.
  • Özar, Süleyman, ‘’Yabancı Terörist Savaşçılara İlişkin BM Güvenlik Konseyi Kararının (UNSC 2178) Kavram ve Kapsamı’’, Adalet Dergisi, S. 52, Mayıs 2015, http://www.yayin.adalet.gov.tr/adaletdergisi/52.sayi/03_suleyman.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016.
  • Paulussen, C., Responding to Foreign Fighters: A Quick Overview for People with Little Time, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2015.
  • Paulussen, C., Repressing the Foreign Fighters Phenomenon and Terrorism in Western Europe: Towards an Effective Response Based on Human Rights, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 7, No. 10, 2016.
  • Politico, Pierre Brançon, ‘’Sarkozy’s terrorism record now fair game for conservative rivals’,’ 21 Temmuz 2016, http://www.politico.eu/article/nicolassarkozy-terrorism-nice-attacks-alain-juppe/, Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017.
  • Slate, J. Shapiro, ‘’How Not to Overreact to ISIS’’, 16 Kasım 201, http://www. slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2016/12/will_obama_s_ russia_retaliation_work.html, Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2016.
  • Van Ginkel, B./Entenmann, E., The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats & Policies, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 7, No. 2, 2016.
  • Yavuz, Hakan A., “Hollanda Adalet Sistemi Üzerine Notlar”, Adalet Dergisi, S. 56, Eylül 2016, s. 23-54.
  • Submission to the European Commission on Proposed Antiterrorism Directive, 19 Şubat 2016, https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/ submission-european-commission-proposed-antiterrorism-directive, Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2016.
  • Development of a renewed European Union Internal Security Strategy, 4 Aralık 2014, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/ en/jha/146042.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2016.
  • Combating Terrorism, Temmuz 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/586628/EPRS_BRI(2016)586628_EN.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2016.
  • - Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Union legal framework for customs infringements and sanctions, 19 Temmuz 2016 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A8-2016-0239+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN, Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2016.
  • - UN rights experts urge France to protect fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, 23 Aralık 2016, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/ Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?LangID=E&NewsID=16966, Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2016.
  • - Opening Statement, Item 2, High Commissioner’s Annual Report, 13 Eylül 2016, http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=15642&LangID=E#sthash.RKomxas3.dpuf, 1 Erişim Tarihi: 9.09.2016
  • 24 Eylül 2014 tarih ve 2178 sayılı karar: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/ view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2017.
  • Counter-terrorism in France, France Diplomatie, http://www.diplomatie. gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/defence-security/terrorism/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2016.
  • - Recommenations draft legistlative proposal on the amendment of the Netherlands Nationality Act summary, 24 Şubat 2015, http://zoekservice. mensenrechten.nl/StippWebDLL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand. ashx?id=3213, Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2016.
  • - Recommenations on Temporary administrative (counterterrorism) measures Act, 28 Nisan 2015, http://zoekservice.mensenrechten.nl/StippWebDLL/ Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?id=3092, Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2016.
  • - Preempting Justice-Counterterrorism Laws and Procedures in France, 1 Temmuz 2008 https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/07/01/preempting-justice/ counterterrorism-laws-and-procedures-france, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2016.
  • -France: Counterterrorism Bill Threatens Rights, 10 Ekim 2014, https://www. hrw.org/news/2014/10/09/france-counterterrorism-bill-threatens-rights, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2016.
  • -France: Bill Opens Door to Surveillance Society, 6 Nisan 2015, https://www. hrw.org/news/2015/04/06/france-bill-opens-door-surveillance-society, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2016.
  • -Human Rights Watch Concerns and Recommendations on France, 22 Haziran 2015 https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/22/human-rights-watchconcerns-and-recommendations-france, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2016.
  • -France: Abuses Under State of Emergency, 3 Şubat 2016, https://www.hrw. org/news/2016/02/03/france-abuses-under-state-emergency, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2016.
  • - France: Newly announced ‘anti-terror measures’ put human rights at risk, 23 Ocak 2015, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur21/0001/2015/ en/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2016.
  • - Upturned Lives: The Disproportionate Impact of France’s State of Emergency, 4 Şubat 2016 http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/upturned-livesthe-disproportionate-impact-of-france-s-state-of-emergency, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2016.
  • -Amnesty International Report 2015/16, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ research/2016/02/annual-report-201516/7, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2016.
  • - After a Fast-Track Process the European Parliament Takes a Troubling Position on Counter-Terrorism in Europe, 13 Temmuz 2016 http://www.amnesty.eu/ content/assets/Joint_Statement_on_Counter-Terrorism_Directive _after_ LIBE_ vote__July_2016.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2016.
  • - The Netherlands: Excessive Immigration Detention, Ethnic Profiling And Counter-Terrorism Measures, Amnesty International, Eylül 2016, https:// www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2017/05/EUR3554622016ENGLISH. pdf?x82182, Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2017.
  • NCTV - Hollanda, ‘’The Netherlands comprehensive action programme to combat jihadism’’, 29 Ağustos 2014, https://english.nctv.nl/binaries/def-a5- nctvjihadismuk-03-lr_tcm32-83910.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2016.
  • NL Times, ‘’The Netherlands comprehensive action programme to combat jihadism’’, 21 Aralık 2016, http://nltimes.nl/2016/12/21/dutch-mps-wantquicker-implementation-anti-terror-laws, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016.
  • NL Times, http://nltimes.nl/2014/12/01/jihad-fighter-gets-prison-wifeacquitted-recruitment, Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2014.
  • Jurist, ‘’Muslim and human rights groups in France ask government to lift state of emergency’’, 19 Aralık 2015, http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2015/12/ france-muslim-group-files-suit-alleges-government-abuse-after-paris-attacks. php, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2016.
  • The Economist, ‘’Learning to live with it.’’, 3 Eylül 2016, http://www.economist.com/ news/international/21706250-people-are-surprisingly-good-coping-repeated-terroristattacks-america-and, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2016.
  • The Guardian, ‘’Hollande drops plan to revoke citizenship of dual-national terrorists’’, 30 Mart 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/ mar/30/francois-hollande-drops-plan-to-revoke-citizenship-of-dual-nationalterrorists, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016.
  • The Guardian, ‘’French parliament votes to extend state of emergency until after 2017 elections’’, 14 Aralık 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2016/dec/14/french-parliament-votes-to-extend-state-of-emergencyuntil-after-2017-elections, Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2017.
  • Hollanda Dışişleri Bakanlığı: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2016.
  • Hollanda Terörle Mücadele ve Güvenlik Ulusal Koordinatörlüğü (NCTV), https://www.nctv.nl/actueel/nieuws/2016/Aanslagdreiging%20Nederland %20blijft%20reeel.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2016.
  • https://www.nctv.nl/binaries/Rapport_RCB_november_2016_basis_tcm31- 236323.pdf, 28.12.2016.
  • Yakın Doğu Politikaları Enstitüsü (Institute for Near East Policy), http:// www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jihadism-on-the-rise-ineurope-the-dutch-perspective, Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2014.
  • https://home.noties.nl/peil/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2016.
  • http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/mogelijke-jihadganger-maher-h-ikverleende-hulp-in-syrie~a3781647/, Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2014.
  • http://www.wetboek-online.nl/wet/Wetboek%20van%20Strafrecht.html, Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2016.
  • https://www.government.nl/topics/counterterrorism-and-national-security/ news/2016/03/01/more-possibilities-for-revoking-dutch-citizenship, Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2016.
  • http://nltimes.nl/2015/03/06/dutch-jihadists-die-returning-netherlandsprime-minister-rutte, Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2015.
  • https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2017-51.html, Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2017.
  • https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/06/12/vrijgesproken-is-strijder-opgepaktbij-marathon-rdam-10986351-a1562746, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2017.
  • https://asimetriksavaslar.wordpress.com/2011/03/30/terorle-mucadeledehollanda-modeli/, Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2017.

AVRUPA'NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 31, 441 - 468, 01.07.2017

Öz

Batı Avrupa ülkeleri, 1980’lerde ortaya çıkan selefi cihadist yabancı terörist savaşçıların ana akım yerlerinden biri durumundadır. Suriye ve Irak’taki çatışmaların başlamasıyla birlikte, bu teröristlerin Avrupa’daki sayıları ve eylemleri de belirgin şekilde artmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Batı Avrupa’da terörizmle ve yabancı terörist savaşçılarla mücadele bağlamında alınan bazı adli ve idari tedbirler ele alınacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Fransa ve Hollanda’da yürürlüğe giren ya da girmek üzere olan somut tedbirleri incelerken, bunlara yönelik insan hakları kuruluşlarının eleştirilerine de yer verilecektir. Çalışma, bu düzenlemelerin hangi şartlar altında insan haklarına uygun olabileceğini ve söz konusu tedbirler hakkında insan haklarının korunması bakımından yapılan değerlendirmeleri de incelemektedir. Çalışmanın meseleye temel yaklaşımı, terörizmle mücadelede ancak insan hakları temelli bir cevabın etkili bir yol olarak kabul edilmesi gerekliliğidir

Kaynakça

  • Bakker, E./Entenmann, E./C. Paulussen, Dealing with European Foreign Fighters in Syria: Governance Challenges and Legal Implications, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 4, No. 8 (2013).
  • Çalışmanın Türkçe tercümesi için ayrıca bkz: “Suriye’deki Yabancı Savaşçılar Üzerine: Siyasi Açmazlar ve Hukuki Yansımalar ICCT Analiz Çalışması”, Tercüme: Süleyman Özar/Hakan A. Yavuz, Küresel Bakış Çeviri Dergisi, Y. 5, S. 17, Nisan 2015, s. 71-95.
  • English, Richard, ‘’21st-Century Terrorism: How Should We Respond?’’, Political Insight, Y. 2010, S. 3, s. 78vd., http://www.economist.com/news/ international/21706250-people-are-surprisingly-good-coping-repeated-terroristattacks-america-and, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2016.
  • Ölçer, F. Pınar/Keijzer, Nico, “Hollanda Ülke Raporu: Maddi Ceza Hukuku”, içinde: Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Ceza Hukuku Reformları Kongresi (26 Mayıs - Haziran 2010), Editör: Adem Sözüer, Bildiri Kitabı, İstanbul 2013, s. 1197-1254.
  • Özar, Süleyman, ‘’Yabancı Terörist Savaşçılara İlişkin BM Güvenlik Konseyi Kararının (UNSC 2178) Kavram ve Kapsamı’’, Adalet Dergisi, S. 52, Mayıs 2015, http://www.yayin.adalet.gov.tr/adaletdergisi/52.sayi/03_suleyman.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016.
  • Paulussen, C., Responding to Foreign Fighters: A Quick Overview for People with Little Time, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2015.
  • Paulussen, C., Repressing the Foreign Fighters Phenomenon and Terrorism in Western Europe: Towards an Effective Response Based on Human Rights, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 7, No. 10, 2016.
  • Politico, Pierre Brançon, ‘’Sarkozy’s terrorism record now fair game for conservative rivals’,’ 21 Temmuz 2016, http://www.politico.eu/article/nicolassarkozy-terrorism-nice-attacks-alain-juppe/, Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017.
  • Slate, J. Shapiro, ‘’How Not to Overreact to ISIS’’, 16 Kasım 201, http://www. slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2016/12/will_obama_s_ russia_retaliation_work.html, Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2016.
  • Van Ginkel, B./Entenmann, E., The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats & Policies, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 7, No. 2, 2016.
  • Yavuz, Hakan A., “Hollanda Adalet Sistemi Üzerine Notlar”, Adalet Dergisi, S. 56, Eylül 2016, s. 23-54.
  • Submission to the European Commission on Proposed Antiterrorism Directive, 19 Şubat 2016, https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/ submission-european-commission-proposed-antiterrorism-directive, Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2016.
  • Development of a renewed European Union Internal Security Strategy, 4 Aralık 2014, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/ en/jha/146042.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2016.
  • Combating Terrorism, Temmuz 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/586628/EPRS_BRI(2016)586628_EN.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2016.
  • - Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Union legal framework for customs infringements and sanctions, 19 Temmuz 2016 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A8-2016-0239+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN, Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2016.
  • - UN rights experts urge France to protect fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, 23 Aralık 2016, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/ Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?LangID=E&NewsID=16966, Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2016.
  • - Opening Statement, Item 2, High Commissioner’s Annual Report, 13 Eylül 2016, http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=15642&LangID=E#sthash.RKomxas3.dpuf, 1 Erişim Tarihi: 9.09.2016
  • 24 Eylül 2014 tarih ve 2178 sayılı karar: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/ view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2017.
  • Counter-terrorism in France, France Diplomatie, http://www.diplomatie. gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/defence-security/terrorism/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2016.
  • - Recommenations draft legistlative proposal on the amendment of the Netherlands Nationality Act summary, 24 Şubat 2015, http://zoekservice. mensenrechten.nl/StippWebDLL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand. ashx?id=3213, Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2016.
  • - Recommenations on Temporary administrative (counterterrorism) measures Act, 28 Nisan 2015, http://zoekservice.mensenrechten.nl/StippWebDLL/ Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?id=3092, Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2016.
  • - Preempting Justice-Counterterrorism Laws and Procedures in France, 1 Temmuz 2008 https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/07/01/preempting-justice/ counterterrorism-laws-and-procedures-france, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2016.
  • -France: Counterterrorism Bill Threatens Rights, 10 Ekim 2014, https://www. hrw.org/news/2014/10/09/france-counterterrorism-bill-threatens-rights, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2016.
  • -France: Bill Opens Door to Surveillance Society, 6 Nisan 2015, https://www. hrw.org/news/2015/04/06/france-bill-opens-door-surveillance-society, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2016.
  • -Human Rights Watch Concerns and Recommendations on France, 22 Haziran 2015 https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/22/human-rights-watchconcerns-and-recommendations-france, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2016.
  • -France: Abuses Under State of Emergency, 3 Şubat 2016, https://www.hrw. org/news/2016/02/03/france-abuses-under-state-emergency, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2016.
  • - France: Newly announced ‘anti-terror measures’ put human rights at risk, 23 Ocak 2015, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur21/0001/2015/ en/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2016.
  • - Upturned Lives: The Disproportionate Impact of France’s State of Emergency, 4 Şubat 2016 http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/upturned-livesthe-disproportionate-impact-of-france-s-state-of-emergency, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2016.
  • -Amnesty International Report 2015/16, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ research/2016/02/annual-report-201516/7, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2016.
  • - After a Fast-Track Process the European Parliament Takes a Troubling Position on Counter-Terrorism in Europe, 13 Temmuz 2016 http://www.amnesty.eu/ content/assets/Joint_Statement_on_Counter-Terrorism_Directive _after_ LIBE_ vote__July_2016.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2016.
  • - The Netherlands: Excessive Immigration Detention, Ethnic Profiling And Counter-Terrorism Measures, Amnesty International, Eylül 2016, https:// www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2017/05/EUR3554622016ENGLISH. pdf?x82182, Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2017.
  • NCTV - Hollanda, ‘’The Netherlands comprehensive action programme to combat jihadism’’, 29 Ağustos 2014, https://english.nctv.nl/binaries/def-a5- nctvjihadismuk-03-lr_tcm32-83910.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2016.
  • NL Times, ‘’The Netherlands comprehensive action programme to combat jihadism’’, 21 Aralık 2016, http://nltimes.nl/2016/12/21/dutch-mps-wantquicker-implementation-anti-terror-laws, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016.
  • NL Times, http://nltimes.nl/2014/12/01/jihad-fighter-gets-prison-wifeacquitted-recruitment, Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2014.
  • Jurist, ‘’Muslim and human rights groups in France ask government to lift state of emergency’’, 19 Aralık 2015, http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2015/12/ france-muslim-group-files-suit-alleges-government-abuse-after-paris-attacks. php, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2016.
  • The Economist, ‘’Learning to live with it.’’, 3 Eylül 2016, http://www.economist.com/ news/international/21706250-people-are-surprisingly-good-coping-repeated-terroristattacks-america-and, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2016.
  • The Guardian, ‘’Hollande drops plan to revoke citizenship of dual-national terrorists’’, 30 Mart 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/ mar/30/francois-hollande-drops-plan-to-revoke-citizenship-of-dual-nationalterrorists, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016.
  • The Guardian, ‘’French parliament votes to extend state of emergency until after 2017 elections’’, 14 Aralık 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2016/dec/14/french-parliament-votes-to-extend-state-of-emergencyuntil-after-2017-elections, Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2017.
  • Hollanda Dışişleri Bakanlığı: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2016.
  • Hollanda Terörle Mücadele ve Güvenlik Ulusal Koordinatörlüğü (NCTV), https://www.nctv.nl/actueel/nieuws/2016/Aanslagdreiging%20Nederland %20blijft%20reeel.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2016.
  • https://www.nctv.nl/binaries/Rapport_RCB_november_2016_basis_tcm31- 236323.pdf, 28.12.2016.
  • Yakın Doğu Politikaları Enstitüsü (Institute for Near East Policy), http:// www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jihadism-on-the-rise-ineurope-the-dutch-perspective, Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2014.
  • https://home.noties.nl/peil/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2016.
  • http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/mogelijke-jihadganger-maher-h-ikverleende-hulp-in-syrie~a3781647/, Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2014.
  • http://www.wetboek-online.nl/wet/Wetboek%20van%20Strafrecht.html, Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2016.
  • https://www.government.nl/topics/counterterrorism-and-national-security/ news/2016/03/01/more-possibilities-for-revoking-dutch-citizenship, Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2016.
  • http://nltimes.nl/2015/03/06/dutch-jihadists-die-returning-netherlandsprime-minister-rutte, Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2015.
  • https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2017-51.html, Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2017.
  • https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/06/12/vrijgesproken-is-strijder-opgepaktbij-marathon-rdam-10986351-a1562746, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2017.
  • https://asimetriksavaslar.wordpress.com/2011/03/30/terorle-mucadeledehollanda-modeli/, Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2017.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Süleyman Özar Bu kişi benim

Hakan A Yavuz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Özar, S., & Yavuz, H. A. (2017). AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi(31), 441-468.
AMA Özar S, Yavuz HA. AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ. TAAD. Temmuz 2017;(31):441-468.
Chicago Özar, Süleyman, ve Hakan A Yavuz. “AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sy. 31 (Temmuz 2017): 441-68.
EndNote Özar S, Yavuz HA (01 Temmuz 2017) AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 31 441–468.
IEEE S. Özar ve H. A. Yavuz, “AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ”, TAAD, sy. 31, ss. 441–468, Temmuz 2017.
ISNAD Özar, Süleyman - Yavuz, Hakan A. “AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 31 (Temmuz 2017), 441-468.
JAMA Özar S, Yavuz HA. AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ. TAAD. 2017;:441–468.
MLA Özar, Süleyman ve Hakan A Yavuz. “AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sy. 31, 2017, ss. 441-68.
Vancouver Özar S, Yavuz HA. AVRUPA’NIN TERÖRLE İMTİHANI: YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILARLA MÜCADELE BAĞLAMINDA FRANSA VE HOLLANDA TECRÜBESİ. TAAD. 2017(31):441-68.