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The Context of the Cyber Attacks Against Civil Aviation: Applicable Rules of International Law, Jurisdiction and Responsibility

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 32, 151 - 196, 01.10.2017

Öz

Internationally wrongful acts conducted against aircrafts and airports are subject to the international civil aviation. These kinds of actions are not only threatening the flights and airports but they are also dangering the lives and properties of the individuals. From thevery beginning of the 1960s international society has been struggling with these wrongful acts. Nevertheless the achievements aimed in the international conventions related to the issue have not been succeeded by the state practices.The international wrongful acts against civil aviation constitutes certain types of international offences. On the other hand cyber attacks generate a huge problem as their context has not been composed by the international law.Cyber attacks including some common features with the physical offences denote a new kind of offence against civil aviation. Hence the concept of cyber attacks against civil avaition, the state which has the jurisdiction and the responsibility because of these offences require to be determined. It is a necessity to conclude a new convention on the offences against civil aviation including the cyber attacks and to constitute a new international organization related to that convention

Kaynakça

  • KİTAPLAR VE MAKALELER
  • ABDURRASYID, H. Priyatna, “Growth and Development of Air and Space Law”, Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 8 (1), 2010, s. 59 – 81.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “Cyber Terrorism and Aviaiton: A Constructive Look at the Work of ICAO”, Air and Space Law, Vol. 41(1), 2016, s. 25 – 39.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “Cyber Terrorism and Aviation – National and International Responses”, Journal of Transportation Security, Vol. 4(4), 2011, s. 337 – 349.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “The Beijing Convention of 2010 on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Avaiation – An Interpretive Study”, Journal of Transportation Security, Vol. 4(2), 2011, s. 131 – 143. (2011/a)
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “Civil Unrest and Airport and Aviation Security”, Journal of Transportation Security, Vol. 4 (4), 2011, s. 285 – 294. (2011/b)
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, Aviation Security Law, Springer/Heidelberg/ Dodrecht: Springer, 2010.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “The Role of Civil Aviation in Securing Peace”, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 19(2), 2002, s. 53 – 81.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa I. R., “Terror in the Skies: Approaches to Controlling Unlawful Interference with Civil Aviation”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 11(2), 1997, s. 245 – 282.
  • AKİPEK, Ömer İlhan, Hava Sahasının Devletler Hukuku Bakımından Durumu, Ankara: Güzel Sanatlar Matbaası, 1959.
  • ARAFAH, Andy Riadhy, “Evolution of Terrorism Act Against Civil Aircraft”, Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 11(2), 2014, s. 177 – 189.
  • BİLSEL, Cemil, Milletlerarası Hava Hukuku Cilt I, İstanbul: İsmail Akgün Matbaası, 1948.
  • BOYLE, Robert P. and PULSIFER, Roy, “The Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft”, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 30(4), 1964, s. 305 – 354.
  • BUSUTTIL, James J., “The Bonn Declaration on International Terrorism: A Non-Binding International Agreement on Aircraft Hijacking”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 31, 1982, s. 474 – 487.
  • CHENG, Bin, “Aviation, Criminal Jurisdiction and Terrorism: The Hague
  • Extradition/Prosecution Formula and Attacks at Airports”, in Contemporary
  • Problems of International Law: Essays in Honour of Georg Schwarzenberger
  • on his Eightieth Birthday, Eds. Bin CHENG and E. D. BROWN, London: Stephen
  • and Sons Limited, 1988, s. 25 – 52.
  • CHENG, Bin, The Law of International Air Transport, London/New York
  • Stevens & Sons Limited, 1962.
  • DE LEON, Pablo Mendes, “The Role of International Law in Safeguarding
  • Aviation Security”, World Bulletin: Bulletin of the International Studies of
  • Philippines, Vol. 14 (1-2), 1998, s. 81 – 92.
  • DEMPSEY, Paul Stephen, Public International Air Law, Montreal: McGill
  • University Publish, 2008.
  • DEMPSEY, Paul Stephen, “Compliance and Enforcement in International Law
  • Achieving Global Uniformity in Aviation Safety”, North Carolina Journal of
  • International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol. 30(1), 2004, s. 1 – 73.
  • DEMPSEY, Paul Stephen, “Aviation Security: The Role of Law in the War
  • Against Terrorism”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 41, 2003, s. 649 – 733.
  • DICKERSON, Thomas A., “A Post September 11th Perspective on Airline and
  • Aİrport Security, Ethnic Profiling, Unruly Passengers, Overzealous Attendants
  • and Disabled Passengers”, International Travel Law Journal, 2003(3), s. 148 – 156.
  • DIEDERIKS-VERSCHOOR, I. H. Ph., An Introduction to Air Law, Revised by
  • Pablo DE LEON, Ninth Revised Edition, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law
  • International, 2012.
  • EVANS, Alona, “Aircraft Hijacking: Its Cause and Cure”, American Journal of
  • International Law, Vol. 63(4), 1969, s. 695 – 710.
  • FIORITA, Dionigi M., “Aviation Security: International Response”, Albany Law
  • Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3, 1993, s. 267 – 313.
  • FITZGERALD, Gerald F., “Aviation Terrorism and the International Civil
  • Aviation Organization”, The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 25, 1987, s. 219 – 241.
  • GONG, Xiangqian, “The New Development of International Law on Civil
  • Avaition Security: The Beijing Convention and Beijing Protocol of 2010”
  • Journal of East Asia and International Law, Vol. 4(1), 2011, s. 232 – 234.
  • GÖKNİL, Mazhar Nedim, Hava Hukuku, İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası, 1951.
  • GRANT, John P., “Beyond the Montreal Convention”, Case Western Reserve of International Law, Vol. 36 (2&3), 2004, s. 453 – 472.
  • GÜNEL, Reşat Volkan, Uluslararası Havacılık Hukuku (International Aviation Law), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2010.
  • GÜNEYSU, Gökhan, “Uluslararası Sivil Havacılığa İlişkin Hukuka Aykırı Eylemlerin Bastırılması Hakkındaki 2010 Pekin Sözleşmesi”, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Kazancı Hakemli Hukuk Dergisi, Sayı 83-84, 2011, s. 7 – 20.
  • HIRANO, Ryuichi, “Convention on Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft”, Japanese Annual of International Law, Vol. 8, 1964, s. 44 – 59.
  • HUDSON, Manley O., “Aviation and International Law”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, 1930, s. 228 – 240.
  • IASIELLO, Emilio, “Getting Ahead of the Threat: Aviation and Cyber Security”, Aerospace America, July August 2013, s. 22 – 25.
  • JENSEN, Eric Talbot , “Cyber Dterrence”, Emory International Law Review, Vol. 26, 2012, s. 773 – 824.
  • JEYAKODI, Deepika, “Cyber Security in Civil Aviation”, The Aviation and Space Journal, Vol. 14 (4), 2015, s. 2 – 9.
  • KAISER, Stefan A. and MEJIA-KAISER, Martha, “Cyber Security in Air and Space Law”, German Journal of Air and Space Law (Zeitschrift für Luft und Weltraumrecht), Vol. 64(2), 2015, s. 396 – 412.
  • KANG, Jerry , “Cyber-Race”, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 113 (5), 2000, s. 1130 – 1208.
  • KEYSER, Mike, “The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime”, Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, Vol. 12 (2), 2003, s. 287 – 326.
  • KÖNİ, Hasan S., Uçaklara Karşı Girişilen Eylemlerin Uluslararası Hukukta Doğurduğu Sorunlar, Ankara: İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Yayınları, 1977.
  • KROSS, Michael, Scene of the Cybercrime, Second edition, Syngress Publishing, 2008.
  • LIM, Bernard, “Emerging Threats from Cyber Security in Avaition – Challanges and Mitigations”, Journal of Aviation Management, 2014, s. 81 – 91.
  • MACKENZIE, David, ICAO: A History of the International Civil Aviation Organization, Toronto/Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
  • MANKIEWICZ, R. H., “The 1970 Hague Convention”, Journal of Air Law and
  • Commerce, Vol. 37(2), 1971, s. 195 – 210.
  • MILDE, Michael, International Air Law and ICAO, Utrecht/Portland: Eleven
  • International Publishing, 2008.
  • MILDE, Michael, “The Chicago Convention – After Forty Years”, Annals of Air
  • and Space Law, Vol. 9, 1984, s. 119 – 131.
  • ÖKTEM, A. Emre, Terörizm, İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, İkinci basım
  • İstanbul: Derin Yayınları, 2011.
  • SHUBBER, Sami, “Aircraft Hijacking under the Hague Convention 1970 – A
  • New Regime?”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 22 (4), 1973, s. 687 – 726.
  • TAN, Alan Khee-Jin, “Recent Developments Relating to Terrorism and
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  • RAMRAJ, Michael HOR and Kent ROACH, Cambridge/New York/Melbourne
  • Cambridge University Press, 2005, s. 225 – 247.
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  • Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft: A Missed Opportunity or A
  • Sufficient Modernization”, Indiana Law Review, Vol. 49(3), 2016, s. 713 – 743.
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  • Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 9(1), 1970, s. 1 – 22.
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  • of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation and the Protocol
  • Supplementary to the for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft”
  • International Legal Materials, Vol. 50, 2011, s. 141 – 159.
  • ULUSLARARASI ANTLAŞMALAR
  • Canada – Federal Republic of Germany – France – Italy – Japan – United
  • Kingdom – United States: Joint Statement on International Terrorism, 17 July
  • 17 I.L.M. 1285.
  • Convention on Cybercrime, 23/11/2001, 2296 UNTS 167, No. 40916.
  • Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection
  • March 1991, 2122 UNTS 359, No. 36984.
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally
  • Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, 14 December 1973, 1035
  • U.N.T.S. 167, No. 15410.
  • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23/09/1971, 974 UNTS 177, No. 14118.
  • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 16/12/1970, 860 UNTS 105, No. 12325.
  • Convention on Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 14/09/1963, 704 UNTS 219, No. 10106.
  • Convention on International Civil Aviation, 7/12/1944, 15 UNTS 295, No. 102. International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 17 December 1979, 1316 UNTS 205, No. 21931.
  • Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, 24 February 1988, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474, No. 14118.
  • ULUSLARARASI DİĞER DÖKÜMANLAR
  • ICAO, Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Security – Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference), Eighth Edition, International Standards and Reccomended Practices, ICAO Publishing, 2006.
  • ICAO General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 39-19[Addressing Cybersecurity in Civil Aviation], A39-19 (2016).
  • ICAO General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 38-15[Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies related to aviation security], A38-15 (2015).
  • ICAO General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 16-37[Unlawful Seizure of Aricraft], A16-37 (1968).
  • IATA, Resolution on the Threat of Terrorism to the Airline Industry, 72nd IATA Annual General Meeting, 2 June 2016.
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 57/239 [Creation of a global culture of cybersecurity], 31 January 2003, A/RES/57/239 (2003).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 56/121 [Combating the criminal misuse of information technologies], 23 January 2002, A/RES/56/121 (2002).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 55/63 [Combating the criminal misuse of information technologies], 22 January 2001, A/RES/55/63 (2001).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 56/1 [Condemnation of terrorist attacks in the United States], 18 September 2001, A/RES/56/1 (2001).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 45/121 [Eighth United
  • Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders]
  • December 1990, A/RES/45/121 (1990).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 40/61 [Measures to
  • prevent international terrorism which endangers or takes innocent human
  • lives or jeopardizes fundamental freedoms and study of the underlying causes
  • of those forms of terrorism and acts of violence which lie in misery, frustration
  • grievance and despair and which cause some people to sacrifice human lives
  • including their own, in an attempt to effect radical changes], 9 December
  • A/RES/40/61 (1985).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 34/146 [International
  • Convention against the Taking of Hostages], 17 December 1979, A/RES/34/146 (1979).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 32/8 [Safety of
  • International Civil Aviation], 3 November 1977, A/RES/32/8 (1977).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 2309 [Threats to international
  • peace and security caused by terrorist acts: Aviation security], 22 September
  • S/RES/2309 (2016).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1566 [Threats to international
  • peace and security caused by terrorist acts], 8 October 2004, S/RES/1566 (2004).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1540 [Non-proliferation of
  • weapons of mass destruction], 28 April 2004, S/RES/1540 (2004).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1373 [Threats to international
  • peace and security caused by terrorist acts], 28 September 2001, S/RES/1373 (2001).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1269 [Responsibility of the
  • Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security], 19
  • October 1999, S/RES/1269 (1999).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 883 [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]
  • November 1993, S/RES/883 (1993).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 748 [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]
  • March 1992, S/RES/748 (1992).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 731 [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]
  • January 1992, S/RES/731 (1992).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 332[Situation in the Middle
  • East], 21 April 1973, S/RES/332 (1973). MAHKEME KARARLARI
  • Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan), Judgement, 19 August 1972, 1972 ICJ Rep.
  • Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, 27 February 1998, 1998 ICJ Rep.
  • Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, 27 February 1998, 1998 ICJ Rep. İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
  • CREAMER, Stephen, “Cyber Security, Safety and Resilience”, Presentation in the Cyber Security Workshop, 25th AVSEC World, 25 – 27 October 2016, cybersecurity.pdf.
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  • ICAO, “Aviation Unites on Cyber Threat”, News Release, http://www.icao.int/ Newsroom/NewsDoc2014/COM.46.14.EN.pdf.
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  • IFALPA, “Cyber Threats: Who Controls your Aircraft”,14POS03, 5 June 2013, http://www.ifalpa.org/store/14POS03%20-%20Cyber%20threats.pdf.
  • Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 10 September 2010, Depository: International Civil Aviation Organization, DCAS Doc. No. 22, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/en/2010_ protocol_convention_unlawful_seizure_aircraft.html
  • htt p : / / w w w. re u te rs . co m /a r t i c l e / u s - p o l a n d - l o t- c y b e rc r i m e - idUSKBN0P21DC20150622.

SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 32, 151 - 196, 01.10.2017

Öz

Hava araçlarına ve hava alanlarına yönelik gerçekleştirilen uluslararası hukuka aykırı eylemler uluslararası sivil havacılığın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu tarz eylemler uçuşu ve hava alanını tehdit etmenin yanı sıra kişilerin canlarını ve malvarlıklarını tehlikeye düşürmektedir. Özellikle 1960’lı yılların başından itibaren bu tarz eylemlere karşı daha yoğun bir mücadele gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte konuyla ilgili hayata geçirilen çok taraflı uluslararası antlaşmalar ile devletlerin çabalarının, istenilen düzeyde bir sonuç alınmasını sağlayamadığı görülmektedir. Sivil havacılıkta söz konusu uluslararası hukuka aykırı eylemler belirli saldırı tiplerini oluşturmaktadır. Siber saldırılar ise,uluslararası hukuk kuralları çerçevesinde kapsamının belirlenmemiş olması itibariyle sivil havacılığa yönelik büyük bir sorunu meydana getirmektedir. Siber saldırılar hem konuya ilişkin çok taraflı uluslararası saldırılarla örtüşen yönleri bulunan hem de bağımsız özellikler taşıyan yeni bir saldırı tipini ifade etmektedir. Dolayısıyla sivil havacılığa yönelik gerçekleştirilen siber saldırıların kapsamının, bu saldırılara uygulanacak hukukun ve bu saldırılara karşılık yetkili ve sorumlu devlet ya da devletlerin belirlenmesi ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmıştır. Güncel uluslararası hukuk kurallarının bu konuda yetersiz kalması, siber saldırıları da kapsayacak şekilde sivil havacılığa karşı gerçekleştirilen saldırılara yönelik çok taraflı yeni bir uluslararası antlaşmanın ve buna bağlı yeni bir uluslararası örgütlenmenin hayata geçirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • KİTAPLAR VE MAKALELER
  • ABDURRASYID, H. Priyatna, “Growth and Development of Air and Space Law”, Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 8 (1), 2010, s. 59 – 81.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “Cyber Terrorism and Aviaiton: A Constructive Look at the Work of ICAO”, Air and Space Law, Vol. 41(1), 2016, s. 25 – 39.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “Cyber Terrorism and Aviation – National and International Responses”, Journal of Transportation Security, Vol. 4(4), 2011, s. 337 – 349.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “The Beijing Convention of 2010 on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Avaiation – An Interpretive Study”, Journal of Transportation Security, Vol. 4(2), 2011, s. 131 – 143. (2011/a)
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “Civil Unrest and Airport and Aviation Security”, Journal of Transportation Security, Vol. 4 (4), 2011, s. 285 – 294. (2011/b)
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, Aviation Security Law, Springer/Heidelberg/ Dodrecht: Springer, 2010.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa, “The Role of Civil Aviation in Securing Peace”, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 19(2), 2002, s. 53 – 81.
  • ABEYRATNE, Ruwantissa I. R., “Terror in the Skies: Approaches to Controlling Unlawful Interference with Civil Aviation”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 11(2), 1997, s. 245 – 282.
  • AKİPEK, Ömer İlhan, Hava Sahasının Devletler Hukuku Bakımından Durumu, Ankara: Güzel Sanatlar Matbaası, 1959.
  • ARAFAH, Andy Riadhy, “Evolution of Terrorism Act Against Civil Aircraft”, Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 11(2), 2014, s. 177 – 189.
  • BİLSEL, Cemil, Milletlerarası Hava Hukuku Cilt I, İstanbul: İsmail Akgün Matbaası, 1948.
  • BOYLE, Robert P. and PULSIFER, Roy, “The Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft”, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 30(4), 1964, s. 305 – 354.
  • BUSUTTIL, James J., “The Bonn Declaration on International Terrorism: A Non-Binding International Agreement on Aircraft Hijacking”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 31, 1982, s. 474 – 487.
  • CHENG, Bin, “Aviation, Criminal Jurisdiction and Terrorism: The Hague
  • Extradition/Prosecution Formula and Attacks at Airports”, in Contemporary
  • Problems of International Law: Essays in Honour of Georg Schwarzenberger
  • on his Eightieth Birthday, Eds. Bin CHENG and E. D. BROWN, London: Stephen
  • and Sons Limited, 1988, s. 25 – 52.
  • CHENG, Bin, The Law of International Air Transport, London/New York
  • Stevens & Sons Limited, 1962.
  • DE LEON, Pablo Mendes, “The Role of International Law in Safeguarding
  • Aviation Security”, World Bulletin: Bulletin of the International Studies of
  • Philippines, Vol. 14 (1-2), 1998, s. 81 – 92.
  • DEMPSEY, Paul Stephen, Public International Air Law, Montreal: McGill
  • University Publish, 2008.
  • DEMPSEY, Paul Stephen, “Compliance and Enforcement in International Law
  • Achieving Global Uniformity in Aviation Safety”, North Carolina Journal of
  • International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol. 30(1), 2004, s. 1 – 73.
  • DEMPSEY, Paul Stephen, “Aviation Security: The Role of Law in the War
  • Against Terrorism”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 41, 2003, s. 649 – 733.
  • DICKERSON, Thomas A., “A Post September 11th Perspective on Airline and
  • Aİrport Security, Ethnic Profiling, Unruly Passengers, Overzealous Attendants
  • and Disabled Passengers”, International Travel Law Journal, 2003(3), s. 148 – 156.
  • DIEDERIKS-VERSCHOOR, I. H. Ph., An Introduction to Air Law, Revised by
  • Pablo DE LEON, Ninth Revised Edition, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law
  • International, 2012.
  • EVANS, Alona, “Aircraft Hijacking: Its Cause and Cure”, American Journal of
  • International Law, Vol. 63(4), 1969, s. 695 – 710.
  • FIORITA, Dionigi M., “Aviation Security: International Response”, Albany Law
  • Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3, 1993, s. 267 – 313.
  • FITZGERALD, Gerald F., “Aviation Terrorism and the International Civil
  • Aviation Organization”, The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 25, 1987, s. 219 – 241.
  • GONG, Xiangqian, “The New Development of International Law on Civil
  • Avaition Security: The Beijing Convention and Beijing Protocol of 2010”
  • Journal of East Asia and International Law, Vol. 4(1), 2011, s. 232 – 234.
  • GÖKNİL, Mazhar Nedim, Hava Hukuku, İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası, 1951.
  • GRANT, John P., “Beyond the Montreal Convention”, Case Western Reserve of International Law, Vol. 36 (2&3), 2004, s. 453 – 472.
  • GÜNEL, Reşat Volkan, Uluslararası Havacılık Hukuku (International Aviation Law), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2010.
  • GÜNEYSU, Gökhan, “Uluslararası Sivil Havacılığa İlişkin Hukuka Aykırı Eylemlerin Bastırılması Hakkındaki 2010 Pekin Sözleşmesi”, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Kazancı Hakemli Hukuk Dergisi, Sayı 83-84, 2011, s. 7 – 20.
  • HIRANO, Ryuichi, “Convention on Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft”, Japanese Annual of International Law, Vol. 8, 1964, s. 44 – 59.
  • HUDSON, Manley O., “Aviation and International Law”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, 1930, s. 228 – 240.
  • IASIELLO, Emilio, “Getting Ahead of the Threat: Aviation and Cyber Security”, Aerospace America, July August 2013, s. 22 – 25.
  • JENSEN, Eric Talbot , “Cyber Dterrence”, Emory International Law Review, Vol. 26, 2012, s. 773 – 824.
  • JEYAKODI, Deepika, “Cyber Security in Civil Aviation”, The Aviation and Space Journal, Vol. 14 (4), 2015, s. 2 – 9.
  • KAISER, Stefan A. and MEJIA-KAISER, Martha, “Cyber Security in Air and Space Law”, German Journal of Air and Space Law (Zeitschrift für Luft und Weltraumrecht), Vol. 64(2), 2015, s. 396 – 412.
  • KANG, Jerry , “Cyber-Race”, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 113 (5), 2000, s. 1130 – 1208.
  • KEYSER, Mike, “The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime”, Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, Vol. 12 (2), 2003, s. 287 – 326.
  • KÖNİ, Hasan S., Uçaklara Karşı Girişilen Eylemlerin Uluslararası Hukukta Doğurduğu Sorunlar, Ankara: İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Yayınları, 1977.
  • KROSS, Michael, Scene of the Cybercrime, Second edition, Syngress Publishing, 2008.
  • LIM, Bernard, “Emerging Threats from Cyber Security in Avaition – Challanges and Mitigations”, Journal of Aviation Management, 2014, s. 81 – 91.
  • MACKENZIE, David, ICAO: A History of the International Civil Aviation Organization, Toronto/Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
  • MANKIEWICZ, R. H., “The 1970 Hague Convention”, Journal of Air Law and
  • Commerce, Vol. 37(2), 1971, s. 195 – 210.
  • MILDE, Michael, International Air Law and ICAO, Utrecht/Portland: Eleven
  • International Publishing, 2008.
  • MILDE, Michael, “The Chicago Convention – After Forty Years”, Annals of Air
  • and Space Law, Vol. 9, 1984, s. 119 – 131.
  • ÖKTEM, A. Emre, Terörizm, İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, İkinci basım
  • İstanbul: Derin Yayınları, 2011.
  • SHUBBER, Sami, “Aircraft Hijacking under the Hague Convention 1970 – A
  • New Regime?”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 22 (4), 1973, s. 687 – 726.
  • TAN, Alan Khee-Jin, “Recent Developments Relating to Terrorism and
  • Aviation Security”, in Global Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy, Eds. Victor V.
  • RAMRAJ, Michael HOR and Kent ROACH, Cambridge/New York/Melbourne
  • Cambridge University Press, 2005, s. 225 – 247.
  • URBAN, Jennifer A., “Protocol to Ammend the Convention on Offences and
  • Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft: A Missed Opportunity or A
  • Sufficient Modernization”, Indiana Law Review, Vol. 49(3), 2016, s. 713 – 743.
  • VAN PANHUYS, Haro F., “Aircraft Hijacking and International Law”, Columbia
  • Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 9(1), 1970, s. 1 – 22.
  • WITTEN, Samuel, “Introductory Note to the Convention on the Suppression
  • of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation and the Protocol
  • Supplementary to the for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft”
  • International Legal Materials, Vol. 50, 2011, s. 141 – 159.
  • ULUSLARARASI ANTLAŞMALAR
  • Canada – Federal Republic of Germany – France – Italy – Japan – United
  • Kingdom – United States: Joint Statement on International Terrorism, 17 July
  • 17 I.L.M. 1285.
  • Convention on Cybercrime, 23/11/2001, 2296 UNTS 167, No. 40916.
  • Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection
  • March 1991, 2122 UNTS 359, No. 36984.
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally
  • Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, 14 December 1973, 1035
  • U.N.T.S. 167, No. 15410.
  • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23/09/1971, 974 UNTS 177, No. 14118.
  • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 16/12/1970, 860 UNTS 105, No. 12325.
  • Convention on Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 14/09/1963, 704 UNTS 219, No. 10106.
  • Convention on International Civil Aviation, 7/12/1944, 15 UNTS 295, No. 102. International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 17 December 1979, 1316 UNTS 205, No. 21931.
  • Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, 24 February 1988, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474, No. 14118.
  • ULUSLARARASI DİĞER DÖKÜMANLAR
  • ICAO, Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Security – Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference), Eighth Edition, International Standards and Reccomended Practices, ICAO Publishing, 2006.
  • ICAO General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 39-19[Addressing Cybersecurity in Civil Aviation], A39-19 (2016).
  • ICAO General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 38-15[Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies related to aviation security], A38-15 (2015).
  • ICAO General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 16-37[Unlawful Seizure of Aricraft], A16-37 (1968).
  • IATA, Resolution on the Threat of Terrorism to the Airline Industry, 72nd IATA Annual General Meeting, 2 June 2016.
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 57/239 [Creation of a global culture of cybersecurity], 31 January 2003, A/RES/57/239 (2003).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 56/121 [Combating the criminal misuse of information technologies], 23 January 2002, A/RES/56/121 (2002).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 55/63 [Combating the criminal misuse of information technologies], 22 January 2001, A/RES/55/63 (2001).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 56/1 [Condemnation of terrorist attacks in the United States], 18 September 2001, A/RES/56/1 (2001).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 45/121 [Eighth United
  • Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders]
  • December 1990, A/RES/45/121 (1990).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 40/61 [Measures to
  • prevent international terrorism which endangers or takes innocent human
  • lives or jeopardizes fundamental freedoms and study of the underlying causes
  • of those forms of terrorism and acts of violence which lie in misery, frustration
  • grievance and despair and which cause some people to sacrifice human lives
  • including their own, in an attempt to effect radical changes], 9 December
  • A/RES/40/61 (1985).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 34/146 [International
  • Convention against the Taking of Hostages], 17 December 1979, A/RES/34/146 (1979).
  • UN General Assembly, General Assembly Resolution 32/8 [Safety of
  • International Civil Aviation], 3 November 1977, A/RES/32/8 (1977).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 2309 [Threats to international
  • peace and security caused by terrorist acts: Aviation security], 22 September
  • S/RES/2309 (2016).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1566 [Threats to international
  • peace and security caused by terrorist acts], 8 October 2004, S/RES/1566 (2004).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1540 [Non-proliferation of
  • weapons of mass destruction], 28 April 2004, S/RES/1540 (2004).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1373 [Threats to international
  • peace and security caused by terrorist acts], 28 September 2001, S/RES/1373 (2001).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1269 [Responsibility of the
  • Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security], 19
  • October 1999, S/RES/1269 (1999).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 883 [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]
  • November 1993, S/RES/883 (1993).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 748 [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]
  • March 1992, S/RES/748 (1992).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 731 [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]
  • January 1992, S/RES/731 (1992).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 332[Situation in the Middle
  • East], 21 April 1973, S/RES/332 (1973). MAHKEME KARARLARI
  • Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan), Judgement, 19 August 1972, 1972 ICJ Rep.
  • Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, 27 February 1998, 1998 ICJ Rep.
  • Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, 27 February 1998, 1998 ICJ Rep. İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
  • CREAMER, Stephen, “Cyber Security, Safety and Resilience”, Presentation in the Cyber Security Workshop, 25th AVSEC World, 25 – 27 October 2016, cybersecurity.pdf.
  • Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation, 10 September 2010, Depository: International Civil Aviation Organization, DCAS Doc. No. 21, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/en/2010_ convention_civil_aviation.html.
  • ICAO, The Convention on International Civil Aviation – Annexes 1 to 18, http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/NationalityMarks/annexes_ booklet_en.pdf.
  • ICAO, “Aviation Unites on Cyber Threat”, News Release, http://www.icao.int/ Newsroom/NewsDoc2014/COM.46.14.EN.pdf.
  • ICAO, Strategic Objectives: Security and Facilitation – Increased Efficiency and Effectiveness in Security Measures, in Annual Report of the ICAO Council: 2014, http://www.icao.int/annual-report-2014/Pages/progress- on-icaos-strategic-objectives-security-and-facilitation-increased-efficiency- security-measures.aspx.
  • IFALPA, “Cyber Threats: Who Controls your Aircraft”,14POS03, 5 June 2013, http://www.ifalpa.org/store/14POS03%20-%20Cyber%20threats.pdf.
  • Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 10 September 2010, Depository: International Civil Aviation Organization, DCAS Doc. No. 22, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/en/2010_ protocol_convention_unlawful_seizure_aircraft.html
  • htt p : / / w w w. re u te rs . co m /a r t i c l e / u s - p o l a n d - l o t- c y b e rc r i m e - idUSKBN0P21DC20150622.
Toplam 155 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ali İbrahim Akkutay Bu kişi benim

International Civil Aviation Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkutay, A. İ., & Aviation, I. C. (2017). SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi(32), 151-196.
AMA Akkutay Aİ, Aviation IC. SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK. TAAD. Ekim 2017;(32):151-196.
Chicago Akkutay, Ali İbrahim, ve International Civil Aviation. “SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sy. 32 (Ekim 2017): 151-96.
EndNote Akkutay Aİ, Aviation IC (01 Ekim 2017) SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 32 151–196.
IEEE A. İ. Akkutay ve I. C. Aviation, “SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK”, TAAD, sy. 32, ss. 151–196, Ekim 2017.
ISNAD Akkutay, Ali İbrahim - Aviation, International Civil. “SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 32 (Ekim 2017), 151-196.
JAMA Akkutay Aİ, Aviation IC. SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK. TAAD. 2017;:151–196.
MLA Akkutay, Ali İbrahim ve International Civil Aviation. “SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sy. 32, 2017, ss. 151-96.
Vancouver Akkutay Aİ, Aviation IC. SİVİL HAVACILIĞA YÖNELİK GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN SİBER SALDIRILAR: UYGULANACAK ULUSLARARASI HUKUK KURALLARI, YETKİ VE SORUMLULUK. TAAD. 2017(32):151-96.