Öz
AB üyesi bir devlet olarak İngiltere çok
sayıda uluslararası anlaşmanın tarafı olarak
karşımıza çıkmaktadır. AB’nin Çalışma Usulleri
Hakkındaki Sözleşme’nin AB’den çıkmaya
ilişkin 50. maddesi AB’den çıkmanın taraf
olunan anlaşmalar üzerinde doğuracağı etkileri
düzenlememektedir. Ekseri uluslararası
hukuk anlaşması da bu tür düzenlemeler içermemektedir.
Bu nedenle Brexit’in uluslararası
anlaşmalar üzerinde doğuracağı etkilerin
genel uluslararası hukuka, özellikle Viyana
Anlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesinde kısmen
kodifiye edilen teamül hukukuna göre cevaplandırılması
gerekmektedir. Şüphesiz tüm
anlaşmalar için aynı cevapların verilmesini
mümkün kılan, genel geçerliliğe sahip kurallar
bulunmamaktadır. Bu cevapların anlaşma
taraflarına ve anlaşmanın içeriğine göre farklılık
gösterdiği görülmektedir. AB’nin özellikle
münhasır yetkileri alanında yapmış olduğu
anlaşmalardan Brexit ertesinde İngiltere bakımından
hak ve yükümlülük doğması mümkün
değildir. Buna karşılık AB’nin ve üye devletlerin
birlikte taraf olduğu karma anlaşmaların
prensip olarak İngiltere bakımından bağlayıcılığı
prensip olarak devam edecektir. Makalede
Brexit’in bir taraftan İngiltere’nin, diğer
taraftan AB’nin uluslararası hukuk anlaşmalarından
doğan hakları ve yükümlülükleri üzerindeki
etkileri incelenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
AB’nin münhasır yetkileri AB’nin paylaşılmış yetkileri Karma Anlaşmalar clausula rebus sic stantibus anlaşmaların sona ermesi
Kaynakça
- Allan Rosas, Mixed Union–Mixed Agreements, bknz.: Matti Koskenniemi (ed.), Internationale Law Aspects of the European Union, 1998, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
- Andrés Delgado Casteleiro, EU Declarations of Competence to Multilateral Agreements: A Useful Reference Base?, European Foreign Affairs Review, Volume 17(2012), Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn
- Andreas Gunst, Brexit: What Should Energy Companies Do Know?, DLA Piper, 24.6.2016; bknz.: <www.dlapiper.com> Diarmuid Torney, What Will Brexit Mean for Climate Change?, bknz.: <http:// www.rte.ie>
- Guillaume van der Loo/Steven Blockmans, The Impact of Brexit on the EU’s International Agreements, CEPS Commentaries, bknz.: www.ceps.eu
- Hubert Isak, Nach dem Brexit:Weitere Differenzierung der Union nach innen und nach außen?, bknz.: Lorenzmeier/H.P.Folz (Hrsg.), Recht und Realität, FS für C.Vedder, 2017, 172,193
- Ingolf Pernice, Völkerrechtliche Verträge internationaler Organisationen, ZaöRV 48 (1988), 229,231 vd.
- Juliane Kokott, sog. “Pastis-Formel”, Schlussanträge zu EuGH, Rs. C-13/07 (Kommission v. Rat), ECLI:EU:C:2009:190, Rn.121
- Katrin Fernekess/Solveiga Palevćienė/Manu Thadikkaran, The Future of the United Kingdom in Europa – Exit Scenarios and Their Papers, 2013,
- The Graduate Institute, Centre for Trade and Economic Integration, Genève 54 vd.
- Kirsten Schmalenbach, Art.216 AEUV Internationale Übereinkünfte, bknz.: C.Calliess/M.Ruffert (Hrsg.), EuV/AEUV, Rn.5, 5.Aufl. 2016, München,Wien
- Knut Ipsen, Völkerrecht, 7.Aufl. 2018, §18, Rn.21 Lorand Bartels, The UK’s Status in the WTO after Brexit, bknz.: Robert Schütze/Stephen Tierney (Hrsg.)
- Maike Schäfer, Die Rechtsstellung des Vereinigten Königreichs in der WTO nach dem Brexit, bknz.: Christian Tietje/Gerhard Kraft/Christian Kumpan (Hrsg.), Beiträge zum Transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht, Heft 147, Nov.2017, 10 vd.
- Markus W.Gehring, Brexit and EU-UK Trade Relations with Third States, EU Law Analysis, 6.3.2016
- Markus W.Gehring, ‘Trade Relations will Remain Unchanged’ Post-Brexit, claims Lord Lawson-Hardly, University of Cambridge; bknz.: http:// blogs.lse.ac.uk
- Maurits Dolmans, Problems of Mixed Agreements: Division of Power within the EEC and the Right of Third States, 1985, Asser Institute, The Hague, 25,39 vd.
- Matthias Goldmann, VölkerrechtlicheVereinbarungen und direkte Demokratie, ZaöRV 78(2018)
- Monika Polzin, Der verrechtlichte Ausnahmezustand Art. 15 EMRK und die Rolle des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte, ZaöRV 78(2018), CH&Beck Verlag, München
- Niele Behrends/Philipp Kubucki/Hannes Rathke, Das Gutachten des EuGH zum EU-Freihandelsabkommen mit Singapur; bknz. https://www. bundestag.de, 9vd.
- Paolo R.Vergano/Tobias Dolle, The Trade Law Consequences of Brexit, European Journal of Risk Regulation,Vol. 7, Issue 4(2016), Cambridge University Press, p.795-800).
- Philipp Allot, Adherance and Withdrawal from Mixed Agreements, bknz.: David O’Keeffe/Henry G. Schermers (ed.), MixedAgreements, 1983, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Boston
- Rafael Leal-Arcas, The European Community and Mixed Agreements, European Foreign Affairs Review 6 (2001)
- Ramses A.Wessel,Consequences of Brexit for InternationalAgreements Concluded by the EU and its Member States, CMLRev. 55(2018), 101, 114 vd.
- Ramses A.Wessel, You Can Check Out Any Time You Like, but Can You Really Leave?, International Organisations Law Review 13(2016), issue 2
- Robert G.Volterra, Brexit Negotiations Series: “The Impact of Brexit on the UK’s Trade with Non-EU Member States under the EU’s Mixed Free Trade Agreements”,17.05.2017,bknz.: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk
- Rudolf Geiger/Daniel-Erasmus Khan/Markus Kotzur, EUV/AEUV, 6.Aufl. 2017, München, Art.216, AEUV, Rn.15
- Stefan Lorenzmeier, “multilaterale Verträge mit bilateraler Erfüllungsstruktur”; bknz.: E.Grabitz/M.Hilf/M.Nettesheim (Hrsg.), Das Recht der Europäischen Union, 2018, Art.216AEuV, Rn.15
- Silja Vöneky/Britta Beylage-Haarmann, bknz.: E.Grabitz/M.Nettesheim (hrsg.),Das Recht der Europaeischen Union, 2018, Art.216 AEUV, Rn.37
- Thomas Oppermann/Claus Dieter Classen/Martin Nettesheim, Europarecht, §38,Rn.8, 7.Aufl.2016, C.H.Beck, München
- Thomas Voland, Sailing Uncharted Waters-For How long? On Transtional Post-Brexit Trade Arrangements; bknz.: https://verfassungsblog.de
- Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, Treaties, Fundamental Change of Circumstances, bknz.: MPEP II, 2006
Öz
The United Kingdom is the party to several
international treaties as a EU member.
The Article 50 of the Treaty on the Functioning
of the European Union about the
withdrawal from EU membership does not
regulate the effects of the withdrawal on international
treaties. The greater part of international
treaties does not involve such effects
too. It is necessary to answer the effects of
Brexit on international treaties pursuant to
general international law, especially customary
law codified partly in the Vienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties. Undoubtedly,
there are no rules about such effects in international
law for all treaties. Such effects may
differ from each other in terms of parties and
the content of treaties. It is impossible that the
treaties the EU concluded especially within
its exclusive competence may impose rights
and responsibilities for the United Kingdom
after the Brexit. On the other hand, the mixed
treaties to which the EU and member states
are parties together will continue to bind the
United Kingdom. In the article, the effects of
Brexit on the rights and responsibilities of the
United Kingdom and the EU deriving from
international treaties will be assessed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
EU’s exclusive competences EU’s shared competences Mixed Treaties clausula rebus sic stantibus termination of treaties.
Kaynakça
- Allan Rosas, Mixed Union–Mixed Agreements, bknz.: Matti Koskenniemi (ed.), Internationale Law Aspects of the European Union, 1998, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
- Andrés Delgado Casteleiro, EU Declarations of Competence to Multilateral Agreements: A Useful Reference Base?, European Foreign Affairs Review, Volume 17(2012), Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn
- Andreas Gunst, Brexit: What Should Energy Companies Do Know?, DLA Piper, 24.6.2016; bknz.: <www.dlapiper.com> Diarmuid Torney, What Will Brexit Mean for Climate Change?, bknz.: <http:// www.rte.ie>
- Guillaume van der Loo/Steven Blockmans, The Impact of Brexit on the EU’s International Agreements, CEPS Commentaries, bknz.: www.ceps.eu
- Hubert Isak, Nach dem Brexit:Weitere Differenzierung der Union nach innen und nach außen?, bknz.: Lorenzmeier/H.P.Folz (Hrsg.), Recht und Realität, FS für C.Vedder, 2017, 172,193
- Ingolf Pernice, Völkerrechtliche Verträge internationaler Organisationen, ZaöRV 48 (1988), 229,231 vd.
- Juliane Kokott, sog. “Pastis-Formel”, Schlussanträge zu EuGH, Rs. C-13/07 (Kommission v. Rat), ECLI:EU:C:2009:190, Rn.121
- Katrin Fernekess/Solveiga Palevćienė/Manu Thadikkaran, The Future of the United Kingdom in Europa – Exit Scenarios and Their Papers, 2013,
- The Graduate Institute, Centre for Trade and Economic Integration, Genève 54 vd.
- Kirsten Schmalenbach, Art.216 AEUV Internationale Übereinkünfte, bknz.: C.Calliess/M.Ruffert (Hrsg.), EuV/AEUV, Rn.5, 5.Aufl. 2016, München,Wien
- Knut Ipsen, Völkerrecht, 7.Aufl. 2018, §18, Rn.21 Lorand Bartels, The UK’s Status in the WTO after Brexit, bknz.: Robert Schütze/Stephen Tierney (Hrsg.)
- Maike Schäfer, Die Rechtsstellung des Vereinigten Königreichs in der WTO nach dem Brexit, bknz.: Christian Tietje/Gerhard Kraft/Christian Kumpan (Hrsg.), Beiträge zum Transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht, Heft 147, Nov.2017, 10 vd.
- Markus W.Gehring, Brexit and EU-UK Trade Relations with Third States, EU Law Analysis, 6.3.2016
- Markus W.Gehring, ‘Trade Relations will Remain Unchanged’ Post-Brexit, claims Lord Lawson-Hardly, University of Cambridge; bknz.: http:// blogs.lse.ac.uk
- Maurits Dolmans, Problems of Mixed Agreements: Division of Power within the EEC and the Right of Third States, 1985, Asser Institute, The Hague, 25,39 vd.
- Matthias Goldmann, VölkerrechtlicheVereinbarungen und direkte Demokratie, ZaöRV 78(2018)
- Monika Polzin, Der verrechtlichte Ausnahmezustand Art. 15 EMRK und die Rolle des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte, ZaöRV 78(2018), CH&Beck Verlag, München
- Niele Behrends/Philipp Kubucki/Hannes Rathke, Das Gutachten des EuGH zum EU-Freihandelsabkommen mit Singapur; bknz. https://www. bundestag.de, 9vd.
- Paolo R.Vergano/Tobias Dolle, The Trade Law Consequences of Brexit, European Journal of Risk Regulation,Vol. 7, Issue 4(2016), Cambridge University Press, p.795-800).
- Philipp Allot, Adherance and Withdrawal from Mixed Agreements, bknz.: David O’Keeffe/Henry G. Schermers (ed.), MixedAgreements, 1983, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Boston
- Rafael Leal-Arcas, The European Community and Mixed Agreements, European Foreign Affairs Review 6 (2001)
- Ramses A.Wessel,Consequences of Brexit for InternationalAgreements Concluded by the EU and its Member States, CMLRev. 55(2018), 101, 114 vd.
- Ramses A.Wessel, You Can Check Out Any Time You Like, but Can You Really Leave?, International Organisations Law Review 13(2016), issue 2
- Robert G.Volterra, Brexit Negotiations Series: “The Impact of Brexit on the UK’s Trade with Non-EU Member States under the EU’s Mixed Free Trade Agreements”,17.05.2017,bknz.: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk
- Rudolf Geiger/Daniel-Erasmus Khan/Markus Kotzur, EUV/AEUV, 6.Aufl. 2017, München, Art.216, AEUV, Rn.15
- Stefan Lorenzmeier, “multilaterale Verträge mit bilateraler Erfüllungsstruktur”; bknz.: E.Grabitz/M.Hilf/M.Nettesheim (Hrsg.), Das Recht der Europäischen Union, 2018, Art.216AEuV, Rn.15
- Silja Vöneky/Britta Beylage-Haarmann, bknz.: E.Grabitz/M.Nettesheim (hrsg.),Das Recht der Europaeischen Union, 2018, Art.216 AEUV, Rn.37
- Thomas Oppermann/Claus Dieter Classen/Martin Nettesheim, Europarecht, §38,Rn.8, 7.Aufl.2016, C.H.Beck, München
- Thomas Voland, Sailing Uncharted Waters-For How long? On Transtional Post-Brexit Trade Arrangements; bknz.: https://verfassungsblog.de
- Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, Treaties, Fundamental Change of Circumstances, bknz.: MPEP II, 2006
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 6 Temmuz 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Sayı: 47 |
Kaynak Göster
- Makale Dosyaları