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Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy

Yıl 2024, , 49 - 60, 28.06.2024

Sefa Özbek , Bahar Özbek

https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1472242

Öz

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between agricultural output and environmental degradation, climate change, agricultural employment and economic growth in the Turkish economy for the period 1990-2020.
Methodology: Direct and interactive effects of variables are investigated with the help of two different models. As an empirical method, the ARDL bounds test proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) is utilized. After the existence of a long-run relationship, the long and short-run results are reported separately for the two models.
Findings: Empirical findings show the existence of cointegration relationship between the relevant variables. Long-run findings show that increases in temperature increase agricultural output, while increases in CO2 emissions, economic growth and agricultural employment decrease agricultural output. In the short run, only economic growth has a negative effect on agricultural output.
Originality: In the long run, the interactive effect of climate change and environmental degradation on agricultural output is found to be higher and more negative than the direct effects. This result reveals the importance of addressing climate change and environmental degradation together.
Key words: Agriculture, Climate Change, Environmental Degradation, Time Series Analysis, Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Agriculture Climate Change Environmental Degradation Time Series Analysis Türkiye.

Kaynakça

  • Adedoyin, F. F., Bein, M. A., Gyamfi, B. A., and Bekun, F. V. (2021), Does agricultural development induce environmental pollution in E7? A myth or reality”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, pp.41869-41880.
  • Agboola, M. O., and Bekun, F. V. (2019), “Does agricultural value added induce environmental degradation? Empirical evidence from an agrarian country”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(27), pp.27660-27676.
  • Akan, T., Hepsağ, A., and Bozoklu, Ş. (2022), “Explaining US economic growth performance by macroeconomic governance, 1952–2018” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 32(5), pp.1437-1465.
  • Akcan, A. T., Kurt, Ü. ve Kılıç, C. (2022), “Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkileri: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı”, Trends in Business and Economics, 36(1), ss.125-131.
  • Ali S, Ying L, Shah T, Tariq A, Chandio A. A., and Ali I. (2019), “Growth, land under cereal crops and agriculture”, Ernergies 12(4590), pp.1-18.
  • Ali, E. B., Gyamfi, B. A., Bekun, F. V., Ozturk, I., and Nketiah, P. (2023), “An empirical assessment of the tripartite nexus between environmental pollution, economic growth, and agricultural production in Sub-Saharan African countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(27), pp.71007-71024.
  • Aluwani, T. (2023), “Agricultural economic growth, renewable energy supply and CO2 emissions nexus”, Economies, 11(3), 85.
  • Anwar, A., Sarwar, S., Amin, W., and Arshed, N. (2019), “Agricultural practices and quality of environment: evidence for global perspective”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, pp.15617-15630.
  • Apata, T. G. (2010), “Effects of global climate change on Nigerian agriculture: An empirical analysis”, CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 2(1), pp.31-50.
  • Bal, O. (2019), “Enflasyon ve stagflasyon olgularına yönelik çözüm politikaları ve Türkiye örneği”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), pp.472-489.
  • Bas, T., Kara, F., and Alola, A. A. (2021), “The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(44), pp.62677-62689.
  • Bashir, A., and Susetyo, D. (2018), “The relationship between economic growth, human capital, and agriculture sector: Empirical evidence from Indonesia”, International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), 6(4), pp.35-52.
  • Başoğlu, A. ve Telatar, O. M. (2013), “İklim değişikliği’nin etkileri: Tarım sektörü üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama”, KTÜ-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6, ss.7-25.
  • Bayar, F. (2008), “Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye”, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 32(4), ss.25-34.
  • Bayer, C., and Hanck, C. (2013), “Eşbütünleşme olmayan testlerin birleştirilmesi”, Zaman Serisi Analizi Dergisi, 34(1), ss.83-95.
  • Bilenko, Y. (2022), “Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries”, Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 8(4), pp.5-32.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. and Evans, J. M. (1975), “Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, pp.149-92.
  • Can, C. M., and Chan, A. (2020), “Rethinking the rise of China and its implications on international order”, Chinese Journal of International Review, 2(01), 2050005.
  • Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1979), “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Journal of The American Statistical Association, 74, pp.427-431.
  • Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1981), “Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Econometrica, 49(4), pp.1057-1072.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. and Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels”, Economic modelling, 29(4), pp.1450-1460.
  • Edeme, R. K., Nkalu, N. C., Idenyi, J. C., and Arazu, W. O. (2020), “Infrastructural development, sustainable agricultural output and employment in ECOWAS countries”, Sustainable Futures, 2, 100010.
  • Efeoğlu, R. (2023), “Azgelişmiş Ülkelerde İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(29), ss.427-446.
  • Engle, R. F., and Granger, C. W. J. (1987), “Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), pp.251-276.
  • FAO, 2024. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data, Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2024.
  • Gardner, B. L. (2000), “Economic growth and low incomes in agriculture”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82(5), pp.1059-1074.
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., and Taspinar, N. (2018), “Testing the agriculture-induced EKC hypothesis: the case of Pakistan”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, pp.22829-22841.
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., and Kaakeh, M. (2019), “Agriculture-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve: the case of China”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, pp.37137-37151.
  • Hayaloğlu, P. (2019), “İklim değişikliğinin tarım sektörü ve ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(25), ss.51-62.
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  • Johansen, S. (1991), “Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models”, Econometrica 59, pp.1551-1580.
  • Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990), “Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration-withapplications to the demand for money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, pp.169-210.
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İklim Değişikliği Çevresel Bozulma ile Tarımsal Hasıla Bağlantısını Güçlendiriyor mu? Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Ampirik Kanıtlar

Yıl 2024, , 49 - 60, 28.06.2024

Sefa Özbek , Bahar Özbek

https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1472242

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinde 1990-2020 döneminde tarımsal hasıla ile çevresel bozulma, iklim değişikliği, tarımsal istihdam ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi araştırılmaktadır.
Metodoloji: Değişkenlerin doğrudan ve etkilşimli etkileri iki farklı model yardımıyla araştırılmıştır. Ampirik yöntem olarak Pesaran vd. (2001) tarafından önerilen ARDL Sınır Testindne yararlanılmıştır. Uzun dönem ilişkinin varlığı sonrası uzun ve kısa dönem sonuçları iki model için ayrı ayrı rapolanmıştır.
Bulgular: Ampirik bulgular ilgili değişkenke arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığını göstermiştir. Uzun dönem bulguları sıcaklık artışlarının tarımsal hasılayı artırdığını; CO2 emisyonu, iktisadi büyüme ve tarımsal istihdam artışlarının ise tarımsal hasılayı azalttığı sonucunu ortaya koymuştur. Kısa dönemde ise sadece ekonomik büyümenin tarımsal hasıla üzerindeki etkisinin negatif olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Özgünlük: Uzun dönemde iklim değişikliği ve çevresel bozulmanın tarımsal hasıla üzerindeki etkileşimli etkisinin, doğrudan etkilere göre daha yüksek derecede ve olumsuz yönde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, iklim değişikliğinin ve çevresel bozulma sorununun birlikte ele alınmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Tarım, İklim Değişikliği, Çevresel Bozulma, Zaman Serisi Analizi, Türkiye

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarım İklim Değişikliği Çevresel Bozulma Zaman Serisi Analizi Türkiye

Teşekkür

Başta dergi editörü ve editör kurulu olmak üzere "Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi" çalışanlarına teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Adedoyin, F. F., Bein, M. A., Gyamfi, B. A., and Bekun, F. V. (2021), Does agricultural development induce environmental pollution in E7? A myth or reality”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, pp.41869-41880.
  • Agboola, M. O., and Bekun, F. V. (2019), “Does agricultural value added induce environmental degradation? Empirical evidence from an agrarian country”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(27), pp.27660-27676.
  • Akan, T., Hepsağ, A., and Bozoklu, Ş. (2022), “Explaining US economic growth performance by macroeconomic governance, 1952–2018” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 32(5), pp.1437-1465.
  • Akcan, A. T., Kurt, Ü. ve Kılıç, C. (2022), “Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkileri: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı”, Trends in Business and Economics, 36(1), ss.125-131.
  • Ali S, Ying L, Shah T, Tariq A, Chandio A. A., and Ali I. (2019), “Growth, land under cereal crops and agriculture”, Ernergies 12(4590), pp.1-18.
  • Ali, E. B., Gyamfi, B. A., Bekun, F. V., Ozturk, I., and Nketiah, P. (2023), “An empirical assessment of the tripartite nexus between environmental pollution, economic growth, and agricultural production in Sub-Saharan African countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(27), pp.71007-71024.
  • Aluwani, T. (2023), “Agricultural economic growth, renewable energy supply and CO2 emissions nexus”, Economies, 11(3), 85.
  • Anwar, A., Sarwar, S., Amin, W., and Arshed, N. (2019), “Agricultural practices and quality of environment: evidence for global perspective”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, pp.15617-15630.
  • Apata, T. G. (2010), “Effects of global climate change on Nigerian agriculture: An empirical analysis”, CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 2(1), pp.31-50.
  • Bal, O. (2019), “Enflasyon ve stagflasyon olgularına yönelik çözüm politikaları ve Türkiye örneği”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), pp.472-489.
  • Bas, T., Kara, F., and Alola, A. A. (2021), “The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(44), pp.62677-62689.
  • Bashir, A., and Susetyo, D. (2018), “The relationship between economic growth, human capital, and agriculture sector: Empirical evidence from Indonesia”, International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), 6(4), pp.35-52.
  • Başoğlu, A. ve Telatar, O. M. (2013), “İklim değişikliği’nin etkileri: Tarım sektörü üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama”, KTÜ-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6, ss.7-25.
  • Bayar, F. (2008), “Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye”, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 32(4), ss.25-34.
  • Bayer, C., and Hanck, C. (2013), “Eşbütünleşme olmayan testlerin birleştirilmesi”, Zaman Serisi Analizi Dergisi, 34(1), ss.83-95.
  • Bilenko, Y. (2022), “Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries”, Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 8(4), pp.5-32.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. and Evans, J. M. (1975), “Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, pp.149-92.
  • Can, C. M., and Chan, A. (2020), “Rethinking the rise of China and its implications on international order”, Chinese Journal of International Review, 2(01), 2050005.
  • Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1979), “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Journal of The American Statistical Association, 74, pp.427-431.
  • Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1981), “Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Econometrica, 49(4), pp.1057-1072.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. and Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels”, Economic modelling, 29(4), pp.1450-1460.
  • Edeme, R. K., Nkalu, N. C., Idenyi, J. C., and Arazu, W. O. (2020), “Infrastructural development, sustainable agricultural output and employment in ECOWAS countries”, Sustainable Futures, 2, 100010.
  • Efeoğlu, R. (2023), “Azgelişmiş Ülkelerde İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(29), ss.427-446.
  • Engle, R. F., and Granger, C. W. J. (1987), “Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), pp.251-276.
  • FAO, 2024. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data, Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2024.
  • Gardner, B. L. (2000), “Economic growth and low incomes in agriculture”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82(5), pp.1059-1074.
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., and Taspinar, N. (2018), “Testing the agriculture-induced EKC hypothesis: the case of Pakistan”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, pp.22829-22841.
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., and Kaakeh, M. (2019), “Agriculture-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve: the case of China”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, pp.37137-37151.
  • Hayaloğlu, P. (2019), “İklim değişikliğinin tarım sektörü ve ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(25), ss.51-62.
  • Heyl, K., Döring, T., Garske, B., Stubenrauch, J., and Ekardt, F. (2021), “The common agricultural policy beyond 2020: A critical review in light of global environmental goals”, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 30(1), pp. 95-106.
  • Huffman, W. E., and Orazem, P. F. (2007), “Agriculture and human capital in economic growth: Farmers, schooling and nutrition”, Handbook of agricultural economics, 3, pp.2281-2341.
  • Johansen, S. (1988), “Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, pp.231-54.
  • Johansen, S. (1991), “Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models”, Econometrica 59, pp.1551-1580.
  • Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990), “Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration-withapplications to the demand for money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, pp.169-210.
  • Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1992), “Testing structural hypotheses in a multivariate cointegration analysis of the PPP and the UIP for UK”, Journal of Econometrics, 53, pp.211-244.
  • Kamruzzaman, M. D., and Action, C. (2019), Climate change and healthcare in the BIMSTEC countries: potential for cooperation, ORF Issue Brief No. 300, July 2019, Observer Research Foundation.
  • Kazgan, G., (1988), Ekonomide dışa açık büyüme, Bilimsel Sorunlar Dizisi, Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Khalid, A. A., Mahmood, F., and Rukh, G. (2016), “Impact of climate changes on economic and agricultural value added share in GDP”, Asian Management Research Journal, 1(1), pp.35-48.
  • Li, X., and Fu, H. (2022), “Migrant remittance, agricultural producer services, and environmental pollution”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 29(5), pp.1267-1282.
  • Ma, B., Karimi, M. S., “Mohammed, K. S., Shahzadi, I., and Dai, J. (2024), Nexus between climate change, agricultural output, fertilizer use, agriculture soil emissions: Novel implications in the context of environmental management”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 141801.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen, K. J., and Powell, D. (2023), “The effect of population aging on economic growth, the labor force, and productivity”, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 15(2), pp.306-332.
  • Mahrous, W. (2019), “Climate change and food security in EAC region: a panel data analysis”, Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(4), pp.270-284.
  • Masud, M. M., Rahman, M. S., Al-Amin, A. Q., Kari, F., and Filho, W. L. (2012), Impact of climate change: An empirical investigation of Malaysian rice production, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19(4), pp.431-444.
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1992), The economics of money,banking,and financial markets (3 b.), (b. Kaplan, Dü.) New York, Abd: Harper collins.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005), “The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests”, Applied Economics, 37(17), pp.1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K. and Smyth, R. (2006), “What determines migration flows from low‐income to high‐income countries? An empirical investigation of Fiji–Us migration 1972–2001”, Contemporary economic policy, 24(2), pp.332-342.
  • Oğul, B. (2023), “İklim değişikliği tarım sektörünü nasıl etkiliyor? Türkiye Ekonomisi üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama”, Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 28(2), ss.151-162.
  • Olgun, H., and Togan, S. U. (1991), “Trade liberalization and the structure of protection in Turkey in the 1980s: A quantitative analysis”, Review of World Economics, 127(1), pp.152-170.
  • Oyakhilomen, O., and Zibah, R. G. (2014), “Agricultural production and economic growth in Nigeria: Implication for rural poverty alleviation”, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 53(3), pp.207-223.
  • Pakdemirli, B. (2020), “Impacts of CO2 emissions on agriculture: empirical evidence from Turkey”, Derim, 37(1), ss.33-43.
  • Patel, R., and Mohapatra, D. R. (2024), “Effect of FDI inflows on the export performance of India”, Economic & Political Weekly, 59(2), 13.
  • Pattnayak, K. C., Kar, S. C., Dalal, M., and Pattnayak, R. K. (2017), Projections of annual rainfall and surface temperature from CMIP5 models over the BIMSTEC countries, Global and Planetary Change, 152, pp.152-166.
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Pesaran, B. (1997), Working with microfit 4.0: Interactive econometric analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. J. (2001), “Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), pp.289-326.
  • Raihan, A., and Tuspekova, A. (2022), “Nexus between economic growth, energy use, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions: new evidence from Nepal”, Energy Nexus, 7, 100113.
  • Raihan, A., Muhtasim, D. A., Farhana, S., Hasan, M. A. U., Pavel, M. I., Faruk, O., ... and Mahmood, A. (2022), “Nexus between economic growth, energy use, urbanization, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Bangladesh”, Energy Nexus, 8, 100144.
  • Regan, P. M., Kim, H., and Maiden, E. (2019), “Climate change, adaptation, and agricultural output”, Regional Environmental Change, 19, pp.113-123.
  • Sharma, G. D., Shah, M. I., Shahzad, U., Jain, M., and Chopra, R. (2021), “Exploring the nexus between agriculture and greenhouse gas emissions in BIMSTEC region: The role of renewable energy and human capital as moderators”, Journal of Environmental Management, 297, 113316.
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  • Skendžić, S., Zovko, M., Živković, I. P., Lešić, V., and Lemić, D. (2021), “The impact of climate change on agricultural insect pests”, Insects, 12(5), 440.
  • T. C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM) (2024), https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2024.
  • T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (2024), https://www.mgm.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2024.
  • T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (2024), https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/5368/Tarim-Ve-Orman-Bakanligi-Bunyesinde-Arz-Guvenligi-Daire-Baskanligi-Kuruldu Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2024.
  • Tıraşcı, S. ve Erdoğan, Ü. (2021), “Küresel Isınmanın Tarıma Etkisi”, Journal of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Sciences, 2(1), pp.16-33.
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  • TÜİK (2024), https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2024.
  • Wang, L., Vo, X. V., Shahbaz, M., and Ak, A. (2020), “Globalization and carbon emissions: is there any role of agriculture value-added, financial development, and natural resource rent in the aftermath of COP21?”, Journal of Environmental Management, 268, 110712.
  • Wen, J., Mughal, N., Zhao, J., Shabbir, M. S., Niedbała, G., Jain, V., and Anwar, A. (2021), “Does globalization matter for environmental degradation? Nexus among energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emission”, Energy Policy, 153, 112230.
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Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tarım Ekonomisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştıma
Yazarlar

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Bahar Özbek 0000-0002-4335-9086

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, S., & Özbek, B. (2024). Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 30(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1472242
AMA Özbek S, Özbek B. Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy. TED - TJAE. Haziran 2024;30(1):49-60. doi:10.24181/tarekoder.1472242
Chicago Özbek, Sefa, ve Bahar Özbek. “Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link Between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 30, sy. 1 (Haziran 2024): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1472242.
EndNote Özbek S, Özbek B (01 Haziran 2024) Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 30 1 49–60.
IEEE S. Özbek ve B. Özbek, “Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy”, TED - TJAE, c. 30, sy. 1, ss. 49–60, 2024, doi: 10.24181/tarekoder.1472242.
ISNAD Özbek, Sefa - Özbek, Bahar. “Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link Between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 30/1 (Haziran 2024), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1472242.
JAMA Özbek S, Özbek B. Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy. TED - TJAE. 2024;30:49–60.
MLA Özbek, Sefa ve Bahar Özbek. “Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link Between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, c. 30, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 49-60, doi:10.24181/tarekoder.1472242.
Vancouver Özbek S, Özbek B. Does Climate Change Strengthen the Link between Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Output? Empirical Evidence on the Turkish Economy. TED - TJAE. 2024;30(1):49-60.

              

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