Katılımdan refaha: Endonezyalı gıda üreticisi çiftçiler arasında kooperatif üyeliğinin refah etkileri

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, kooperatif üyeliğinin Endonezyalı gıda üreticisi çiftçilerin öznel iyi oluşu üzerindeki nedensel etkisini, mutluluk ve yaşam doyumu gibi öz bildirimli göstergelerle ölçerek incelemektedir. Tasarım/Metodoloji /Yaklaşım: Çalışma, Endonezya Aile Yaşam Araştırması’nın (IFLS-5) beşinci dalgasından elde edilen panel verileri kullanmaktadır. 13 ili kapsayan çalışmaya, 792’si kooperatif üyesi ve 2.683’ü üye olmayan toplam 3.475 gıda üreticisi hane dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımın sosyoekonomik belirleyicilerini analiz etmek için probit regresyon modeli kullanılmış, ardından Koşullu Olasılık Eşleştirmesi (PSM) ve Ters Olasılık Ağırlıklı Regresyon Ayarlaması (IPWRA) yöntemleriyle öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki etkiler tahmin edilmiştir. Bulgular: Probit sonuçları, cep telefonu kullanımı, cinsiyet, ürün kaybı yaşanması ve yerleşim yeri gibi değişkenlerin kooperatif üyeliği üzerinde anlamlı etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. PSM ve IPWRA tahminlerine göre, kooperatif üyeliği mutluluğu %42–45 ve yaşam doyumunu %25–29 oranında artırmaktadır. Bu bulgular, kooperatiflerin yalnızca ekonomik istikrar sağlamakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda gelir öngörülebilirliği, geleceğe yönelik bakış açısı ve sosyal dâhil olma gibi psikososyal boyutlarda da çiftçi refahına katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Sosyal Çıkarımlar: Çalışma, kooperatiflerin yalnızca ekonomik hizmetler sunan değil, aynı zamanda eğitim, dijital erişim, toplumsal cinsiyete duyarlı katılım, psiko-sosyal destek ve risk paylaşımını da sağlayan kapsayıcı kurumlar olarak yeniden konumlandırılmasını önermektedir. Bu sayede çiftçilerin mutluluğu, yaşam memnuniyeti ve genel refahı güçlendirilebilir. Özgünlük/Değer: Bu çalışma, kooperatiflerin etkilerini değerlendirmek için öznel iyi oluş göstergelerini entegre ederek, psikososyal ve ekonomik refah alanlarında ulusal düzeyde kanıt sunan özgün bir yaklaşım ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mutluluk
• yaşam doyumu
• psikososyal boyutlar
• öznel iyi oluş

From participation to well-being: The welfare effects of cooperative membership among food farmers in Indonesia

Öz

Purpose: This study examines the causal impact of cooperative membership on the subjective well-being of food crop farmers in Indonesia, measured through self-reported indicators of Happiness and Life Satisfaction. Design/Methodology/Approach: Utilizing panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS-5), the study covers 13 provinces and includes 3,475 food-farming households, comprising 792 cooperative members and 2,683 non-members. A probit regression model is employed to identify socioeconomic determinants of cooperative participation, followed by Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA) to estimate the treatment effects on well-being outcomes. Findings: The probit results reveal that mobile phone usage, gender, experience of crop failure, and residential location significantly affect the likelihood of joining a cooperative. Both PSM and IPWRA estimates indicate that cooperative membership leads to a statistically significant increase in Happiness (by 42–45%) and Life Satisfaction (by 25–29%). These findings highlight that cooperatives contribute not only to economic stability but also to psychosocial dimensions of farmer well-being, including income predictability, future orientation, and social inclusion. Social Implications: The study recommends repositioning cooperatives as inclusive institutions that not only provide economic services but also foster training, digital access, gender-sensitive participation, psychosocial support, and risk-sharing, thereby enhancing farmers’ happiness, life satisfaction, and overall welfare. Originality/Value: This study uniquely integrates subjective well-being indicators to assess cooperative impacts, offering national-scale evidence for psychosocial and economic welfare improvements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Happiness
• life satisfaction
• psychosocial dimensions
• subjective well-being

Kaynakça

1. Achmad, B., Sanudin, B., Siarudin, M., Widiyanto, A., Diniyati, D., Sudomo, A., Hani, A., Fauziyah, E., Suhaendah, E., Widyaningsih, T. S., Handayani, W., Maharani, D., Suhartono, D., Palmolina, M., Swestiani, D., Budi Santoso Sulistiadi, H., Winara, A., Nur, Y. H., Diana, M., … Ruswandi, A. (2022). Traditional Subsistence Farming of Smallholder Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia: A Review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(8631), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148631.
2. Afodu, O. J., Akinboye, O. E., Akintunde, A. O., Ndubuisi-Ogbonna, L. C., Shobo, B. A., & Oyewumi, O. S. (2021), Assessing the Impact of Technology Adoption on Productivity of Plantain Farmers in Nigeria. Agricultural Socio-Economic Journal, 21(4), 319–324. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2020.021.4.8.
3. Ahmed, M. H., & Mesfin, H. M. (2017), The impact of agricultural cooperatives membership on the wellbeing of smallholder farmers: empirical evidence from eastern Ethiopia. Agricultural and Food Economics, 5(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-017-0075-z.
4. Amankwah, A., & Gwatidzo, T. (2024), Food security and poverty reduction effects of agricultural technologies adoption − a multinomial endogenous switching regression application in rural Zimbabwe. Food Policy, 125(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102629.
5. Amati, V., Meggiolaro, S., Rivellini, G., & Zaccarin, S. (2018), Social relations and Life Satisfaction: the role of friends. Genus, 74(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-018-0032-z
6. Araya, T., Ochsner, T. E., Mnkeni, P. N. S., Hounkpatin, K. O. L., & Amelung, W. (2024), Challenges and constraints of conservation agriculture adoption in smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa: A review. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 12(4), 828–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.03.001.
7. Austin, P. C. (2011), An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786.
8. Ayim, C., Kassahun, A., Addison, C., & Tekinerdogan, B. (2022), Adoption of ICT innovations in the agriculture sector in Africa: a review of the literature. Agriculture and Food Security, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00364-7.

9. Baiyegunhi, L. J. S., Akinbosoye, F., & Bello, L. O. (2022), Welfare impact of improved maize varieties adoption and crop diversification practices among smallholder maize farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Heliyon, 8(5), e09338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09338.
10. Bari, M. A., Khan, G. D., Khuram, M. A., Islam, M. J., & Yoshida, Y. (2024), Financial inclusion and expenditure patterns: Insights from slum households in Bangladesh. Cogent Economics and Finance, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2024.2312364.
11. Begum, M., Marium, B., & Masud, A. I. (2024), Green Cooperatives and the Empowerment of Rural Women Entrepreneurs : Insights from Sunamganj , Bangladesh. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 17(4), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2024/v17i4528.
12. BPS. (2024), Statistik Indonesia 2024. In Statistik Indonesia 2024 (Vol. 1101001). https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/29/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f/statistik-indonesia-2020.html
13. BPS. (2025), Berita Resmi Statistik 2025.
14. Carver, T., & Grimes, A. (2019), Income or Consumption: Which Better Predicts Subjective Well-Being? Review of Income and Wealth, 65(S1), S256–S280. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12414.
15. Deng, X., Lian, P., Zeng, M., Xu, D., & Qi, Y. (2021), Does farmland abandonment harm agricultural productivity in hilly and mountainous areas? evidence from China. Journal of Land Use Science, 16(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2021.1954707.
16. Donkor, E., & Hejkrlik, J. (2021), Does commitment to cooperatives affect the economic benefits of smallholder farmers? Evidence from rice cooperatives in the Western province of Zambia. Agrekon, 60(4), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2021.1957692.
17. Fauziyah, E., Awang, S. A., Suryanto, P., & Achmad, B. (2024), Inequality and Poverty of Privately Owned Forests Farmers in Rural Areas of Indonesia. Forest Science and Technology, 1(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2024.2409219.
18. Feryanto, Harianto, & Rosiana, N. (2023), What are Farmer Household Coping Strategies for Facing Crop Loss: Evidence from Indonesia. Sustainability Science and Resources, 5(3), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.55168/ssr2809-6029.2023.5003.
19. Geffersa, A. G. (2024), Agricultural cooperative membership and welfare of maize farmers in Ethiopia : Insights from panel data analysis. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 95(July), 1223–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12481.
20. Gemechu, A., Jaleta, M., Zemedu, L., & Beyene, F. (2025), Impact of seed producer cooperatives membership on technical efficiency : Evidence from tef farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 22(May), 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101997.
21. Hanani, N., Rahman, M. S., Toiba, H., Riana, F. D., Fahriyah, F., Shaleh, M. I., Firdaus, M. W., Ula, M., Retnoningsih, D., & Widyawati, W. (2024), Does The Greenhouse Adoption Improve Farmers’ Welfare? Evidence from Melon Farmers in Indonesia. Agraris, 10(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.18196/agraris.v10i2.416.
22. Ingutia, R., & Sumelius, J. (2024), Does cooperative membership facilitate access to credit for women farmers in rural Kenya? Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18(March), 101425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101425.
23. Islam, M. K., & Farjana, F. (2024), Does e-agriculture practice matter for poverty reduction among coastal farm households? Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 17(December 2023), 101212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101212.
24. Iyioku, G., Donkor, E., Mazancova, J., & Hejkrlik, J. (2024), Understanding farmers’ motivations for joining cashew marketing cooperatives in coastal Kenya: the moderating role of social capital. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2433600.
25. Jemaneh, S. A., & Shibeshi, E. M. (2023), Women empowerment in agriculture and its effect on household food security: evidence from Gamo Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 12(37), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-023-00437-1.
26. Kopiyawattage, K. P. P., Warner, L., & Roberts, T. G. (2019), Understanding Urban Food Producers’ Intention to Continue Farming in Urban Settings. Urban Agriculture and Regional Food Systems, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2134/urbanag2018.10.0004.
27. Kpadé, C. P., Bélanger, M. C., Laplante, C., Lambert, C., & Bocoum, I. (2023), Food insecurity, coping strategies, and resilience of agricultural cooperative members during COVID-19 in West Africa. Agriculture and Food Security, 12(38), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-023-00440-6.
28. Kubitza, C., Krishna, V. V., Urban, K., Alamsyah, Z., & Qaim, M. (2018), Land Property Rights, Agricultural Intensification, and Deforestation in Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 147(1), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.01.021.
29. Liang, Y., Casteel, C., Janssen, B., Wang, K., & Rohlman, D. S. (2023), Organizational Resources and Social Support Influences on Stress and Depression: A Comparison among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers. Journal of Agromedicine, 28(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2022.2134243.
30. Ma, W., & Abdulai, A. (2017), The economic impacts of agricultural cooperatives on smallholder farmers in rural China. Agribusiness, 33(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21522.
31. Ma, W., Renwick, A., Yuan, P., & Ratna, N. (2018), Agricultural cooperative membership and technical efficiency of apple farmers in China: An analysis accounting for selectivity bias. Food Policy, 81(1), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.10.009.
32. Ma, W., Zheng, H., & Yuan, P. (2021), Impacts of cooperative membership on banana yield and risk exposure: Insights from China. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12465.
33. Manda, J., Khonje, M. G., Alene, A. D., Tufa, A. H., Abdoulaye, T., Mutenje, M., Setimela, P., & Manyong, V. (2020), Does cooperative membership increase and accelerate agricultural technology adoption? Empirical evidence from Zambia. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158(January 2019), 120160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120160.
34. Markussen, T., Fibæk, M., Tarp, F., & Tuan, N. D. A. (2018), The Happy Farmer: Self-Employment and Subjective Well-Being in Rural Vietnam. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6), 1613–1636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9858-x.
35. Massresha, S. E., Lema, T. Z., Neway, M. M., & Degu, W. A. (2021), Perception and determinants of agricultural technology adoption in North Shoa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics and Finance, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1956774.
36. Mathentamo, Q., Lawana, N., & Hlafa, B. (2024), Interrelationship between subjective wellbeing and health. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19676-3.
37. Mekonnen, B. D., Vasilevski, V., Bali, A. G., & Sweet, L. (2025), Effects of pregnancy intention on completing the maternity continuum of care in Ethiopia: Inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis using propensity score. Midwifery, 146(June 2024), 104405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2025.104405.
38. Mtenga, R. P., Funga, A., & Kadigi, M. (2024), Participation in village savings and lending associations and rice profitability in Tanzania : Application of Propensity Score Matching and endogenous switching regression. Sustainable Futures, 7(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100169.
39. Mwambi, M., Bijman, J., & Galie, A. (2021), The effect of membership in producer organizations on women’s empowerment: Evidence from Kenya. Women’s Studies International Forum, 87(July), 102492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102492.
40. Ng’ombe, J. N., Kalinda, T. H., Addai, K. N., & Chibebe, C. (2025), Does dairy cooperative membership improve food and nutrition security among rural farmers? A micro-perspective from Zambia. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 96(November 2024), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12492.
41. Nguyen-Trung, K., Uekusa, S., & Matthewman, S. (2024), Locked into a permanent position of vulnerability? Farmers’ trust and social capital with the government from Critical Disaster Studies perspectives. Natural Hazards, 120(5), 4463–4483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06383-2.
42. Njoya, H. M., Cristóbal Reyes, S., Hien, K. A., Ollendorf, F., Tokou, B. A., Adou Yao, C. Y., Sieber, S., & Löhr, K. (2025), Can cooperative membership foster compliance with New European Union regulations on deforestation-free production? Evidence from cocoa farmers in Western Côte d’Ivoire. Trees, Forests and People, 20(May), 100897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100897.
43. Nowfal, S. H., Nanduri, S., Gracy Theresa, W., Keerthi Samhitha, B., Vinoth, R., Veerapandi, A., & Bommisetti, R. K. (2025), The Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Enhancing Credit Access, Market Information, and Smart Farming among Rural Farmers. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 6(1), 654–672. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i1.1536.
44. Nugroho, T. W., Hanani, N., Toiba, H., & Sujarwo, S. (2022), Promoting Subjective Well‐Being among Rural and Urban Residents in Indonesia: Does Social Capital Matter? Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2345), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042375.
45. Nwangwu, K. N., Onyenekwe, C. S., Opata, P. I., Ume, C. O., & Ume, N. N. C. (2024), Can digital technology promote market participation among smallholder farmers? International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 27(4), 706–728. https://doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2023.0065.
46. Onyango, V. A., Owuor, G., Rao, E. J., & Otieno, D. J. (2023), Impact of cooperatives on smallholder dairy farmers’ income in Kenya. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 9(2), 229125. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2291225.
47. Pan, W., & Bai, H. (2015), Propensity score interval matching: Using bootstrap confidence intervals for accommodating estimation errors of propensity scores. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 15(53), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-015-0049-3.
48. Qiu, H., Feng, M., Zhang, X., Song, Z., Luo, M., Wang, J., & Ye, F. (2024), Exploring the poverty-reduction benefits of agricultural machinery socialization services in China: Implications for the sustainable development of farmers. Heliyon, 10(12), e32636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32636.
49. Qorri, D., & Felföldi, J. (2024), Research Trends in Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives: A Bibliometric Review. Agriculture (Switzerland), 14(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14020199.
50. Rahman, M. S., Toiba, H., Nugroho, T. W., Hartono, R., Shaleh, M. I., Sugiono, S., & Saeri, M. (2023), Does internet use make farmers happier? Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2243716.
51. Rhezandy, M. T., Setiawan, B., Koestiono, D., & Asmara, R. (2023), Farmers’ Technical Efficiency and Their Adoption To New Variety of Sorghum: Evidence From East Java of Indonesia. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i4.595.
52. Rombeallo, I. P., Jamil, M. H., & Rukmana, D. (2024), Factors Affecting Farmers’ Decision to Join Coffee Producer Cooperatives to Improve Their Welfare. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 10(4), 235–263.
53. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1984), Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79(387), 516. https://doi.org/10.2307/2288398.
54. Samputra, P. L., & Antriyandarti, E. (2024), Food insecurity among female farmers in rural West Sleman, Indonesia. Agriculture and Food Security, 13(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-023-00453-1.
55. Song, W., Prishchepov, A. V., & Song, W. (2022), Mapping the spatial and temporal patterns of fallow land in mountainous regions of China. International Journal of Digital Earth, 15(1), 2148–2167. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2148765.
56. Syafrial, Toiba, H., Rahman, M. S., & Retnoningsih, D. (2021), The effects of improved cassava variety adoption on farmers’ technical efficiency in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 11(4), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.AJARD.2021.114.269.278.
57. Toiba, H., Nugroho, T. W., Retnoningsih, D., & Rahman, M. S. (2020), Food system transformation and its impact on smallholder farmers’ income and food security in Indonesia. Cogent Economics and Finance, 8(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1854412.
58. Toiba, H., Rahman, M. S., Hartono, R., & Retnoningsih, D. (2024), Improving dairy farmers’ welfare in Indonesia: Does cooperative membership matter? Wiley, 1(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12471.
59. Tselempi, S., Frantzis, M., & Sergaki, P. (2024), Assessing Economic and Social Security in Agricultural Cooperatives: Two Case Studies from Cooperatives in Northern and Southern Greece. Proceedings (MDPI), 94(24), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024094024.
60. Wang, G., & Xu, M. (2025), Effect of cooperative membership on farmers’ technology adoption based on the mediating effects of technology cognition. Heliyon, 11(2), e42130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42130.
61. Wang, J., Terabe, S., & Yaginuma, H. (2025), Covariate selection in Propensity Score Matching: A case study of how the Shinkansen has impacted population changes in Japan. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 19(August 2024), 101389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101389.
62. Wong, C. K., Wong, K. Y., & Mok, B. H. (2006), Subjective well-being, societal condition and social policy - The case study of a rich Chinese society. Social Indicators Research, 78(3), 405–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-1604-9.
63. World Bank. (2025), Poverty & Equity Brief (Indonesia).
64. Wu, L., Gao, Y., Niu, Z., Fahad, S., Chen, R. J., & Nguyen-Thi-Lan, H. (2023), A study assessing the impact of income relative deprivation and cooperative membership on rural residents’ health: A pathway towards improving the health status of rural residents. One Health, 16(January), 100494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100494.
65. Wu, L., Li, C., & Gao, Y. (2022), Regional agricultural cooperatives and subjective wellbeing of rural households in China. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 14(S2), 138–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12502.
66. Xu, Z., Qayum, M., Afzal, J., & Aslam, M. (2023), Availability and access to Livelihood capital assets for development of sustainable Livelihood strategies of fishermen: A case study of Manchar Lake Pakistan. Heliyon, 9(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22549.
67. Yang, D., Zhang, H. W., Liu, Z. min, & Zeng, Q. (2021), Do cooperatives participation and technology adoption improve farmers’ welfare in China? A joint analysis accounting for selection bias. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(6), 1716–1726. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63325-1.
68. Yu, L., Nilsson, J., Zhan, F., & Cheng, S. (2023), Social Capital in Cooperative Memberships and Farmers’ Access to Bank Credit–Evidence from Fujian, China. Agriculture (Switzerland), 13(418), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020418.
69. Zahnow, R. (2024), Social infrastructure, social cohesion and subjective wellbeing. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 7(May 2023), 100210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2024.100210.
70. Zegeye, M. B., Fikire, A. H., & Meshesha, G. B. (2022), Determinants of multiple agricultural technology adoption: evidence from rural Amhara region, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics and Finance, 10(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2058189.
71. Zegeye, M. B., Meshesha, G. B., & Shah, M. I. (2022), Measuring the poverty reduction effects of adopting agricultural technologies in rural Ethiopia: findings from an endogenous switching regression approach. Heliyon, 8(5), e09495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09495.