Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Analysis of Protestant Evangelicals' Contributions to American-Israeli Relations from a Theological, Political, and Historical Perspective

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 905 - 936, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1181376

Öz

Fundamental and conservative worldviews of the Protestant Evangelical churches, based on the early roots of Christianity, paved the way for the emergence of the Christian Zionist understanding. Protestant Evangelical and Jewish lobbies, which played a decisive role in shaping US policies towards Israel, effectively used propaganda condemning the holocaust committed against Jews by Nazi Germany in Europe during World War II in order to break the rising tendency of antisemitism in the United States. Because of these propaganda campaigns, the State of Israel was founded in the Middle East. The term "Zionism," which has its theological foundations in the texts of the holy books, has in the process evolved into a political ideology or movement. In the Bible, the term "Zion" appears 163 times (156 times in the Old Testament and 7 times in the New Testament). Activities carried out all around the globe are included under the term "Zionism" in order to support Israel for the Jews to build a state in their homeland. The Christian perspective of Zionism is the primary factor influencing Israel and the United States' close relationship. Unconditional support was given to Israel with the thought that it is a friendly ally country in the foreign policies of the US. Another reason for this support, despite the fact that national interests are pursued geopolitically and strategically, is the devotion of American Evangelicals to religious prophesies and their belief in Premillennial Dispensational theology before Christ's return. According to this theology, which is a component of Protestant Evangelicals’ outlook, God handed the promised territory to the Jews, to His chosen people. Protestant Evangelicals, who faithfully follow this belief, occupy an active role in the political life of the USA with their lobbying activities. It is important to reveal in the study how determinative the attitudes of Protestant Evangelicals are in the international relations between Turkey and the USA and even in the relations between Turkey and Israel.

Proje Numarası

2219/2

Kaynakça

  • Amstutz, M. R. (2014). Evangelicals and American Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ariel, Y. (2013). An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews. New York and London: New York University Press.
  • Broadway, B. (2004, March 27). The Evangelical-Israeli Connection. Washington Post.
  • Brown, C. G. (2016). Introduction. The Future of Evangelicalism in America (Candy Gunther Brown and Mark Silk.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Carenen, C. (2012). The Fervent Embrace: Liberal Protestants, Evangelicals, and Israel. New York, London: New York University Press.
  • Carwardine, R. J. (1997). Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
  • Clark, V. (2007). Allies for Armageddon: The Relentless Rise of Christian Zionism. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Diner, H. R. (2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Gries, P. H. (2014). The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Hagee, J. (2007). Speech at AIPAC Policy Conference March 11. Retrieved from https://powerbase.info/images/a/a9/Hagee-PC-2007.pdf
  • Hamilton, M. S. (2016). American Evangelicalism: Character, Function, and Trajectories of Change. The Future of Evangelicalism in America (Candy Gunther Brown and Mark Silk.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Heilke, T. (2003). Holocaust. Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Ed. By Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson. New York: Facts On File, Inc.
  • Hummel, D. G. (2019). Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews, and U.S.-Israeli Relations. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Ice, T. (2017). The Case for Zionism: Why Christians Should Support Israel. USA: New Leaf Press.
  • Inbari, M. (2012). Messianic Religious Zionism Confronts Israeli Territorial Compromises. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Inbari, M., Bumin, K. M., & Byrd, M. G. (2020). Why Do Evangelicals Support Israel? Politics and Religion, 1–36.
  • Jones, J. S. (2010). Being the Chosen: Exploring a Christian Fundamentalist Worldview. UK: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Lindsey, H. (1970). The Late Great Planet Earth. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.
  • Marsden, G. M. (1991). Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Miller, P. D. (2014). Evangelicals, Israel and US Foreign Policy. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 56(1), 7–26.
  • Moore-Gilbert, K. (2019). Zionism. Religion and Contemporary Politics A Global Encyclopedia. Ed. By Demy, Timothy J and Jeffrey M. Shaw. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
  • Mullen, L. (2021). Conversions to and from Judaism: Joseph Krauskopf on American Christian Missions to the Jews. New Perspectives in American Jewish History: A Documentary Tribute to Jonathan D. Sarna, ed. Mark A. Raider—Gary Phillip Zola. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zvc7j4.13
  • Mutavhatsindi, M. A. (2009). Divine Election and the Universal Offer of the Gospel. Testamentum Imperium, 2, 1–24. Retrieved from http://www.preciousheart.net/
  • NAE: National Association of Evangelicals. (2022, August 24). What is an Evangelical? Retrieved from https://www.nae.org/what-is-an-evangelical/ Olson, R. E. (2005). The SCM Press A-Z of Evangelical Theology. London: SCM Press.
  • Olson, R. E. (2016). The Emerging Divide in Evangelical Theology. The Future of Evangelicalism in America (Candy Gunther Brown and Mark Silk.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). Religious Landscape Study, 2014. Party affiliation, . Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/party-affiliation/
  • Pikkert, P. (2011). Hıristiyan Batı Efsanesi: Batı’da Din Bilim ve Felsefe Tartışmaları. Çev. Zeynep Ovalıoğlu. İstanbul: GDK.
  • Prell, R.-E. (2003). Assimilation and Jewish Ethnicity. Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions. Ed. By Gary Laderman and Luis León. California: ABC-CLIO.
  • Public Religion Research Institute. (2020). The American Religious Landscape in 2020. Retrieved from https://www.prri.org/research/2020-census-of-american-religion/
  • Rabin, S. (2021). In The Strictest Jewish Orthodox Stile: A Contract between Isaac Wolf and Congregation Etz Hayim, Pittsburgh 1864. New Perspectives in American Jewish History: A Documentary Tribute to Jonathan D. Sarna, ed. Mark A. Raider—Gary Phillip Zola. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zvc7j4.13
  • Rhett, M. A. (2016). The Global History of the Balfour Declaration: Declared Nation. New York and London: Routledge.
  • Rubin, N. (2012). The Relationship Between American Evangelical Christians and the State of Israel. Israel and the United States: Six decades of US-Israeli relations, ed. Robert O. Freedman. USA: Westview Press.
  • Sarna, J. D. (2004). American Judaism: A History. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Schnabel, E. (2011). 40 Questions About The End Times. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregal Publications.
  • Slann, M. W. (2003). Zionism. Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Ed. By Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson. New York: Facts On File, Inc.
  • Sokolow, N. (1919). History of Zionism 1660—1918 (Vol. 1). London: Longmans, Green And Co.
  • Spector, S. (2009). Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stockton, R. R. (1987). Christian Zionism: Prophecy and Public Opinion. Middle East Journal, 41(2), 234–253.
  • Sturm, T., & Dittmer, J. (2010). Introduction: Mapping the End Times. Mapping the End Times: American Evangelical Geopolitics and Apocalyptic Visions. Ed by Jason Dittmer and Tristan Sturm. England, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Topcan, Ö. (2018). Pentekostal Hareket ve Afrika’daki Misyon Faaliyetleri. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi.
  • Treloar, G. R. (2013). The British Contribution to the Fundamentals. Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism in the United Kingdom during the Twentieth Century ed. By David Bebbington and David Ceri Jones. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  • Velde, D. te. (2013). The Doctrine of God in Reformed Orthodoxy, Karl Barth, and the Utrecht School. Leiden • Boston: Brill.

Protestan Evanjeliklerin Amerika-İsrail İlişkilerindeki Rolü Üzerine Teolojik, Politik ve Tarihsel Değerlendirme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 905 - 936, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1181376

Öz

Hıristiyanlığın ilk dönem köklerini ve doğrudan kutsal kitap metinlerini esas alan Protestan Evanjelik kiliselerinin köktenci ve muhafazakâr dünya görüşleri, Hıristiyan Siyonizm anlayışının ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. ABD’nin İsrail’e yönelik politikalarında belirleyici bir rol oynayan Hıristiyan Protestan Evanjelik lobiler ve Yahudi lobileri 19. yüzyılın sonları 20. yüzyılın başlarında ABD’de yükselişe geçen antisemitizm akımının kırılması için Nazi Almanya’sının 2. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Avrupa’da Yahudilere uyguladığı soykırımları lanetleyen propagandaları etkili bir şekilde kullanmışlardır. Yapılan bu propagandalar Ortadoğu coğrafyasında İsrail Devleti’nin kuruluşuna dayanak sağlamıştır. Teolojik kökleri kutsal kitap metinlerine dayanan “Siyonizm” ifadesi süreç içerisinde siyasi bir ideoloji/hareket haline gelmiştir. "Siyon" kelimesi, Kutsap Kitap’ta 163 kez (Eski Ahit'te 156 ve Yeni Ahit'te 7 kez) kullanılmıştır. Yahudilerin anavatanları olan İsrail topraklarında devlet kurması ve gelişip ilerlemesi amacıyla İsrail’e destek toplamak için dünya genelinde yürütülen faaliyetler “Siyonizm” şemsiyesi altında toplanmaktadır. İsrail ile ABD arasındaki güçlü bağın en önemli nedeni de “Hıristiyan Siyonizm” anlayışıdır. ABD’nin dış politikalarında dost müttefik bir ülke olduğu düşüncesiyle İsrail’e koşulsuz şekilde verilen desteklerde, her ne kadar jeopolitik ve stratejik anlamda ulusal çıkarlar gözetiliyor olsa da, Mesih’in dönüşünden önceki “binyıl öncesi gündem” (Premillenial Dispensational) teolojisine inanan Amerikan Evanjeliklerin dini kehanetlere olan bağlılıkları bu desteklerin altında yatan diğer bir etkendir. Hıristiyan Protestan Evanjelizmin gelecek görüşünün bir parçası olan “Premillenial Dispensational” teolojisinde “Tanrı'nın vaat edilen toprakları Yahudilere, O’nun seçilmiş halkına verdiği” inancı bulunmaktadır. Bu inancı sadakatle takip eden Hıristiyan Protestan Evanjelikler, gerçekleştirdikleri lobi faaliyetleriyle ABD’nin politik yaşamında aktif ve belirleyici bir konum işgal etmektedirler. Türkiye ve ABD arasındaki uluslararası ilişkilerde hatta Türkiye-İsrail ilişkilerinde Protestan Evanjeliklerin tutumlarının ne denli belirleyici olduğu hususunun çalışmada ortaya koyulmasının önem arz ettiği değerlendirilmektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK (Bu araştırma, 2219/2 Yurtdışı Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Burs Programı kapsamında TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenmiştir.)

Proje Numarası

2219/2

Kaynakça

  • Amstutz, M. R. (2014). Evangelicals and American Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ariel, Y. (2013). An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews. New York and London: New York University Press.
  • Broadway, B. (2004, March 27). The Evangelical-Israeli Connection. Washington Post.
  • Brown, C. G. (2016). Introduction. The Future of Evangelicalism in America (Candy Gunther Brown and Mark Silk.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Carenen, C. (2012). The Fervent Embrace: Liberal Protestants, Evangelicals, and Israel. New York, London: New York University Press.
  • Carwardine, R. J. (1997). Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
  • Clark, V. (2007). Allies for Armageddon: The Relentless Rise of Christian Zionism. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Diner, H. R. (2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Gries, P. H. (2014). The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Hagee, J. (2007). Speech at AIPAC Policy Conference March 11. Retrieved from https://powerbase.info/images/a/a9/Hagee-PC-2007.pdf
  • Hamilton, M. S. (2016). American Evangelicalism: Character, Function, and Trajectories of Change. The Future of Evangelicalism in America (Candy Gunther Brown and Mark Silk.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Heilke, T. (2003). Holocaust. Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Ed. By Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson. New York: Facts On File, Inc.
  • Hummel, D. G. (2019). Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews, and U.S.-Israeli Relations. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Ice, T. (2017). The Case for Zionism: Why Christians Should Support Israel. USA: New Leaf Press.
  • Inbari, M. (2012). Messianic Religious Zionism Confronts Israeli Territorial Compromises. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Inbari, M., Bumin, K. M., & Byrd, M. G. (2020). Why Do Evangelicals Support Israel? Politics and Religion, 1–36.
  • Jones, J. S. (2010). Being the Chosen: Exploring a Christian Fundamentalist Worldview. UK: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Lindsey, H. (1970). The Late Great Planet Earth. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.
  • Marsden, G. M. (1991). Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Miller, P. D. (2014). Evangelicals, Israel and US Foreign Policy. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 56(1), 7–26.
  • Moore-Gilbert, K. (2019). Zionism. Religion and Contemporary Politics A Global Encyclopedia. Ed. By Demy, Timothy J and Jeffrey M. Shaw. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
  • Mullen, L. (2021). Conversions to and from Judaism: Joseph Krauskopf on American Christian Missions to the Jews. New Perspectives in American Jewish History: A Documentary Tribute to Jonathan D. Sarna, ed. Mark A. Raider—Gary Phillip Zola. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zvc7j4.13
  • Mutavhatsindi, M. A. (2009). Divine Election and the Universal Offer of the Gospel. Testamentum Imperium, 2, 1–24. Retrieved from http://www.preciousheart.net/
  • NAE: National Association of Evangelicals. (2022, August 24). What is an Evangelical? Retrieved from https://www.nae.org/what-is-an-evangelical/ Olson, R. E. (2005). The SCM Press A-Z of Evangelical Theology. London: SCM Press.
  • Olson, R. E. (2016). The Emerging Divide in Evangelical Theology. The Future of Evangelicalism in America (Candy Gunther Brown and Mark Silk.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). Religious Landscape Study, 2014. Party affiliation, . Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/party-affiliation/
  • Pikkert, P. (2011). Hıristiyan Batı Efsanesi: Batı’da Din Bilim ve Felsefe Tartışmaları. Çev. Zeynep Ovalıoğlu. İstanbul: GDK.
  • Prell, R.-E. (2003). Assimilation and Jewish Ethnicity. Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions. Ed. By Gary Laderman and Luis León. California: ABC-CLIO.
  • Public Religion Research Institute. (2020). The American Religious Landscape in 2020. Retrieved from https://www.prri.org/research/2020-census-of-american-religion/
  • Rabin, S. (2021). In The Strictest Jewish Orthodox Stile: A Contract between Isaac Wolf and Congregation Etz Hayim, Pittsburgh 1864. New Perspectives in American Jewish History: A Documentary Tribute to Jonathan D. Sarna, ed. Mark A. Raider—Gary Phillip Zola. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zvc7j4.13
  • Rhett, M. A. (2016). The Global History of the Balfour Declaration: Declared Nation. New York and London: Routledge.
  • Rubin, N. (2012). The Relationship Between American Evangelical Christians and the State of Israel. Israel and the United States: Six decades of US-Israeli relations, ed. Robert O. Freedman. USA: Westview Press.
  • Sarna, J. D. (2004). American Judaism: A History. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Schnabel, E. (2011). 40 Questions About The End Times. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregal Publications.
  • Slann, M. W. (2003). Zionism. Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Ed. By Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson. New York: Facts On File, Inc.
  • Sokolow, N. (1919). History of Zionism 1660—1918 (Vol. 1). London: Longmans, Green And Co.
  • Spector, S. (2009). Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stockton, R. R. (1987). Christian Zionism: Prophecy and Public Opinion. Middle East Journal, 41(2), 234–253.
  • Sturm, T., & Dittmer, J. (2010). Introduction: Mapping the End Times. Mapping the End Times: American Evangelical Geopolitics and Apocalyptic Visions. Ed by Jason Dittmer and Tristan Sturm. England, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Topcan, Ö. (2018). Pentekostal Hareket ve Afrika’daki Misyon Faaliyetleri. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi.
  • Treloar, G. R. (2013). The British Contribution to the Fundamentals. Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism in the United Kingdom during the Twentieth Century ed. By David Bebbington and David Ceri Jones. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  • Velde, D. te. (2013). The Doctrine of God in Reformed Orthodoxy, Karl Barth, and the Utrecht School. Leiden • Boston: Brill.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Topcan 0000-0001-6575-4864

Proje Numarası 2219/2
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Topcan, Ö. (2022). Protestan Evanjeliklerin Amerika-İsrail İlişkilerindeki Rolü Üzerine Teolojik, Politik ve Tarihsel Değerlendirme. Turkish Academic Research Review, 7(4), 905-936. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1181376

Turkish Academic Research Review 
Creative Commons Lisansı Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.