Classification and distribution of soils formed under mediterranean ecosystem conditions: The case study; Kemalpaşa Basin

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 104 - 117, 16.12.2024

Yunus Barış Odabaşi Gafur Gözükara , Bahar Yalçın , Orhan Dengiz

https://doi.org/10.33409/tbbbd.1493513

Öz

The present study aims to map, classify, and determine the properties of soils in the Kemalpaşa sub-basin of the Gediz Basin. The study area is located within the boundaries of İzmir and Manisa provinces, covering an area of approximately 673.5 km². In the basin dominated by the Mediterranean climate, the soil temperature regime is identified as thermic, and the soil moisture regime as xeric according to the Newhall simulation model. In this study, a total of 50 soil profiles were described and soil samples were taken based on horizons using a 1:25.000 scale topographic map, satellite images, geological maps, and field observations. The data obtained from the physical, chemical, and fertility analyses of the soil samples were evaluated using Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) systems and the soils were classified. According to ST, 13 subgroups were identified in the basin, while according to the WRB system, 7 reference soil groups were determined. Mapping studies revealed that Entisols cover 79.3% of the basin, Alfisols 11.3% and Vertisols, with only about 0.2%, occupy the smallest area. This detailed digital soil map and soil properties information obtained provide a significant resource for the sustainable management of soil resources and land use planning in the basin.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kemalpaşa Basin, soil survey and mapping, soil classification

Akdeniz ekosistem koşulları altında oluşmuş toprakların sınıflaması ve dağılımlarının belirlenmesi: Kemalpaşa Havzası örneği

Öz

Bu çalışma, Gediz Havzası’nın Kemalpaşa Alt Havzası’ndaki toprakların haritalanması, sınıflandırılması ve özelliklerinin belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma alanı, İzmir ve Manisa illeri sınırları içerisinde yer almakta olup, yaklaşık 673.5 km²'lik bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Akdeniz ikliminin hakim olduğu havzada, Newhall simülasyon modeline göre toprak sıcaklık rejimi thermic ve toprak nem rejimi ise xeric olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, 1:25.000 ölçekli topografik harita, uydu görüntüleri, jeolojik haritalar ve arazi gözlemleri kullanılarak 50 adet toprak profili tanımlanmış ve horizon esasına göre toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Toprak örnekleri üzerinde yapılan fiziksel, kimyasal ve verimlilik analizleri sonucunda elde edilen veriler, Toprak Taksonomisi ve Dünya Referans Sistemi (WRB) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş ve topraklar sınıflandırılmıştır. Toprak Taksonomisine göre havzada 13 alt grup, WRB sistemine göre ise 7 referans toprak grubu belirlenmiştir. Haritalama çalışmaları sonucunda, havzanın %79.3'ünde Entisol, %11.3'ünde Alfisol iken toplam alanın yaklaşık %0.2'si ile de en az alan ise Vertisol'ler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu detaylı sayısal toprak haritası ve toprak özellikleri bilgisi, havzanın toprak kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir yönetimi ve arazi kullanım planlamaları için önemli bir kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kemalpaşa Havzası, toprak etüt ve haritalama, toprak sınıflandırması

Kaynakça

• Baker JR, 1987. The vegetation index and the study of vegetation dynamics. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 8(11), 1603-1614.
• Blake GR, Hartge KH, 1986. Bulk density. In Methods of soil analysis: Part 1—physical and mineralogical methods (2nd ed., pp. 363-375). American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America.
• Bouyoucos GJ, 1951. A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 43(9): 434-438.
• Brevik,EC., Calzolari C, Miller BA, Pereira P, Kabala C, Baumgarten A, Jordan A, 2016. Soil mapping, classification, and pedologic modelling: History and future directions. Geoderma, 264: 256-274.
• Coşkun, A , Dengiz O, 2016. Samsun terme havzası bazı temel fizyografik karakteristikleri belirlenmesi ve tarımsal taşkın alanlarının toprak haritalanması. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 1-13.
• Daily GC, 1997. Nature's services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press.
• Dent D, Young A, 1981. Soil survey and land evaluation. Allen & Unwin.
• ENVI. 2013. ENVI 5.0v. Exelis Visual Information Solutions.
• ESRI. 2011. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.2.2. Environmental Systems Research Institute.
• IUSS Working Group WRB. (2022). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2022. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome.
• Kılıç, S, 2015. Kappa testi. Journal of mood disorders, 5(3), 142-144
• Jackson ML, 1958. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall.
• Lal R, 2015. Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(5): 5875-5895.
• Lillesand T, Kiefer RW, Chipman J, 2008. Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley & Sons.
• Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA). 2024. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). İllere Ait Mevsim Normalleri (1991-2020). https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=IZMIR
• Montgomery DR, 2007. Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33): 13268-13272.
• Oosterbaan RJ, 1994. Agricultural Drainage: Principles and Applications. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI).
• Richards LA, 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
• Rhoades JD, 1982. Cation exchange capacity. In Methods of soil analysis: Part 2—Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 149-157). American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America.
• Soil Survey Laboratory Staff. (1992). Soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.
• Taxonomy, S (2014). Keys to soil taxonomy. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. WCED, S. W. S. (1987). World commission on environment and development. Our common future, 17(1), 1-91.
• Van Wambeke, A. R. (2000). The Newhall Simulation Model for estimating soil moisture and temperature regimes. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.