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Coğrafyada kalkınma araştırmalarının kısa tarihi

Yıl 2019, , 85 - 91, 29.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.488220

Öz

Yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik; sosyal, ekonomik, etnik veya herhangi bir sebeple günümüzdeki kadar şiddetli olmasa da hep var olmuş, bilimsel literatürde de önemli bir araştırma konusu olarak yer bulmuştur. Buna karşın hem sosyal hem de ekonomik politikada, genellikle yoksul alanlardan ziyade yoksul insanlara odaklanılmıştır. Başka bir ifade ile kalkınmanın ayrılmaz parçası olan mekân göz ardı edilmiştir. Günümüzde ise kalkınma araştırmalarında mekânı ön plana çıkaran bakış açıları önem kazanmıştır. Bu süreçte coğrafyacılar tarafından yapılan kalkınma konulu araştırmaların sayısı artmaktadır “Coğrafyada Kalkınma Araştırmalarının Kısa Tarihi” isimli bu çalışma, “Kalkınma konusunda coğrafi yaklaşımla yapılan araştırmalar ve temel araştırma konuları nelerdir, bu araştırmaların başlangıç tarihlerini ne zamana kadar götürmek mümkündür?” sorularına yanıt aramaktadır. İlgili soruların cevaplanmasına yönelik kalkınma kavramının sorunsallaştırılması da gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle kalkınma coğrafyası çalışmalarına geçmeden önce kalkınma literatürü, ana eksenler etrafında irdelenmiş ve kavramın günümüzdeki kullanımı açıklanmıştır. Coğrafya alanında yapılmış kalkınma araştırmaları ise 1940’lı yıllardan günümüze kadar ele alınmıştır. Bu inceleme tarihsel okuma perspektifinden “ne ve ne zaman” soruları üzerine temellendirilmiştir. İlgili yayın dizinin incelenmesi sonucu coğrafya biliminde, kalkınma araştırmalarının gelişiminde dört farklı dönem ayırt edilmiştir. Birincisi 1960’lı yıllara kadar hakim olmuş bölgesel coğrafya araştırmalarından oluşmaktadır. İkinci dönem 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren nicel devrimin etkisi altında gelişmiş, mekansal modellemeler ile karakterize edilen dönemdir. Üçüncü dönem 1970’li yıllardan itibaren Marksist anlayışın coğrafi düşünceye olan etkisi ile eleştirel araştırmaların ortaya çıkmaya başladığı dönemdir. Dördüncüsü ise 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren gelişmeye başlayan post yapısal yaklaşımlar sonucu ortaya çıkan ilişkisel çalışmalar ile karaterize edilebilecek dönemdir.

Kaynakça

  • Berry, B. J. L. (1961) City Size Distribution and Development. Economic Development and Cultural Change 9: 673–87.
  • Brown, L. (1991) Place, Migration and Development in the Third World. An Alternate View. London: Routledge.
  • Caner, G., Bölen, F. (2013) Implications of Socio-Spatial Segregation in Urban Theories, Planlama, 23(3), 153-161.
  • Carney, J. (1992) Peasant Women and Economic Transformation in The Gambia. Development and Change 23(2): 67–90.
  • Crush, J. (1995) The Power of Development. London: Routledge.
  • Elwood, S., Lawson, V., Sheppard, E. (2017). Geographical Relational Poverty Studies. Progress in Human Geography, 41(6), 745-765.
  • Freidmann, J. (1966) Regional Development Policy: The Case of Venezuela. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gaile, G. (1980) The Spread Backwash Concept. Regional Studies 14: 15–25.
  • Giddens, A., & Pierson, C. (1998). Conversations With Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford University Press.
  • Ginsberg, N. (1961) Atlas of Economic Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Gore, C. (1984) Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy. London: Methuen.
  • Hackenberg, R. A. (1980) New Patterns of Urbanization in Southeast Asia: An Assessment. Population and Development Review 6(3): 391–419.
  • Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Jalan, J., Ravallion, M. (1997) ‘Spatial Poverty Traps?’ Policy Research Working Paper 1798. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Kaygalak, İ. (2011) “Postmodern Eleştirilerin Coğrafi Düşünce ve Yeni Mekân Kavrayışları Üzerine Yansımaları” Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi. 9(1):1-10
  • Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483-499.
  • Laclau, E. (1979) Feudalism and capitalism in Latin America, in P. Klaren and T. Bosset (eds), Promise of Development: Theories of Change in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 166–93.
  • Lawson, V. (2014). Making Development Geography. Routledge.
  • Lawson, V. (1995) Beyond the Firm: Restructuring Gender Divisions of Labor in Garment Industry Under Austerity. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13(4): 415–44.
  • Lipton, M. (1977) Why Poor People Stay Poor. Urban Bias in World Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • MacKinnon, D., Cumbers, A. (2007). An Introduction to Economic Geography: Globalization, Uneven Development and Place. Pearson Education.
  • Myrdal, G. (1957) Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions. London: Duckworth.
  • Özgen, N. (2010) “Bilim Olarak Coğrafya ve Evrensel Paradigmaları”, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 19(2) 1-25. Pacione, M. (2003). Quality-of-life Research in Urban Geography. Urban Geography, 24(4), 314-339.
  • Peet, R., Hartwick, E. (2009). Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives. Guilford Publications.
  • Peet, R. (1979) Societal Contradictions and Marxist Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 69(1): 164–9.
  • Potter, R., Conway, D., Evans, R., Lloyd-Evans, S. (2012). Key Concepts in Development Geography. Sage Publications.
  • Marcus, P. (2003). Rethinking Development Geographies, Londres et New York : Routledge.
  • Richardson, H. W., Richardson, M. (1975) The Relevance of Growth Center Strategies to Latin America. Economic Geography 51: 163–178.
  • Rivkin, M. D. (1976) Land Use and the Intermediate Size City in Developing Countries with Case Studies of Turkey, Brazil and Malaysia. New York: Praeger.
  • Rondinelli, D. (1983) Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Rondinelli, D. Ruddle, K. (1978) Urbanization and Rural Development: A Spatial Policy for Equitable Growth. New York: Praeger.
  • Sen, A. (1987). The Standard of Living, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Sim, S. (1998) The Icon Critical Dictionary of Postmodern Thought. Cambridge: Icon Books.
  • Smith, N. (2008). Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. University of Georgia Press.
  • Watts, M. (1983) Silent Violence. Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wolpe, H. (1980) The Articulation of Modes of Production: Essays from Economy and Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Yavan, N. (2005) “Bilim Felsefesi Bakımından Coğrafyada Pozitivist Yaklaşım” Ulusal Coğrafya Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı s. 405- 411. İstanbul

A brief history of development studies in geography

Yıl 2019, , 85 - 91, 29.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.488220

Öz

Poverty and inequality; social, economic, ethnic or any other reason, although not as severe as today, has always existed, and has been found as an important research topic in the scientific literature. However, in both social and economic policy, the focus was on poor people, rather than on poor areas. In other words, the place which is an integral part of development has been ignored. Nowadays, the perspectives that bring space to the fore in development research have gained importance. The number of researches on development by geographers is increasing in this process. This study entitled “Brief History of Development Research in Geography “ seek answers to the questions “What are the main research topics and researches about development with a geographical approach, When are the start dates of these investigations?” It is also necessary to problematize the concept of development for answering relevant questions. For this reason, the development literature is examined around the main axes and the current use of the concept is explained before the development geography studies. Development studies in the field of geography have been examined from the 1940s until today. This review is based on “what and when” questions from a historical reading perspective. In the historical development of the development studies conducted in the discipline of geography as a result of examining the related publication series, four different periods have been distinguished. The first consists of regional geography surveys that were dominated by the 1960s. The second period is the period characterized by spatial modeling developed under the influence of the quantitative revolution since the 1960s. The third period is the period when the critical research started to emerge as a result of the impact of Marxist understanding on geographic thought since the 1970s. The fourth one is the period which can be characterized by the relational studies that emerged as a result of the post structural approaches that started to develop since the 1990s.

Kaynakça

  • Berry, B. J. L. (1961) City Size Distribution and Development. Economic Development and Cultural Change 9: 673–87.
  • Brown, L. (1991) Place, Migration and Development in the Third World. An Alternate View. London: Routledge.
  • Caner, G., Bölen, F. (2013) Implications of Socio-Spatial Segregation in Urban Theories, Planlama, 23(3), 153-161.
  • Carney, J. (1992) Peasant Women and Economic Transformation in The Gambia. Development and Change 23(2): 67–90.
  • Crush, J. (1995) The Power of Development. London: Routledge.
  • Elwood, S., Lawson, V., Sheppard, E. (2017). Geographical Relational Poverty Studies. Progress in Human Geography, 41(6), 745-765.
  • Freidmann, J. (1966) Regional Development Policy: The Case of Venezuela. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gaile, G. (1980) The Spread Backwash Concept. Regional Studies 14: 15–25.
  • Giddens, A., & Pierson, C. (1998). Conversations With Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford University Press.
  • Ginsberg, N. (1961) Atlas of Economic Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Gore, C. (1984) Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy. London: Methuen.
  • Hackenberg, R. A. (1980) New Patterns of Urbanization in Southeast Asia: An Assessment. Population and Development Review 6(3): 391–419.
  • Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Jalan, J., Ravallion, M. (1997) ‘Spatial Poverty Traps?’ Policy Research Working Paper 1798. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Kaygalak, İ. (2011) “Postmodern Eleştirilerin Coğrafi Düşünce ve Yeni Mekân Kavrayışları Üzerine Yansımaları” Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi. 9(1):1-10
  • Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483-499.
  • Laclau, E. (1979) Feudalism and capitalism in Latin America, in P. Klaren and T. Bosset (eds), Promise of Development: Theories of Change in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 166–93.
  • Lawson, V. (2014). Making Development Geography. Routledge.
  • Lawson, V. (1995) Beyond the Firm: Restructuring Gender Divisions of Labor in Garment Industry Under Austerity. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13(4): 415–44.
  • Lipton, M. (1977) Why Poor People Stay Poor. Urban Bias in World Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • MacKinnon, D., Cumbers, A. (2007). An Introduction to Economic Geography: Globalization, Uneven Development and Place. Pearson Education.
  • Myrdal, G. (1957) Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions. London: Duckworth.
  • Özgen, N. (2010) “Bilim Olarak Coğrafya ve Evrensel Paradigmaları”, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 19(2) 1-25. Pacione, M. (2003). Quality-of-life Research in Urban Geography. Urban Geography, 24(4), 314-339.
  • Peet, R., Hartwick, E. (2009). Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives. Guilford Publications.
  • Peet, R. (1979) Societal Contradictions and Marxist Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 69(1): 164–9.
  • Potter, R., Conway, D., Evans, R., Lloyd-Evans, S. (2012). Key Concepts in Development Geography. Sage Publications.
  • Marcus, P. (2003). Rethinking Development Geographies, Londres et New York : Routledge.
  • Richardson, H. W., Richardson, M. (1975) The Relevance of Growth Center Strategies to Latin America. Economic Geography 51: 163–178.
  • Rivkin, M. D. (1976) Land Use and the Intermediate Size City in Developing Countries with Case Studies of Turkey, Brazil and Malaysia. New York: Praeger.
  • Rondinelli, D. (1983) Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Rondinelli, D. Ruddle, K. (1978) Urbanization and Rural Development: A Spatial Policy for Equitable Growth. New York: Praeger.
  • Sen, A. (1987). The Standard of Living, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Sim, S. (1998) The Icon Critical Dictionary of Postmodern Thought. Cambridge: Icon Books.
  • Smith, N. (2008). Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. University of Georgia Press.
  • Watts, M. (1983) Silent Violence. Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wolpe, H. (1980) The Articulation of Modes of Production: Essays from Economy and Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Yavan, N. (2005) “Bilim Felsefesi Bakımından Coğrafyada Pozitivist Yaklaşım” Ulusal Coğrafya Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı s. 405- 411. İstanbul
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Öznur Akgiş 0000-0001-7224-8353

Erdal Karakaş 0000-0002-7687-9686

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2019
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgiş, Ö., & Karakaş, E. (2019). Coğrafyada kalkınma araştırmalarının kısa tarihi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi(72), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.488220

Yayıncı: Türk Coğrafya Kurumu