Factors controlling tafoni formaƟon in Olur stream basin, Erzurum, NE Turkey, and morphological features of tafoni cells

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 67, 1 - 9, 01.11.2016

İbrahim Kopar , Fuat Şaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.36593

Cited By: 1

Öz

In this article, factors controlling the formation of tafoni on sandstones in Olur stream basin in the northeastern Turkey have been studied by using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Powder Diffractometry (XRD) and X-Ray Flourescence Spectroscopy (XRF) analysis. Results revealed that the petrographic features and salt (sodium nitrate) crystallisation were the primary factors that caused tafoni formation on sandstones. Moreover, to measure the relationship between the variables such as width-depth, width-height, and height-depth of tafoni cells, regression analyses were conducted. In these analyses, it was seen that areal growth and deepening processes of weathering pits developed harmoniously, and as the pits got deeper the distance betweeen ground and ceiling increased and weathering was continuous.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cavernous weathering, Tafonş, Salt crystallisaƟon, Sandstone, Olur - Turkey

Olur Çayı Havzası'nda (Erzurum-KD Türkiye) tafoni oluşumunu kontrol eden faktörler ve tafoni hücrelerinin morfolojik özellikleri

Öz

Bu makalede Türkiye’nin kuzeydoğusundaki Olur Çayı Havzası’nda, kumtaşları üzerinde tafoni oluşumunu kontrol eden faktörler, Enerji-Dağılımlı X-Işını Spektroskopisi (EDX), X-Işını Difraksiyonu (XRD) ve X-Işını Floresans Spektroskopisi (XRF) analizleriyle araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar kumtaşlarında tafoni oluşumuna sebep olan esas faktörlerin petrografik özellikler ve tuz (sodyum nitrat) kristalleşmesi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca tafoni hücrelerinin genişlik-derinlik, genişlik-yükseklik, yükseklik-derinlik gibi değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi ölçmek amacıyla regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu analizlerde ayrışma çukurlarının alansal büyüme ve derinleşme süreçlerinin uyumlu geliştiği, çukurlar derinleştikçe taban tavan arasındaki mesafenin arttığı ve ayrışmanın süreklilik gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kafesli çözülme, Tafoni, Tuz kristalizasyonu, Kumtaşı, Olur - Türkiye

Kaynakça

• Kaynakça
• Adamovič, J. Mikuláš, R. Schweigstillová, J. Böhmová, V. (2011). Porosity changes induced by salt weathering of sandstones, Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic. Acta Geodyn Geomater, v. 8: p. 29–45.
• Álvarez, E., (2012). İnterpretación de sistemas naturales complejos: el problema de los tafoni. B. Asoc. Geogr. Esp., v. 60: p. 349-368.
• Andrews, J. E., Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T. D., Liss, P. S., Reid, B. J., (2004). An introduction to environmental chemistry. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K.
• Ardel, A.,Kurter, A., Dönmez, Y., 1969. Klimatoloji Tatbikatı, İst. Üni. Yayınları, No: 1123, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 40, İstanbul.
• Bartrum, J. A., (1936). Honeycomb weathering of rocks near the shore-line. The New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, v. 18: p. 593-600.
• Blank, H. R., (1951). Rock doughnuts, a product of granite weathering, American Journal of Sci., v. 249: p. 822-829.
• Bourcart, J., (1930). Les probleme des 'taffoni' de Corse et l'erosion alveolaire. Rev. Geogr. Phys. Geol. v. 3: p. 5–18.
• Bozkus, C., (1992). Stratigraphy of the Olur (Erzurum) region. Geological Bulletin of Turkey., v. 35: p. 103-119.
• Bradley, W. C., Hutton, J. T., Twidale, C. R., (1978). Role of salts in development of granitic tafoni, South-Australia. J. Geol. v. 86: p. 647–654.
• Brandmeier, M., Kuhlemann, J., Krumrei, I., Kubik, P. W., (2011). New challenges for tafoni research. A new approach to understand processes and weathering rates. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 36: p. 839-852.
• Bulut, A., Ogen, Y., Demirci, S., Bozkus, C., Taka, M., Oner, A., (1984). Detailed geological investigation and coal facilities of Tortum-Narman-Oltu-Olur and surrounding area (Erzurum-Turkey), Report of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, No: 8889: p. 1-67.
• Chapman, R., (1980). Salt weathering by sodium chloride in the Saudi Arabian desert. American Journal of Science, v. 280: p. 116-129.
• Charola, A. E., (2000). Salts in the deterioration of porous materials: An overview. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, v. 39: p. 327-343.
• Cooke, R. U., Warren, A., Goudie, A. S., (1993). Weathering forms and processes, Desert Geomorphology, Chapter: 5, Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, London, UK., p. 23-44.
• Dana, J. D., (1849). Manual of geology, 1st Ed., Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Company, New York.
• Darwin, C., (1839). The Voyage of the Beagle, Collier & Son Company, New York.
• Dohne, E., (2002). Salt Weathering: A selective reviev, Geological Society Special Publication, Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies, v. 205: p. 51-64.
• Dönmez, Y., (1984). Umumi Klimatoloji ve İklim Çalışmaları, İ. Ü. Yay. No: 2506, Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yay. No: 102, İstanbul.
• Dragovich, D., (1969), The origin of cavernous surfaces (tafoni) in granitic rocks of southern South.Australia, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 13: p. 163–181.
• Erginal, A. E., Gönüz, A., Bozcu, M., Ates, A. S., Cetiner, Z. S., (2007). The first findings on the origin of alveolar disintegration at the western shores of the Gelibolu peninsula. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration, v. 134: p. 27–34.
• Evans, I. S., (1970). Salt crystallization and rock weathering: A review. Rev. Géomorphol Dynam. v. 9: p.153-177.
• Gill, E. D., (1981). Rapid honeycomb weathering (tafoni formation) in greywacke, S.E. Australia, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 6: p.81-83.
• Goudie, A. S. and Day, M. J., (1980). Disintegration of fan sediments in Death Valley, California, by salt weathering. Physical Geography, v. 1: p. 126-137.
• Goudie, A. S., Wright, E., Viles, H. A., (2002). The roles of salt (sodium nitrate) and fog in weathering: a laboratory simulation of conditions in the northern Atacama Desert, Chile. Catena, v. 48: p. 255-266.
• Ireland, P., (1979). Geomorphological variations of “case hardening” in Puerto Rico. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 32: p. 9-20.
• Jutson, J. T., (1918). The influence of salts in rock weathering in sub-arid Western Australia. Royal Society of Victoria, Proceedings, v: 30: p. 165-172.
• Kejonen, A. K., Lahti, S., (1988). Cavernous weathering forms in Finland. Geogr. Ann. Ser. A- Physical Geography, 70A: p. 315–321.
• Kelletat, D., (1980). Formenschatz und prozessgefüge des“Biokarstes” and der küeste von Nordost-Mallorca (CalaGuya). Berl. Geogr. Stud. 7: s. 99–113.
• Konak, N., Bilgiç, T., Bilgin, R., Hepşen, N., Ercan, T., Hakyemez, Y., (2001). Geology of the northeast Pontides (Oltu-Olur-Şenkaya-Narman-Tortum-Uzundere), The Report of General Directorate of Mineral research and Exploration No: 10489: p.1-384.
• McBride, E. F., Picard, M. D., (2004). Origin of honeycombs and related weathering forms in Oligocene Macigno Sandstone, Tuscan coast near Livorno, Italy. Earth Surf Process Landforms, v: 29: p. 713–735.
• McGreevy, J. P., (1985). A preliminary scanning electron-microscope study of honeycomb weathering of sandstone in a coastal environment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 10: p. 509–518.
• Mellor, A., Short, J., Kirkby, S. J., (1997). Tafoni in the El Chorro area, Andalucia, southern Spain. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 22: p. 817–833.
• Mottershead, D. N., Pye, K., (1994). Tafoni on coastal slopes, south Devon, UK. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 19: p. 543–563.
• Mustoe, G. E., (1982). The Origin of honeycomb weathering. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. v. 93: p.108–115.
• Mustoe, G. E., (1983). Cavernous weathering in the Capitol Reef Desert, Utah. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 8: p. 517–526.
• Mustoe, G. E., (2010). Biogenic origin of coastal honeycomb weathering. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 35: p. 424–434.
• Nash, D. J., (2011). Thomas, D. S. G. (editor), Desert crust and rock coatings, Arid Zone Geomorphology; Process, form and change in drylands, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 978-0-470-51908-0, v: 7: p. 131-180.
• Nash, D., (2000). Arid Geomorphology. Progress in physical geography, v. 24: p. 425-443.
• Owen, A. M., (2013). Lace, M. J. and Mylroie, J. E., (editors), Tafoni development in the Bahamas, Coastal Karst Landforms, Coastal Research Library v. 5 (8): 177-205.
• Price, C. A., 2000. An expert chemical model for determining the environmental conditions needed to prevent salt damage in porous materials. European Commission Research Report 11, Protection and Conservation of European Cultural Heritage. London: Archetype Publications, 136 p.
• Robinson, D. A., Williams, R. B. G., (1987). Gardiner V. (ed.), Surface crusting of sandstone in southern England and northern France. International Geomorphology, Wiley: 67: p. 623–635.
• Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E., Sebastian, E., (1999). Origins of honeycomb weathering: The role of salts and wind: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. v. 111: p. 1250-1255.
• Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E., (1999). Salt weathering: Influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 24: p. 191-209.
• Rondeau, M. A., (1965). Formes d'érosion superficielles dan les grés de Fountainbleau. Bull Assoc Geogr Fr 334/335: p. 58-66.
• Sancho, C., Benito, G., (1990). Factors controlling tafoni weathering in the Ebro Basin (NE Spain), Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 34: p. 165– 177.
• Siedel, H., (1996). Experiences from desalting of tuffstone and sandstone monuments by compresses, Le dessalement des matériaux poreux. 7es journées d'études de la SFIIC, Poitiers, 9 - 10 mai 1996. SFIIC, Champs-sur-Marne, p. 191- 198.
• Smith, B. J., (1994). Weathering processes and forms. In: A.D. Abrahams and A.J. Parsons (Ed.), Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Routledge Chapman & Hall, London, p. 39-63.
• Sunamura, T., (1996). A physical model for the rate of coastal tafoni development, J. Geol. v. 104: p. 741–748.
• Taber, S., (1916). The growth of crystals under external pressure. American journal of Science, v. 41: p. 532-556.
• TC. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Erzurum Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğü, Olur Meteoroloji İstasyonuna ait 1990-2007 Aralığını Kapsayan Rasat Verileri, Erzurum.
• Thornthwaite, C. W., (1948). An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate, Geogr. Rev., v. 38: p. 55-94.
• Trenhaile, A. S., (1987). The geomorphology of the rock coasts, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 48-51.
• Tschang, H., (1969). Geomorphological observations on the tafoni forms of Honk Kong. The Chung Chi Journal, v. 9: p. 32-51.
• Turkington, A. V., (1998). Cavernous weathering in sandstone: lessons to be learned from natural exposure. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol., v. 31: p. 375–383.
• Turkington, A. V., Paradise, T. R., (2005). Sandstone weathering: A century of research and innovation. Geomorphology, v. 67: p. 229-253.
• Turkington, A. V., Phillips, J. D., (2004). Cavernous weathering, dynamical instability and self-organization. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 29: p. 665–675.
• Twidale, C. R., (1976). The shaping and interpretation of large residual granite boulders. J. Geol Soc., Aust., v. 23: p. 371–381.
• Twidale, C. R., Bourne, J. A., (1976). Origin and significance of pitting on granitic rocks. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 20: p. 405–416.
• Unruh, J., (2001). A revised endpoint for ceramics desalination at the archaeological site of Gordion, Turkey. Studies in Conservation, v. 46: p. 81-93.
• Uzun, A., (1998). Weathering forms on sandstones directly exposed to sea effects in Gelincikburnu and its surroundings (south coast of the Black Sea). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 42: p. 233-244.
• Viles, H. A., (2011). Thomas, D. S. G., (Editor), Weathering systems, Arid Zone Geomorphology; Process, form and change in drylands, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 978-0-470-51908-0, v. 7: p. 85-100.
• White, W. A., (1944). Geomorphic effect of indurated veneers on granites in the southeastern states, Journal of Geology, v. 52: p. 333-341.
• Wilhelmy, H., (1964). Cavernous rock surfaces (tafoni) in semiarid and arid climates. Pakistan Geographical Review, v. 9: p. 9–13.
• Young, A. R. M., 1987. Salt as an agent in the development of cavernous weathering. Geology, v. 15 (10): p. 962–966.