Lösemili Çocuklarda SARS COV-2 Enfeksiyonu

Yıl 2020, , 41 - 47, 24.07.2020

Arzu Yazal Erdem , Namık Yaşar Özbek

https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.743711

Cited By: 1

Öz

Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tüm dünyada dikkatle ve kaygıyla izlenmektedir. Epidemiyolojik modeller, mevcut COVID-19 pandemisinin bir aşı ve / veya sürü bağışıklığı gelişene kadar birkaç ay hatta birkaç yıl süreceğini tahmin etmektedir. Çocuklarda COVID-19 enfeksiyonu genellikle hafif seyretmekle birlikte, özellikle bağışıklığı zayıflamış lösemili çocuklarda hayatı tehdit edebilir. Hematopoetik ve lenfoid kanserler tüm çocukluk çağı kanserlerinin yaklaşık % 40'ını oluşturmaktadır. Çocukluk çağı kanserlerinde ülkemizde beş yıllık sağkalım oranı % 70'e ve lösemi için bu oran % 80'e ulaşmıştır. COVID-19 salgını sırasında, lösemili çocuklarda, özellikle kemoterapi nedeniyle kemik iliğinin baskılandığı dönemde, COVID-19 enfeksiyonuna yakalanma riski yüksek olabilir. Altta yatan kanser türü, kanserin remisyon durumu veya kök hücre nakli yapılmış olması gibi faktörler de enfeksiyona cevabı etkileyebilir. Nötropenik ateşli hastalarda, standart ve kanıtlanmış tedavilerin yanı sıra, COVID 19 için şüpheli hastalarda olduğu gibi tüm testler ve tedaviler çok hızlı ve uygun bir şekilde uygulanmalıdır. Bu çabalar kanserli çocuklarımızın hayatta kalma oranını arttırmaya katkıda bulunacaktır. Kemoterapisi devam eden hastalarda SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu ile ilgili verilerin yeterli olmaması nedeniyle, lösemili çocuklar gibi sistemik immünsüpresif tedavileri devam etmesi gereken hastalarda, immünosüpresif tedavinin azaltılması veya ertelenmesi gibi sorulara cevap aranmaktadır.
COVID-19'un dünya çapında hızla yayılması, hastalıktan korunmak için gerekli stratejilerin ve etkin tıbbi tedavilerin geliştirilmesiniı gerektirmektedir. Bu yazıda pandemi döneminde lösemili çocuklarda gelişebilecek COVID-19'un önlenmesi, tanı koyulması ve enfeksiyon geliştiğinde tedavi protokollerine yönelik literature dayalı uygun yaklaşımları derlemeye çalıştık.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SARS COV-2 enfeksiyonu, lösemili çocuklar, tıbbi tedavi

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

SARS COV-2 Infection in Children with Leukemia

Öz

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directed great attention and anxiety all over the world. Epidemiologic models predict that the current COVID-19 pandemic will last several months or even several years, until the development of a vaccine and/or herd immunity. Although the course of the infection is often not severe in children, it can be life threatening especially in immunocompromised children with leukemia. Hematopoietic and lymphoid cancers are accounting for approximately 40% of all childhood cancers. The five-year survival rate for childhood cancer has approached to 70% and more than 80% for leukemia in our country. During COVID pandemic, children with leukemia may also have COVID-19 infection, especially when their bone marrow is depressed due to chemotherapy. It is observed that factors such as the underlying type of cancer, status of remission, or having stem cell transplantation may affect the prognosis. As well as standard and proven treatments for febrile neutropenia, all tests and treatments should be applied very quickly and properly for COVID 19 as is all suspected patients. These efforts may contribute to increase the survival of our children with cancer. Given the absence of data to address concerns related to SARS-CoV-2 infection while on chemotherapy, questions are increasing about the approach for management of systemic immunosuppressive therapies, i.e. ceasing or reducing the immunosuppressive medications in children with leukemia.
The current rapid worldwide spread of COVID-19 necessitates identifying optimal preventive strategies and effective medical management. In this report, we tried to review appropriate literature-based approaches for prevention, diagnosis and management of treatment protocols for children with cancer during the pandemic period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SARS COV-2 infection, children with leukemia, medical management

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. (website) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus 2019?gclid=CjwKCAjwwYP2BRBGEiwAkoBpAnyfFPfZeodUPtAThnPy56saVVx0hDEq92Zle0ylZfU4UAKDrVwMGBoCTtAQAvD_BwE. (accessed on 29/04/2020)
• 2. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Dis-ease 2019 (COVID-19) - United States, February 12-March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Mar 27;69(12):343-346. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2. PubMed PMID: 32214079.
• 3. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, Tong S. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics. 2020; doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702. DOI:10.1542/peds.2020-0702
• 4. Lee PI, Hu YL, Chen PY, Huang YC, Hsueh PR. Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection 2020. doi: 10.1016/j. jmii.2020.02.011
• 5. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children – United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 10;69(14):422-426. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e4. PubMed PMID: 32271728; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7147903.
• 6. Wang XF, Yuan J, Zheng YJ, Chen J, Bao YM, Wang YR, et al. [Retracted: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shen-zhen]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 17;58(0):E008. Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0008. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32062875.
• 7. Qiu H,Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;S1473-3099(20) 30198-5. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5
• 8. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al; Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 23;382(17):1663-1665. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073. Epub 2020 Mar 18. PMID: 32187458; PMCID: PMC7121177.
• 9. Choi SH, Kim HW, Kang JM, Kim DH, Cho EY. Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(4): 125-132. doi:10.3345/cep.2020.00535
• 10. Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Qiao K, Huang T, Chen M, et al. Ocular manifestations of a hospi-talised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Apr 7. pii: bjophthalmol-2020-316304. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316304. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32265202; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7211077.
• 11. Hu K, Patel J, Patel BC. Ophthalmic Manifestations Of Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2020 Apr 13. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556093/ PubMed PMID: 32310553.
• 12. Recalcati S. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. J Eur Acad Der-matol Venereol. 2020 Mar 26. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16387. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32215952.
• 13. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. Epub 2020 Jan 24. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;: PMID: 31986264; PMCID: PMC7159299.
• 14. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(website) Information for Healthcare Profession-als: COVID-19 and Underlying Conditions https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/underlying-conditions.html (accessed on 10/05/2020)
• 15. Yu J, Ouyang W, Chua MLK, Xie C. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Patients With Cancer at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Wuhan, China. JAMA Oncol 2020.
• 16. Lewis MA. Between Scylla and Charybdis - Oncologic Decision Making in the Time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020.
• 17. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Dis-ease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
• 18. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, Wang W, Li J, Xu K, et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 in-fection: a nationwide analysis in China.Lancet Oncol. 2020 Mar;21(3):335-337. doi: 10.1016/S1470 2045(20)30096-6. Epub 2020 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 32066541; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7159000.
• 19. Enserink M, Kupferschmidt K. With COVID-19, modeling takes on life and death im-portance. Science. 2020 Mar 27;367(6485):1414-1415. doi:10.1126/science.367.6485.1414-b. PubMed PMID: 32217707.
• 20. Türk Pediatrik Hematoloji Derneği. Çocukluk Çağı Kanser Kayıtları. (online) http://www.tphd.org.tr/wp con-tent/uploads/2017/11/Cocukluk_Cagi_Kanser_KayitlariMehmet_Akif_Yesilipek.pdf (erişim tarihi: 08/05/2020)
• 21. Ogimi C, Englund JA, Bradford MC, Qin X, Boeckh M, Waghmare A. Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronavirus Infection in Children: The Role of Viral Factors and an Immuno-compromised State. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2019 Mar 28;8(1):21-28. doi: 10.1093/jpids/pix093. PubMed PMID: 29447395; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6437838.
• 22. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Patients with Cancer Appear More Vul-nerable to SARS-COV-2: A Multicenter Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Cancer Discov. 2020 Apr 28. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0422. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32345594.
• 23. Balduzzi A, Brivio E, Rovelli A, Rizzari C, Gasperini S, Melzi ML, et al. Lessons after the early management of the COVID-19 outbreak in a pediatric transplant and hemato-oncology center embedded within a COVID-19 dedicated hospital in Lombardia, Italy. Estote parati. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020 Apr 20. doi: 10.1038/s41409-020-0895-4. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 32313181; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7167532.
• 24. Sung L, Koh A. Infectious Disease In The Pediatric Cancer Patient. Ch67 Supportive Care.In: Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood E-Book 8th ed. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier Saunders;2014. pp. 2257-66
• 25. Hakim H, Flynn P. Complications and Supportive care. Infectious complications in leukemia. Ch 32. In: Ching-Hon Pui (editor). Childhood Leukemias. 3rd ed. pp. Memphis, TN, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2013. pp. 772-793 ISBN:9780511977633 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977633
• 26. Okoye AA, Picker LJ. CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HIV infection: mechanisms of immuno-logical failure. Immunol Rev. 2013 Jul;254(1):54-64. doi: 10.1111/imr.12066. Review. Pub-Med PMID: 23772614; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3729334.
• 27. Kumar D, Humar A. Respiratory viral infections in transplant and oncology patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;24(2):395-412. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2010.01.007. Review. Pub-Med PMID: 20466276; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7135290.
• 28. Zheng RS, Sun KX, Zhang SW, Zeng HM, Zou XN, Chen R, et al. [Report of cancer epi-demiology in China, 2015]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2019 Jan 23;41(1):19-28. Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.005. PMID: 30678413.
• 29. Desai A, Sachdeva S, Parekh T, Desai R. COVID-19 and Cancer: Lessons From a Pooled Meta-Analysis. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6:557.
• 30. Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, Akbari A. Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med 2020; 8:e35.
• 31. Hu Y, Sun J, Dai Z, Deng H, Li X, Huang Q, et al. Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2020 Apr 14;127:104371. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104371. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32315817; PMCID: PMC7195434.
• 32. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW; and the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020 Apr 22:e206775. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32320003; PMCID: PMC7177629.
• 33. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al; COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020 Apr 6;323(16):1574–81. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32250385; PMCID: PMC7136855.
• 34. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 2020.
• 35. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, Wang W, Li J, Xu K, et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 in-fection: a nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Mar;21(3):335-337. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30096-6. Epub 2020 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 32066541; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7159000.
• 36. He W, Chen L, Chen L, Yuan G, Fang Y, Chen W, et al. COVID-19 in persons with haema-tological cancers. Leukemia. 2020 Apr 24. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-0836-7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32332856; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7180672.
• 37. Miyashita H, Mikami T, Chopra N, Yamada T, Chernyavsky S, Rizk D, et al. Do Patients with Cancer Have a Poorer Prognosis of COVID-19? An Experience in New York City. Ann Oncol. 2020 Apr 21. pii: S0923-7534(20)39303-0. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.006. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32330541; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7172785.
• 38. Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, Cole D, Goldfinger M, Acuna-Villaorduna A,Pradhan K, et al. Case Fatality Rate of Cancer Patients with COVID-19 in a New York Hospital System. Cancer Discov. 2020 May 1. pii: CD-20-0516. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0516. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32357994.
• 39. Boulad F, Kamboj M, Bouvier N, Mauguen A, Kung AL. COVID-19 in Children With Cancer in New York City. JAMA Oncol. 2020 May 13. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2028. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32401276.
• 40. Hrusak O, Kalina T, Wolf J, Balduzzi A, Provenzi M, Rizzari C, et al. Flash survey on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infections in paediatric patients on anticancer treatment. Eur J Cancer. 2020 Apr 7;132:11-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.021. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32305831; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7141482.
• 41. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). COVID-19 Halka Yönelik Sıkça Sorulan Sorular (online). (website) https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/sss/halka-yonelik.html (accessed on 10/05/2020).
• 42. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). Sağlık Kurumlarında Enfeksiyon Kontrol Önlemleri (online). (website) https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/enfeksiyon-kontrol-onlemleri.html (accessed 10/05/2020).
• 43. World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Safety Committee (Jacques S. Abramowicz, Iwaki Akiyama, David Evans, J. Brian Fowlkes, Karel Marsal, Yusef Sayeed and Gail ter Haar), Abramowicz JS, Basseal JM. World Federation for Ultrasound in Medi-cine and Biology Position Statement: How to Perform a Safe Ultrasound Examination and Clean Equipment in the Context of COVID-19. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020 Apr 4. pii: S0301-5629(20)30149-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.03.033. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID:32327199; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7129041.
• 44. Man RX, Lack DA, Wyatt CE, Murray V. The effect of natural disasters on cancer care: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Sep;19(9):e482-e499. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30412-1. PubMed PMID: 30191852.
• 45. Bouffet E, Challinor J, Sullivan M, Biondi A, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Pritchard-Jones K. Ear-ly advice on managing children with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic and a call for sharing experiences. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 Apr 2:e28327. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28327. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:32239747. 46. Ng PC, So KW, Leung TF, Cheng FW, Lyon DJ, Wong W, et al. Infection control for SARS in a tertiary neonatal centre. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 Sep;88(5):F405-9. PubMed PMID:12937045; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1721604.
• 47. Leung TF, Ng PC, Cheng FW, Lyon DJ, So KW, Hon EK, et al. Infection control for SARS in a tertiary paediatric centre in Hong Kong. J Hosp Infect. 2004 Mar;56(3):215-22.PubMed PMID: 15003670; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7124203.
• 48. Bin SY, Heo JY, Song MS, Lee J, Kim EH, Park SJ, et al. Environmental Contamination and Viral Shedding in MERS Patients During MERS-CoV Outbreak in South Korea. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Mar 15;62(6):755-60. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ1020.Epub 2015 Dec 17. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2016 May 15;62(10):1328. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 15;63(6):851. PubMed PMID: 26679623; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7108026.
• 49. Ecancer. What to expect: Oncology’s response to coronavirus in Italy. (website) https://ecancer.org/en/news/17495-what-to-expect-oncologys-response-to-coronavirus-in-italy (accessed on 15/05/2020)
• 50. Sullivan M, Bouffet E, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Luna-Fineman S, Khan MS, Kearns P, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid global response for children with cancer from SI-OP,COG, SIOP-E, SIOP-PODC, IPSO, PROS, CCI, and St Jude Global. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 May 13:e28409. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28409. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32400924.
• 51. American Society of Clinical Oncology Official Web site: COVID-19 Patient Care Infor-mation https://www.asco.org/asco-coronavirus-information/care-individuals-cancer-during-covid-19 (Accessed on 10/05/2020)
• 52. UptoDate. Cancer Care During the Pandemic. (website) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-cancer-care-during-thepandem-ic?sectionName=MANAGEMENT%20OF%20CANCER%20PATIENTS%20WITH%20NEW%20RESPIRATORY%20SYMPTOMS%20OR%20A%20KNOWN%20COVID-19%20EXPOSURE&topicRef=127429&anchor=H3059117681&source=see_link (accessed on 08/05/2020)
• 53. Barfield R, Rosoff P, Kodish E. Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Oncology Clinical Tri-als. Ch 74. In: Stuart H. Orkin, David G. Nathan, David Ginsburg, A. Thomas Look, David E. Fisher, Samuel Lux (editors). 8th ed. Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of In-fancy and Childhood E-Book. Elsevier Saunders. Philadelphia PA. USA. 2015. Pp 2467-81.
• 54. Hanna TP, Evans GA, Booth CM. Cancer, COVID-19 and the precautionary principle: pri-oritizing treatment during a global pandemic. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020 May;17(5):268-270. doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-0362-6. PubMed PMID: 32242095;PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7117554.
• 55. Kutikov A, Weinberg DS, Edelman MJ, Horwitz EM, Uzzo RG, Fisher RI. A War on Two Fronts: Cancer Care in the Time of COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Mar 27.doi: 10.7326/M20-1133. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32219410; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7133056.
• 56. Segelov E, Underhill C, Prenen H, Karapetis C, Jackson C, Nott L, et al. Practical Consider-ations for Treating Patients With Cancer in the COVID-19 Pandemic. JCO Oncol Pract. 2020 May 13:OP2000229. doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00229. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32401686.
• 57. He Y, Lin Z, Tang D, Yang Y, Wang T, Yang M. Strategic plan for management of COVID-19 in paediatric haematology and oncology departments. Lancet Haematol.2020 May;7(5):e359-e362. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30104-6. Epub 2020 Apr 1. PubMed PMID: 32246912.
• 58. Percival MM, Lynch RC, Halpern AB, Shadman M, Cassaday RD, Ujjani C, et al. Consid-erations for Managing Patients With Hematologic Malignancy During the COVID-19 Pan-demic: The Seattle Strategy. JCO Oncol Pract. 2020 May 5:OP2000241. doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00241. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:32369409.
• 59. Yahalom J, Dabaja BS, Ricardi U, Ng A, Mikhaeel NG, Vogelius IR, et al. ILROG Emer-gency Guidelines for Radiation Therapy of Hematological Malignancies During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood. 2020 Apr 10. pii: blood.2020006028. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020006028. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32275740.
• 60. Xing YH, Ni W, Wu Q, Li WJ, Li GJ, Wang WD, et al. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Mar 28. pii:S1684-1182(20)30081-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.021. [Epub ahead of print]Review. PubMed PMID: 32276848; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7141453.
• 61. Ogimi C, Greninger AL, Waghmare AA, Kuypers JM, Shean RC, Xie H, et al. Prolonged Shedding of Human Coronavirus in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: Risk Factors and Viral Genome Evolution. J Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 15;216(2):203-209. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix264. PubMed PMID: 28838146; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5853311.
• 62. Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety. Transfus Med Rev. 2020 Feb 21. pii: S0887-7963(20)30014-6. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.02.003. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 32107119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7135848.
• 63. Ali M, Zaid M, Saqib MAN, Ahmed H, Afzal MS. SARS-CoV-2 and the Hidden Carriers - Sewage, Feline, and Blood Transfusion. J Med Virol. 2020 Apr 28. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25956. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32346874.
• 64. Corman VM, Rabenau HF, Adams O, Oberle D, Funk MB, Keller-Stanislawski B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic and symptomatic patients and risk for transfusion transmission. Transfusion. 2020 May 2. doi: 10.1111/trf.15841.[Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 32361996.