ÇOCUKLARDA COVID-19 RADYOLOJİSİ

Öz

ÖZET Mart 2020 den itibaren pandemi olarak kabul edilmiş olan Koronavirüs Hastalığı-2019 (COVID-19) tüm dünyada milyonlarca hastaya, yüzbinlerce ölüme neden olmuştur. Yüksek bulaştırıcılığı nedeniyle tanısının önem kazandığı bu hastalığın erişkin hastalardaki radyolojik yaklaşımını değerlendiren birçok yayın yapılmıştır. Ancak tüm dünyada çocuk hastalara ait bildirimler oldukça azdır. Çocuk COVID-19 hastalarında radyolojik yaklaşımın literatür taraması ile değerlendirilmesi, radyolojik bulgular eşliğinde tanıya ve tedavi takibine yol gösterici olması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilgisayarlı tomografi
• COVID-19
• Çocuk
• Radyoloji
• Direk grafi

RADIOLOGY OF COVID-19 IN CHILDREN

Öz

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been accepted as a pandemic since March 2020, has caused millions of patients and hundreds of thousands of deaths all over the world. The diagnosis of which is important due to its high contagiousness, there are many publications evaluating the radiological approach of this disease in adults, however there are very few reports of pediatric patients worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the radiological approach in pediatric COVID-19 patients by literature review and to guide diagnosis and treatment follow-up with radiological findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Computerized tomography
• COVID-19
• Pediatrics
• Radiology
• X-ray

Kaynakça

1. 1. World Health Organization. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-51. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10. Accessed March 11, 2020.
2. 2. Foust AM, Winant AJ, Chu WC, Das KM, Phillips GS, Lee EY. Pediatric SARS, H1N1, MERS, EVALI, and Now Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: What Radiologists Need to Know. AJR 2020; 215: 1–9. ISSN-L 0361–803X/20/2153–1 doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23267.
3. 3. Kim H, Hong H, Yoon SH. Diagnostic Performance of CT and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2020; 201343. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020201343. Accessed Apr 17, 2020.
4. 4. Su L, Ma X, Yu H, Zhang Z, Bian P, Han Y, et al. The Different Clinical Characteristics of Corona Virus Disease Cases Between Children and Their Families in China - The Character of Children With COVID-19 .Emerg Microbes Infect 2020 Dec;9(1):707-713. Doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483.
5. 5. Sun D, Li H, Lu XX, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang FR, et al. Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center's observational study. World J Pediatr 2020 Mar; 19: 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4.
6. 6. Duan YN, Zhu YQ, Tang LL, Qin J. CT features of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in children. Eur Radiol 2020 Apr 14; 1-7. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06860-3.
7. 7. Li Y, Guo F, Cao Y, Li L, Guo Y. Insight into COVID-2019 for pediatricians. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 May; 55 (5): E1-E4. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24734. Epub 2020 Mar 18.
8. 8. Liu W, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xiang R, Song H, Shu S, et al. Detection of Covid-19 in Children in Early January 2020 in Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med 2020 Apr 2; 382(14): 1370- 1371. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2003717. Epub 2020 Mar 12.

9. 9. American College of Radiology. ACR Recommendations for the use of Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography (CT) for Suspected COVID-19 Infection. https://www.acr.org/Advocacy-and-Economics/ACR-Position-Statements/Recommendations-for-Chest-Radiography-and-CT-for-Suspected-COVID19-Infection. Accessed April 3, 2020.
10. 10. Rubin GD, Ryerson CJ, Haramati LB, Sverzellati N, Kanne JP, Raoof S, et al. The Role of Chest Imaging in Patient Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Consensus Statement from the Fleischner Society. Chest 2020. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020201365. Epub 2020 Apr 7.
11. 11. Foust AM, Phillips GS, Chu WC, Daltro P, Das KM, Gacia-Pena P, et al. International Expert Consensus Statement on Chest Imaging in Pediatric COVID-19 Patient Management: Imaging Findings, Imaging Study Reporting and Imaging Study Recommendations. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2020; 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200214. Accessed 2020 Apr 23.
12. 12. Li HJ, Liu SY, Xu HB, Cheng JL. Guideline for medical imaging in auxiliary diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Chin J Med Imaging Technol 2020; 36:1–11.
13. 13. Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim JY, Lee YK, Ko H, Kim KH, et al. Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Analysis of Nine Patients Treated in Korea. Korean J Radiol 2020 Apr; 21 (4): 494-500. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2020.0132. Epub 2019 Feb 26.
14. 14. Ng MY, Lee EY, Yang J, Yang F, Li X, Wang H et al. Imaging profile of the COVID-19 infection: radiologic findings and literature review. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2020, 2: 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200034. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
15. 15. Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, Yang Z, Xu L, Qu Z, et al. A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Infect Dis doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa198. Epub 2020 Feb 28.
16. 16. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020 May; 39 (5): 355- 368. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002660.
17. 17. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients. AJR 2020; 215:1–7.
18. 18. de Souza TH, Nadal JA, Nogueira RJN, Pereira RM, Brandao MB. Clinical Manifestations of Children with COVID-19: a Systematic Review. medRxiv 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049833. Accessed 2020 Apr 03.
19. 19. Li W, Cui H, Li K, Fang Y, Li S. Chest computed tomography in children with COVID-19 respiratory infection. Pediatr Radiol 2020 May; 50 (6): 796- 799. doi: 10.1007/s00247-020-04656-7. Epub 2020 Mar 11.
20. 20. Chen A, Huang J, Liao Y, Liu Z, Chen D, Yang C, Yang R, Wei X. Differences in Clinical and Imaging Presentation of Pediatric Patients with COVID-19 in Comparison with Adults Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2020; 2 (2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200117. Epub 2020 Apr 6.
21. 21. Xia W, Shao J, Peng X, Li Z, Hu D. Clinical and CT Features in Pediatric Patients With COVID-19 Infection: Different Points From Adults. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 May; 55 (5): 1169-1174. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24718. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
22. 22. Liu H, Song Z, Xiao K. High-Resolution Computed Tomography Manifestations of 5 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus. J Comput Assist Tomogr May/Jun 2020; 44 (3): 311-313. doi: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000001023.
23. 23. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5 Epub 2020 Mar 25.
24. 24. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1663- 1665. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073.
25. 25. Ma YL, Xia SY, Wang M, Zhang SM, Du WH, Chen Q. Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 115 cases. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Apr; 22 (4): 290-293. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2003016 .
26. 26. Wang XF, Yuan J, Zheng YJ, Chen J, Bao YM, Wang YR, et al. Retracted: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Feb 17; 58 (0): E008. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0008.
27. 27. Wang D, Ju XL, Xie F, Lu Y, Li FY, Huang HH, et al. Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) of northern China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Apr 2; 58 (4): 269-274. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200225-00138.
28. 28. Zheng F, Liao C, Fan QH, Chen HB, Zhao XG, Xie ZG, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci 2020 Apr; 40 (2): 275- 280. doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2172-6. Epub 2020 Mar 24.
29. 29. Feng K, Yun YX, Wang XF, Yang GD, Zheng YJ, Lin CM, et al. Analysis of CT features of 15 Children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Feb 16; 58 (0): E007. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0007.
30. 30. Zhong Z, Xie X, Huang W, Zhao W, Yu Q, Liu J. Chest CT findings and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020 Mar 28; 45 (3): 236- 242. doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2020.200206.
31. 31. Zhou Y, Yang GD, Feng K, Huang H, Yun YX, Mou XY, et al. Clinical features and chest CT findings of coronavirus disease 2019 in infants and young children. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Mar; 22 (3): 215- 220.
32. 32. Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Sci China Life Sci 2020 May; 63 (5): 706- 711. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4. Epub 2020 Mar 4.
33. 33. Liu M, Song Z, Xiao K. High-Resolution Computed Tomography Manifestations of 5 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2020 May/Jun; 44 (3): 311- 313. doi: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000001023.
34. 34. Lou XX, Shi CX, Zhou CC, Tian YS. Three children who recovered from novel coronavirus 2019 pneumonia. J Paediatr Child Health 2020 Apr; 56 (4): 650- 651. doi: 10.1111/jpc.14871. Epub 2020 Mar 22.
35. 35. Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X, Wang J, Zheng J, Zheng G, et al. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in feces of three children during recovery period of COVID-19 pneumonia. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25795. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25795. Epub 2020 Mar 29.
36. 36. Rahimzadeh G, Ekrami Noghabi M, Kadkhodaei Elyaderani F, Navaeifar M R, Enayati A A, Manafi Anari A, et al . COVID-19 Infection in Iranian Children: A Case Series of 9 Patients. J Pediatr Rev 2020; 8 (2) :139-144. URL: http://jpr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.html
37. 37. Park JY, Han MS, Park KU, Kim JY, Choi EH. First pediatric case of coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2020 Mar 23; 35 (11): e124. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e124.
38. 38. Tang A, Tong ZD, Wang HL, Dai YX, Li KF, Liu JN, et al. Detection of Novel Coronavirus by RT-PCR in Stool Specimen from Asymptomatic Child, China. Emerg Infect Dis J 2020 Jun 17; 26 (6). doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200301.
39. 39. Lin J, Duan J, Tan T, Fu Z, Dai J. The isolation period should be longer: Lesson from a child infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Chongqing, China. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 Jun; 55 (6): E6-E9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24763. Epub 2020 Apr 3.
40. 40. Pan X, Chen D, Xia Y, Wu X, Li T, Ou X, et al. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20 (4): 410– 411. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30114-6.
41. 41. Yin X, Dong L, Zhang Y, Bian W, Li H. A mild type of childhood Covid-19 - A case report. Radiology of Infectious Diseases doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2020.03.004. Epub 2020 Mar 27.
42. 42.Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR, Xiong RH, Chen Y1, Cheng XF, et al. First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Feb 11; 58 (0): E005. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0005.
43. 43. Zeng LK, Tao XW, Yuan WH,Wang J, Liu X, Liu ZS. First case of neonate infected with novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. 2020 Feb 17; 58 (0): E009. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0009.
44. 44. Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; 395 (10223): 514– 523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9. Epub 2020 Jan 24.
45. 45. Liu M, Wan X, Tu XY. Family cluster of child SARS⁃CoV⁃2 infections: a case report. Wuhan Da Xue Xue Bao doi: https://doi.org/10.14188/j.1671-8852.2020.0078. Epub 2020 Mar 20.
46. 46. Zhang GX, Zhang AM, Huang L, Cheng LY, Liu ZX, Peng XL, et al. Twin girls infected with SARS-CoV-2. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Mar; 22 (3): 221- 225.
47. 47. Zhang YH, Lin DJ, Xiao MF, Wang JC, Wei Y, Lei ZX, et al. 2019-novel coronavirus infection in a three-month-old baby. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:182– 184.
48. 48. Zhao R, Shen X, Xu K, Sheng J. One case report of pediatric infection with COVID-19. Zhejiang Med J 2020. doi: https:/doi.org/10.12056/j.issn.1006-2785.2020.42.3.2020-337 .
49. 49. Cui Y, Tian M, Huang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Fan L, et al. A 55-day-old female infant infected with COVID 19: presenting with pneumonia, liver injury, and heart damage. J Infect Dis 2020 May 11;221(11):1775-1781. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa113.
50. 50. Ji LN, Chao S, Wang YJ, Li XJ, Mu XD, Lin MG, et al. Clinical features of pediatric patients with COVID-19: a report of two family cluster cases.World J Pediatr (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00356-2. Epub 16 Mar 2020.
51. 51. Lou XX, Shi CX, Zhou CC, Tian YS. Three children who recovered from novel coronavirus 2019 pneumonia. J Paediatr Child Health (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14871. Epub 2020 Mar 22.
52. 52. Wang S, Guo L, Chen L, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhang J, Feng L. A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa225. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa225. Epub 2020 Mar 22.
53. 53. Chen D, Jiang X, Hong Y, Wen Z, Wei S, Peng G, et al. Can Chest CT Features Distinguish Patients With Negative From Those With Positive Initial RT-PCR Results for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)? AJR 2020 May 5;1-5. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.23012.
54. 54. Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, Hu Q, Xia L. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol 2020 Feb 13;1-4.
55. 55. Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J Chest CT for typical 2019-nCoV pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology 2020 Feb 12 ;200343. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200343.
56. 56. Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Lin M, Ying L, Pang P, Ji W (2020) Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology 2020 Feb 19;200432. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200432.
57. 57. Chang TH, Wu JL, Chang LY. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic challenges of pediatric COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119 (5): 982- 989. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.007. Epub 2020 Apr 16.
58. 58. Hasan A, Mehmood N, Fergie J. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Pediatric Patients: A Review of Epidemiology, Symptomatology, Laboratory and Imaging Results to Guide the Development of a Management Algorithm. Cureus 2020 Mar; 12 (3): e7485. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7485. Epub 2020 Mar 31.