Araştırma Makalesi
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International Standards in Structural Response Prioritization and Marking System in Search and Rescue Operations

Yıl 2023, , 270 - 290, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1335144

Öz

The execution of effective coordination activities in disaster situations is ensured by the control of information and time factors. With the present study, structural triage algorithms and marking systems that can be used in search and rescue activities have been examined and a systematic review has been made to ensure efficient management of time and information factors. As a result of the study, a comprehensive and functional form was put forward that includes team, building and disaster survivor information and assessments of required search and rescue operations. The structural response prioritization form was made multiple choice in line with the national legislation and literature, and a 5-parameter scoring system was introduced for triage scoring. As a result, with the effective use of the form, local teams will be provided with a standardized method for prioritizing response, which will be reduced to a minimum level thanks to the common language and will contribute to coordination.

Kaynakça

  • ABB, 2020. Kentsel Arama Kurtarma, Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi İtfaiye Dairesi Başkanlığı Arama Kurtarma ve Eğitim Şube Müdürlüğü Akademi Amirliği, Ankara.
  • Abrams J.I., Pretto E.A., Angus D., Safar P., 1993. Guidelines for rescue training of the lay public, Prehospital and disaster medicine, 8(2), 151-156.
  • Arıoğlu E., Arıoğlu N., Yılmaz A.O., Girgin C., 2000. Deprem ve Kurtarma İlkeleri, Evrim Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Bloch T., Sacks R., Rabinovitch O., 2016. Interior models of earthquake damaged buildings for search and rescue, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 30(1), 65-76.
  • Brunsdon D., Bul D., Stuart-Black J., 2009. Structural Collapse Rescue: Building Engineering Capability to Deal With the Consequences, NZSEE Conference, NZ, Erişim adresi: http://db.nzsee.org.nz/2009/Paper37.pdf.
  • Chen A.Y., Peña-Mora F., Mehta S.J., Foltz S., Plans A.P., Brauer B.R., Nacheman S., 2010. A GIS approach to equipment allocation for structural stabilization and civilian rescue, Proceedings of the 7th International ISCRAM Conference – Seattle, USA. Erişim adresi: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a8a32beb617346ba6ca3e0dcf48733be5418441c
  • Chen A.Y., Peña-Mora F., Plans A.P., Mehta S.J., Aziz Z., 2012. Supporting Urban Search and Rescue with digital assessments of structures and requests of response resources, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 26(4), 833-845.
  • CHN-11 China Blu Sky Rescue Team Information Coordination Center, 2023. Search and Rescue Point, Erişim adresi: https://vosocc.unocha.org/GetFile.aspx?file=121424_2023021600.png
  • Christianen S., Fairburn S., 2022. Exploring ve Designing In The Context Of Search And Rescue, In DS 117: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (EvePDE 2022), London South Bank University in London, UK. Erişim adresi: https://www.designsociety.org/publication/45835/EXPLORING+%26+DESIGNING+IN+THE+CONTEXT+OF+SEARCH+AND+RESCUE.
  • Dedeoğlu N., Erengin H., Pala K., 2000. 17 Agustos Depreminde Gölcük’te Yıkıntı Altında Kalma, Kurtulma ve Yaralanmalar, Toplum ve Hekim Dergisi, 15(5). 362-370.
  • Demirci H.E., Karaman M., Bhattacharya S., 2022. A survey of damage observed in Izmir due to 2020 Samos-Izmir earthquake, Natural Hazards, 111:1047–1064.
  • Doğan O. Kalaylı M.A., 2019. Binalarda Yükseklik/Genişlik Oranı ve Zemin Yatak Katsayısına Bağlı Devrilme Analizi, Gazi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 300-314.
  • El‐Tawil S., Aguirre B., 2010. Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects, Disasters, 34(4), 1084-1101.
  • Erdik M., 2001. Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes, In Structural control for civil and infrastructure engineering, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Structural Control, Paris, France, 149-186. Erişim adresi: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/eqspecials/kocaeli/kocaelireport.pdf.
  • FEMA, 2003. National Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) Response System: Field Operations Guide, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Erişim adresi: https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/usr/usr_fog_sept_25_2003_color_final.pdf.
  • Florida Emergency Management Agencies, 2012. Florida Field Operations Guide, Chapter 10A — Search and Rescue, 173-194. Erişim adresi: https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/importedpdfs/chapter10a-searchandrescue.pdf.
  • Glassey S., 2014. A review of Urban Search and Rescue markings applied following the 22 Feb 2011 Christchurch earthquake and recent revision of the INSARAG search marking system, REaction: Rescuers in Action, 29-43.
  • Gökdemir N., 2011. Identification and representation of information items required for vulnerability assessment and multi-hazard emergency response operations, Master Thesis, METU. Ankara, 120s.
  • Guven G., Ergen E., 2011. Identification of local information items needed during search and rescue following an earthquake, Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(5), 458-472.
  • Hassanzadeh R., Nedovic-Budic Z., 2016. Where to go first: prioritization of damaged areas for allocation of Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) operations (PI-USAR model), Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(4), 1337-1366.
  • Hayır A., Yıldırım H., Orakdöğen E., Yüksel E., Güler K., Gençoğlu M., Yanalak M., Musaoğlu N., Paker S., Öztürk T., Yazgan U., Çağlayan B.Ö., Taşkın B., Sütçü F., Çağlayan P.Ö., Girgin K., Darılmaz K., Atahan H.N., Fahjan Y., Vatansever C., Doğan Ü.A., Ekincioğlu Ö., Karaköse Ü.H.Ç., Akkaya Y., Durgun Y., Kimençe B., Alçiçek H.E., Toprak M.A., İridere R.Ö., Eyüpgiller M.M., Yardımcı S., Akpunar L.İ., 2023. Yapısal Hasarların Değerlendirilmesi. 04.17 Mw 7,8 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık, Türkoğlu), Hatay (Kırıkhan) ve 13.24 Mw 7,7 Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan/Nurhak-Çardak) Depremleri Nihai Rapor, İTÜ. 65-153.
  • Hew P., Sunshine W., 2002. Urban search and rescue. Topics in Emergency Medicine, 24(3), 26–36.
  • Hooshangi N., Gharakhanlou N.M., Ghaffari-Razin S.R., 2022. Urban search and rescue (USAR) simulation in earthquake environments using queuing theory: estimating the appropriate number of rescue teams, International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 100(1), 1-15.
  • INSARAG, 2015a. INSARAG Guidelines Volume II: Preparedness and Response, Manual B: Operations, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.
  • INSARAG, 2015b. INSARAG Guidelines Volume III: Operational Field Guide. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.
  • INSARAG, 2020a. Volume II: Preparedness and Response, Manual B: Operations, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group, Erişim adresi: https://www.insarag.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/INSARAG20Guidelines20Vol20II2C20Man20B.pdf.
  • INSARAG, 2020b. Volume III: Operational Field Guide, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group, Erişim adresi: https://www.insarag.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/INSARAG20Guidelines20Vol20III.pdf.
  • Jones P., 1996. Urban search and rescue in Australia. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 11(3), 34-37.
  • LAFD, 2023. Community Emergency Response Team, Unit 5: Light Search And Rescue Operations, County of Los Angeles Fire Department, Erişim adresi: https://fire.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Unit5-LightSearchRescueOperations.pdf.
  • Nunavath V., Prinz A., Comes T., 2016. Identifying first responders information needs: Supporting search and rescue operations for fire emergency response, International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 8(1), 25-46.
  • Ochoa S.F., Neyem A., Pino J.A., Borges M.R., 2007. Supporting group decision making and coordination in urban disasters relief. Journal of Decision Systems, 16(2), 143-172.
  • Peleg K., 2015. Notes from Nepal: is there a better way to provide search and rescue? Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 9(6), 650-652.
  • Peleg, K., Bodas, M., Shenhar, G., ve Adini, B., 2018. Wisdom of (using) the crowds: Enhancing disasters preparedness through public training in Light Search and Rescue. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 31, 750-757.
  • Peña-Mora F., Aziz Z., Chen A.Y., Plans A., Foltz S., 2008. Building assessment during disaster response and recovery, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 161(4), 183-195.
  • Schweier C., Markus M., 2004. Assessment of the search and rescue demand for individual buildings, In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Erişim adresi: https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_3092.pdf.
  • Seyis S., 2009. Deprem Sonrası Arama Ve Kurtarma Operasyonlarında Yerel Bilgilerin Sağlanması İçin İleri Veri Depolama Teknolojilerinin Kullanılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 192s.
  • Shiono K., Krimgold F., Ohta Y., 1992. Modeling of search-and-rescue activity in an earthquake, Proceedings of the 10th WCEE, Balkema, Rotterdam, 6043-6048, Erişim adresi: https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/10_vol10_6043.pdf.
  • Steiner N., Andriciuc R., 2010. Search and rescue management, National centre for medical management of disasters, Bucharest.
  • Tariverdi M., Miller-Hooks E., Adan M., 2015. Assignment strategies for real-time deployment of disaster responders, Int J Oper Quant Manag: Special Issue on Humanitarian Operations Management, 21(1), 37-61.
  • Tatham P., Spens K., 2016. Cracking the humanitarian logistic coordination challenge: Lessons from the urban search and rescue community, Disasters, 40(2), 246-261.
  • TBDY, 2018. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, 2018.
  • Tezcan T., Başaran H., Demir A., Bağcı M., 2013. Yumuşak Kat Oluşumunda Duvar Etkisi ve Türk Deprem Yönetmeliğinin Konuya Yaklaşımı, Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 9(1), 29-38.
  • USAID, MDFR, 2002. Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Instructor’s Workbook, Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID) and Miami - Dade Fire Rescue Department (MDFR), Erişim adresi: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacq317.pdf.
  • Wang Y., Ning B., Qu M., Chen S., Gao N., 2020. Research on Victim Trapped Classification under Collapsed Structures in Destructive Earthquake: a case study of the 2014 Ludian earthquake, China, In 2020 International Conference on Urban Engineering and Management Science (ICUEMS), 622-629. Erişim adresi: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9151739.
  • Yoncacı İ., 2020. Development of a road map and emergency help and detection system for disaster search and rescue operations, Doctoral Dissertation, METU, Ankara, 371s.
  • Yüksel İ., 2008. Betonarme Binaların Deprem Sonrası Acil Hasar Değerlendirmeleri, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1), 260-276.

Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar

Yıl 2023, , 270 - 290, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1335144

Öz

Afet durumlarında etkili koordinasyon faaliyetlerinin yürütülebilmesi bilgi ve zaman faktörlerinin kontrolü ile sağlanmaktadır. Mevcut çalışma ile arama kurtarma faaliyetlerinde kullanılabilecek yapısal triaj algoritmaları ve işaretleme sistemleri incelenmiş ve zaman ve bilgi faktörlerinin verimli yönetiminin sağlanması için sistematik bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda ekip, bina ve afetzede bilgileri ile gereken arama-kurtarma operasyonlarına ilişkin değerlendirmeler içeren kapsamlı ve işlevsel bir form ortaya konulmuştur. Geliştirilen yapısal müdahale önceliklendirme formu ulusal mevzuat ve literatüre paralel olarak çoktan seçmeli hale getirilmiş ve triaj skorlaması için 5 parametreli bir puanlama sistemi ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak formun etkin kullanımı ile yerel ekiplere müdahale önceliklendirmesi için standartlaştırılmış bir yöntem sunulacak, ortak dil sayesinde tekrar asgari seviyeye indirilecek ve koordinasyona katkı sağlanacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • ABB, 2020. Kentsel Arama Kurtarma, Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi İtfaiye Dairesi Başkanlığı Arama Kurtarma ve Eğitim Şube Müdürlüğü Akademi Amirliği, Ankara.
  • Abrams J.I., Pretto E.A., Angus D., Safar P., 1993. Guidelines for rescue training of the lay public, Prehospital and disaster medicine, 8(2), 151-156.
  • Arıoğlu E., Arıoğlu N., Yılmaz A.O., Girgin C., 2000. Deprem ve Kurtarma İlkeleri, Evrim Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Bloch T., Sacks R., Rabinovitch O., 2016. Interior models of earthquake damaged buildings for search and rescue, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 30(1), 65-76.
  • Brunsdon D., Bul D., Stuart-Black J., 2009. Structural Collapse Rescue: Building Engineering Capability to Deal With the Consequences, NZSEE Conference, NZ, Erişim adresi: http://db.nzsee.org.nz/2009/Paper37.pdf.
  • Chen A.Y., Peña-Mora F., Mehta S.J., Foltz S., Plans A.P., Brauer B.R., Nacheman S., 2010. A GIS approach to equipment allocation for structural stabilization and civilian rescue, Proceedings of the 7th International ISCRAM Conference – Seattle, USA. Erişim adresi: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a8a32beb617346ba6ca3e0dcf48733be5418441c
  • Chen A.Y., Peña-Mora F., Plans A.P., Mehta S.J., Aziz Z., 2012. Supporting Urban Search and Rescue with digital assessments of structures and requests of response resources, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 26(4), 833-845.
  • CHN-11 China Blu Sky Rescue Team Information Coordination Center, 2023. Search and Rescue Point, Erişim adresi: https://vosocc.unocha.org/GetFile.aspx?file=121424_2023021600.png
  • Christianen S., Fairburn S., 2022. Exploring ve Designing In The Context Of Search And Rescue, In DS 117: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (EvePDE 2022), London South Bank University in London, UK. Erişim adresi: https://www.designsociety.org/publication/45835/EXPLORING+%26+DESIGNING+IN+THE+CONTEXT+OF+SEARCH+AND+RESCUE.
  • Dedeoğlu N., Erengin H., Pala K., 2000. 17 Agustos Depreminde Gölcük’te Yıkıntı Altında Kalma, Kurtulma ve Yaralanmalar, Toplum ve Hekim Dergisi, 15(5). 362-370.
  • Demirci H.E., Karaman M., Bhattacharya S., 2022. A survey of damage observed in Izmir due to 2020 Samos-Izmir earthquake, Natural Hazards, 111:1047–1064.
  • Doğan O. Kalaylı M.A., 2019. Binalarda Yükseklik/Genişlik Oranı ve Zemin Yatak Katsayısına Bağlı Devrilme Analizi, Gazi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 300-314.
  • El‐Tawil S., Aguirre B., 2010. Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects, Disasters, 34(4), 1084-1101.
  • Erdik M., 2001. Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes, In Structural control for civil and infrastructure engineering, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Structural Control, Paris, France, 149-186. Erişim adresi: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/eqspecials/kocaeli/kocaelireport.pdf.
  • FEMA, 2003. National Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) Response System: Field Operations Guide, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Erişim adresi: https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/usr/usr_fog_sept_25_2003_color_final.pdf.
  • Florida Emergency Management Agencies, 2012. Florida Field Operations Guide, Chapter 10A — Search and Rescue, 173-194. Erişim adresi: https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/importedpdfs/chapter10a-searchandrescue.pdf.
  • Glassey S., 2014. A review of Urban Search and Rescue markings applied following the 22 Feb 2011 Christchurch earthquake and recent revision of the INSARAG search marking system, REaction: Rescuers in Action, 29-43.
  • Gökdemir N., 2011. Identification and representation of information items required for vulnerability assessment and multi-hazard emergency response operations, Master Thesis, METU. Ankara, 120s.
  • Guven G., Ergen E., 2011. Identification of local information items needed during search and rescue following an earthquake, Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(5), 458-472.
  • Hassanzadeh R., Nedovic-Budic Z., 2016. Where to go first: prioritization of damaged areas for allocation of Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) operations (PI-USAR model), Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(4), 1337-1366.
  • Hayır A., Yıldırım H., Orakdöğen E., Yüksel E., Güler K., Gençoğlu M., Yanalak M., Musaoğlu N., Paker S., Öztürk T., Yazgan U., Çağlayan B.Ö., Taşkın B., Sütçü F., Çağlayan P.Ö., Girgin K., Darılmaz K., Atahan H.N., Fahjan Y., Vatansever C., Doğan Ü.A., Ekincioğlu Ö., Karaköse Ü.H.Ç., Akkaya Y., Durgun Y., Kimençe B., Alçiçek H.E., Toprak M.A., İridere R.Ö., Eyüpgiller M.M., Yardımcı S., Akpunar L.İ., 2023. Yapısal Hasarların Değerlendirilmesi. 04.17 Mw 7,8 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık, Türkoğlu), Hatay (Kırıkhan) ve 13.24 Mw 7,7 Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan/Nurhak-Çardak) Depremleri Nihai Rapor, İTÜ. 65-153.
  • Hew P., Sunshine W., 2002. Urban search and rescue. Topics in Emergency Medicine, 24(3), 26–36.
  • Hooshangi N., Gharakhanlou N.M., Ghaffari-Razin S.R., 2022. Urban search and rescue (USAR) simulation in earthquake environments using queuing theory: estimating the appropriate number of rescue teams, International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 100(1), 1-15.
  • INSARAG, 2015a. INSARAG Guidelines Volume II: Preparedness and Response, Manual B: Operations, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.
  • INSARAG, 2015b. INSARAG Guidelines Volume III: Operational Field Guide. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.
  • INSARAG, 2020a. Volume II: Preparedness and Response, Manual B: Operations, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group, Erişim adresi: https://www.insarag.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/INSARAG20Guidelines20Vol20II2C20Man20B.pdf.
  • INSARAG, 2020b. Volume III: Operational Field Guide, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarians Affairs (OCHA), International Search and Rescue Advisory Group, Erişim adresi: https://www.insarag.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/INSARAG20Guidelines20Vol20III.pdf.
  • Jones P., 1996. Urban search and rescue in Australia. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 11(3), 34-37.
  • LAFD, 2023. Community Emergency Response Team, Unit 5: Light Search And Rescue Operations, County of Los Angeles Fire Department, Erişim adresi: https://fire.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Unit5-LightSearchRescueOperations.pdf.
  • Nunavath V., Prinz A., Comes T., 2016. Identifying first responders information needs: Supporting search and rescue operations for fire emergency response, International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 8(1), 25-46.
  • Ochoa S.F., Neyem A., Pino J.A., Borges M.R., 2007. Supporting group decision making and coordination in urban disasters relief. Journal of Decision Systems, 16(2), 143-172.
  • Peleg K., 2015. Notes from Nepal: is there a better way to provide search and rescue? Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 9(6), 650-652.
  • Peleg, K., Bodas, M., Shenhar, G., ve Adini, B., 2018. Wisdom of (using) the crowds: Enhancing disasters preparedness through public training in Light Search and Rescue. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 31, 750-757.
  • Peña-Mora F., Aziz Z., Chen A.Y., Plans A., Foltz S., 2008. Building assessment during disaster response and recovery, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 161(4), 183-195.
  • Schweier C., Markus M., 2004. Assessment of the search and rescue demand for individual buildings, In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Erişim adresi: https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_3092.pdf.
  • Seyis S., 2009. Deprem Sonrası Arama Ve Kurtarma Operasyonlarında Yerel Bilgilerin Sağlanması İçin İleri Veri Depolama Teknolojilerinin Kullanılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 192s.
  • Shiono K., Krimgold F., Ohta Y., 1992. Modeling of search-and-rescue activity in an earthquake, Proceedings of the 10th WCEE, Balkema, Rotterdam, 6043-6048, Erişim adresi: https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/10_vol10_6043.pdf.
  • Steiner N., Andriciuc R., 2010. Search and rescue management, National centre for medical management of disasters, Bucharest.
  • Tariverdi M., Miller-Hooks E., Adan M., 2015. Assignment strategies for real-time deployment of disaster responders, Int J Oper Quant Manag: Special Issue on Humanitarian Operations Management, 21(1), 37-61.
  • Tatham P., Spens K., 2016. Cracking the humanitarian logistic coordination challenge: Lessons from the urban search and rescue community, Disasters, 40(2), 246-261.
  • TBDY, 2018. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, 2018.
  • Tezcan T., Başaran H., Demir A., Bağcı M., 2013. Yumuşak Kat Oluşumunda Duvar Etkisi ve Türk Deprem Yönetmeliğinin Konuya Yaklaşımı, Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 9(1), 29-38.
  • USAID, MDFR, 2002. Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Instructor’s Workbook, Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID) and Miami - Dade Fire Rescue Department (MDFR), Erişim adresi: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacq317.pdf.
  • Wang Y., Ning B., Qu M., Chen S., Gao N., 2020. Research on Victim Trapped Classification under Collapsed Structures in Destructive Earthquake: a case study of the 2014 Ludian earthquake, China, In 2020 International Conference on Urban Engineering and Management Science (ICUEMS), 622-629. Erişim adresi: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9151739.
  • Yoncacı İ., 2020. Development of a road map and emergency help and detection system for disaster search and rescue operations, Doctoral Dissertation, METU, Ankara, 371s.
  • Yüksel İ., 2008. Betonarme Binaların Deprem Sonrası Acil Hasar Değerlendirmeleri, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1), 260-276.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Risk Politikası, Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Vildan Oral 0000-0003-0021-3519

Melikşah Turan 0000-0002-0588-2191

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Oral, V., & Turan, M. (2023). Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar. Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi, 5(2), 270-290. https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1335144
AMA Oral V, Turan M. Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar. TDAD. Aralık 2023;5(2):270-290. doi:10.46464/tdad.1335144
Chicago Oral, Vildan, ve Melikşah Turan. “Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi Ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar”. Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 270-90. https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1335144.
EndNote Oral V, Turan M (01 Aralık 2023) Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar. Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi 5 2 270–290.
IEEE V. Oral ve M. Turan, “Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar”, TDAD, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 270–290, 2023, doi: 10.46464/tdad.1335144.
ISNAD Oral, Vildan - Turan, Melikşah. “Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi Ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar”. Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi 5/2 (Aralık 2023), 270-290. https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1335144.
JAMA Oral V, Turan M. Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar. TDAD. 2023;5:270–290.
MLA Oral, Vildan ve Melikşah Turan. “Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi Ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar”. Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 270-9, doi:10.46464/tdad.1335144.
Vancouver Oral V, Turan M. Arama Kurtarma Çalışmalarında Yapısal Müdahale Önceliklendirmesi ve Enkaz İşaretlemesinde Uluslararası Standartlar. TDAD. 2023;5(2):270-9.

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