Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Kuramı Bağlamında 6 Şubat Depremleri Sonrası Medya Kullanımına Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 527 - 547

Mücahit Sami Küçüktığlı

https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1490519

Öz

Bu araştırma, Türkiye’de 6 Şubat depremlerini yaşayan bireylerin, medya kullanımı ve motivasyonlarını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Kuramı doğrultusunda nicel bir araştırma yapılmış ve veri toplama tekniği olarak anket kullanılmıştır. Depremin yaşandığı dokuz şehrin çalışma evrenini oluşturduğu araştırmada, 317 kişilik örneklem ile anket yapılarak elde edilen verilere, One-Way Anova, Bağımsız Örneklem T-Testi, Korelasyon ve Faktör Analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda bireylerin deprem sonrası yeni medyayı, geleneksel medyaya göre daha fazla tercih ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmış olup, kişilerin medyayı, sosyal ve duygusal bütünleşme, gerçeklerden kaçış ve bilişsel ihtiyaçlar için kullandığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Medya kullanımı bağlamında bireylerin yaş ve mesleklerine göre farklılaşmalar olduğu tespit edilirken, cinsiyete göre bir farkın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afet, Deprem, Medya, Kriz İletişimi, Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar

Etik Beyan

Selçuk Üniversitesi’nin E-28304017-663.05-746349 sayı ve 30.04.2024 tarihli Etik Kurul onayı ile izni alınmıştır.

A Study on Media Use after the February 6, Earthquakes in the Context of Uses and Gratifications Theory

Öz

The aim of the study was to determine the media usage and motivations of individuals who experienced the February 6, earthquakes in Turkey. Quantitative research was conducted in line with the Uses and Gratifications theory in the study and a survey was used as the data collection technique. In the study, the universe of which was nine cities where the earthquake occurred, a survey was conducted with a sample of 317 people and One-Way Anova, Independent Sample T-Test, Correlation and Factor Analysis were applied to the data obtained. As a result of the study, it was found that individuals preferred new media more than traditional media after the earthquake and it was revealed that individuals used media for social and emotional integration, escapism and cognitive needs. While it was determined that individuals' age and profession caused differences in media usage, it was determined that there was no difference according to gender.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Disaster, Earthquake, Media, Crisis communication, Uses and Gratifications

Kaynakça

• Abid A., Harrigan P., 2020. An exploration of social media-enabled voter relationships through uses and gratifications theory, psychological contract and service-dominant orientation, Australasian Marketing Journal, 28(2), 71-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.02.002.
• Aisha T.S., Wok S., Manaf A.M.A., Ismail R., 2015. Exploring the Use of Social Media During the 2014 Flood in Malaysia, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 931-937, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.123.
• Aldamen Y., 2023. Understanding Social Media Dependency, and Uses and Gratifications as a Communication System in the Migration Era: Syrian Refugees in Host Countries as a Case Study, Social Sciences, 12(6), https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060322.
• Alencar A., Kondova K., Ribbens W., 2019. The smartphone as a lifeline: an exploration of refugees’ use of mobile communication technologies during their flight, Media, Culture and Society, 41(6), 828-844, https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718813486.
• Biçer S., Şener Y., 2020. Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Yaklaşımı Bağlamında Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Youtube Kullanım Alışkanlıkları, Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 13(2), 589-627, https://doi.org/10.18094/JOSC.697809.
• Büyüköztürk S., 2014. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı : istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum, Pegem Akademi.
• Çelebi E., 2020. Sosyal Medya Ve Krizde İletişim(sizlik): GSM Operatörlerinin Yaşadığı Şebeke Krizi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 141-158, https://doi.org/10.31123/AKIL.694122.
• Cevher R., Ustakara F., 2019. Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Teorisi Bağlamında Sosyal Medya Kullanımına Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Joshasjournal, 5(19), 813-831, https://doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.166.
• Chen Y., Liang C., Cai D., 2018. Understanding WeChat Users’ Behavior of Sharing Social Crisis Information, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 34(4), 356-366, https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1427826.
• Day A.M., Novak J.M., 2023. “I Couldn’t Find Information for People with Pets; So, I Gave Up,”: Pet Owner Identity, Informational Needs, and Media Uses during Hurricane Harvey, Western Journal of Communication, 87(1), 41-64, https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2022.2100465.
• Day A.M., O’Shay-Wallace S., Seeger M.W., McElmurry S.P., 2019. Informational Sources, Social Media Use, and Race in the Flint, Michigan, Water Crisis, Communication Studies, 70(3), 352-376, https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2019.1567566.
• Demir S.T., 2023. Afet Medyası ve Medya Afeti: 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depreminin Anımsattıkları, TRT Akademi, 8(18), 3-27.
• Derman G.S., 2021. SOSYAL MEDYANIN DAVRANIŞSAL ETKİLERİ VE KRİZ İLETİŞİMİ. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 11(2), 145-160, https://ijses.org/index.php/ijses/article/view/306.
• Eilander D., Trambauer P., Wagemaker J., Van Loenen A., 2016. Harvesting Social Media for Generation of Near Real-time Flood Maps, Procedia Engineering, 154, 176-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.441.
• Elareshi M., Ziani A., Alsridi H., 2023. The Perceptions of Iraqi Internally Displaced Persons of Social Media Use during War and Conflict, Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 39(1), 21-36, https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2023-3901-02.
• Field A., 2009. Discovering Statistics Shared Using SPSS. SAGE.
• Gan C., Li H., 2018. Understanding the effects of gratifications on the continuance intention to use WeChat in China: A perspective on uses and gratifications, Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 306-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.003.
• Garba S., Nik Hasan N.N., 2022. Exploring The Use Of Whatsapp In Disseminating Covıd-19 Informatıon Among Journalısts In Zamfara, Nigeria, Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(4), 35-47, https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v3i4.159.
• Genç F.N., 2013. Kriz İletişimi: Marmara Depremi Örneği, Journal of Selcuk Communication, 5(3), 161-175, https://doi.org/10.18094/SI.14572.
• Haer T., Botzen W.J.W., Aerts J.C.J.H., 2016. The effectiveness of flood risk communication strategies and the influence of social networks-Insights from an agent-based model, Environmental Science and Policy, 60, 44-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.006.
• Hongcharu B., 2024. The changing roles of mass media amidst the growth of the digital media, Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2297721.
• Hoque S., Hossain M.A., 2023. Social Media Stickiness in the Z Generation: A Study Based on the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 11(4), 92-108, https://doi.org/10.1633/JISTaP.2023.11.4.6.
• Hugentobler L., Rüedy T., 2023. Capturing a crisis: Exploring individuals’ Instagram use during the beginning stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, Studies in Communication and Media, 12(1), 8-47, https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2023-1-7.
• Hussain A., Shabir G., Taimoor-Ul-Hassan G., 2020. Cognitive needs and use of social media: a comparative study of gratifications sought and gratification obtained, Information Discovery and Delivery, 48(2), 79-90, https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-11-2019-0081.
• Igartua J.J., Ortega-Mohedano F., Arcila-Calderón C., 2020. Communication use in the times of the coronavirus, A cross-cultural study, Profesional de La Informacion, 29(3), 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.18.
• Islam T., Mahmood K., Sadiq M., Usman B., Yousaf S.U., 2020. Understanding Knowledgeable Workers’ Behavior Toward COVID-19 Information Sharing Through WhatsApp in Pakistan, Frontiers in Psychology, 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572526.
• Kahraman N., 2019. Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Yaklaşımı Bağlamında İletişim Alanında Yapılan Lisansüstü Tezler Üzerine Bir İnceleme, İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2019(48), 98-120, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikad/issue/72714/989749.
• Karakoç E., Evrim Gülsünler M., 2012. Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Yaklaşımı Bağlamında Facebook: Konya Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Akdeniz İletişim Dergisi, 43–57.
• Katz E., Blumler J.G., Gurevitch M., 1973. Uses and Gratifications Research, The Puplic Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523, Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854.
• Kavanaugh A.L., Sheetz S.D., Sandoval-Almazan R., Tedesco J.C., Fox E.A., 2016. Media use during conflicts: Information seeking and political efficacy during the 2012 Mexican elections, Government Information Quarterly, 33(3), 595-602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.01.004.
• Kent M.L., Li C., 2020. Toward a normative social media theory for public relations, Public Relations Review, 46(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101857.
• Kim J., Hastak M., 2018. Social network analysis: Characteristics of online social networks after a disaster, International Journal of Information Management, 38(1), 86-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.08.003.
• Koçak M.C., Toprak Ö., Çat A.K., 2021. Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Düzeyinin Yaşam Memnuniyetine Etkisi Üzerine Saha Araştırması, İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2021(56), 185-202, https://doi.org/10.47998/IKAD.999223.
• Larose R., Mastro D., Eastin M.S., 2001. Understanding Internet usage: A social-cognitive approach to uses and gratifications, Social Science Computer Review, 19(4), 395-413, https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900401.
• Ledbetter A.M., Taylor S.H., Mazer J.P., 2016. Enjoyment fosters media use frequency and determines its relational outcomes: Toward a synthesis of uses and gratifications theory and media multiplexity theory, Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 149-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.053.
• Lev-On A., 2012. Communication, community, crisis: Mapping uses and gratifications in the contemporary media environment, New Media and Society, 14(1), 98-116, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410401.
• Lev-On A., Uziel V., 2018. Live, visual, social, and mobile: media ecology in emergencies and ordinary times, Online Information Review, 42(4), 545-558, https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-04-2016-0117.
• Li Y., Yang S., Zhang S., Zhang W., 2019. Mobile social media use intention in emergencies among Gen Y in China: An integrative framework of gratifications, task-technology fit, and media dependency, Telematics and Informatics, 42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101244.
• Li Y., Ye H., Liu A., Yang X., Wang X., 2018. Will Digital Fluency Influence Social Media Use? An Empirical Study of WeChat Users, The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 49(4), 30-46.
• Ma S., Zhang S., Li G., Wu Y., 2019. Exploring information security education on social media use: Perspective of uses and gratifications theory, Aslib Journal of Information Management, 71(5), 618-636, https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-09-2018-0213.
• Malasig B.J.C., Quinto E.J.M., 2016. Functions of and communication behavior on twitter after the 2015 Nepal earthquake, Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32(1), 87-102, https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2016-3201-07.
• Malik A., Mahmood K., Islam T., 2023. Understanding the Facebook Users’ Behavior towards COVID-19 Information Sharing by Integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Gratifications, Information Development, 39(4), 750-763, https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669211049383.
• Massey K.B., 1995. Analyzing the Uses and Gratifications Concept of Audience Activity with a Qualitative Approach: Media Encounters During the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Disaster, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(3), 328-349, https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159509364310.
• Mathe L., Motsaathebe G., 2024. Play on Twitter During Health Crisis in Non-Democratic Context: Gratification or Dissent? Social Media and Society, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231224404.
• McCauley B., Gumbley S., Merola G., McDonald M., Do T., 2016. Facebook in Vietnam: Uses, Gratifications & Narcissism, Open Journal of Social Sciences, 04(11), 69–79, https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.411006.
• Mou Y., 2014. What can microblog exchanges tell us about food safety crises in China? Chinese Journal of Communication, 7(3), 319-334, https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2014.926952.
• Ngqangashe Y., Maldoy K., De Backer C.J.S., Vandebosch H., 2022. Exploring adolescents’ motives for food media consumption using the theory of uses and gratifications, Communications, 47(1), 73–92, https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2019-0164.
• Olpin E., Hanson C.L., Crandall A.A., 2023. Influence of Social Media Uses and Gratifications on Family Health among U.S. Parents: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031910.
• Omilion-Hodges L.M., McClain K.L., 2016. University use of social media and the crisis lifecycle: Organizational messages, first information responders’ reactions, reframed messages and dissemination patterns, Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 630-638, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.002.
• Pang H., 2018. Understanding domestic social media use among Chinese college students under the framework of uses and gratifications, Studies in Communication Sciences, 18(1), 9-22, https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2018.01.002.
• Qiao X., Zhu Y., 2011. CCIS 216 - A Review of Theory and Research Based on Uses and Gratifications in HCI, CCIS, 216.
• Roy S.K., 2009. Internet uses and gratifications: A survey in the Indian context, Computers in Human Behavior, 25(4), 878-886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.002.
• Ruan T., Kong Q., McBride S.K., Sethjiwala A., Lv Q., 2022. Cross-platform analysis of public responses to the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence on Twitter and Reddit, Scientific Reports, 12(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05359-9.
• Scherr S., Wang K., 2021. Explaining the success of social media with gratification niches: Motivations behind daytime, nighttime, and active use of TikTok in China, Computers in Human Behavior, 124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106893.
• Seu I.B., 2016. ‘The deserving’: Moral reasoning and ideological dilemmas in public responses to humanitarian communications, British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 739-755, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12156.
• Sheldon P., Antony M.G., Ware L.J., 2021. Baby Boomers’ use of Facebook and Instagram: uses and gratifications theory and contextual age indicators, Heliyon, 7(4), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06670.
• Sruoginis K., 2018. Live Video Streaming-A Global Perspective.
• Stephenson W., 1988. The Play Theory of Mass Communication, Transaction Books.
• Sun Y., Liu Y., Zhang Z., Wu L., Zhu M., Hu F., 2020. Employees’ problematic behavior of using enterprise social media: Role of visibility affordance and perspective of uses and gratifications theory, Proceedings-2020 International Conference on E-Commerce and Internet Technology, ECIT 2020, 265-272, https://doi.org/10.1109/ECIT50008.2020.00068.
• Tabachnick B.G. ., Fidell L.S., 2019. Using multivariate statistics (Seventh). Pearson.
• Wang H., Xiong L., 2022. Understanding the antecedents of mobile social media acceptance during the public health crisis maintenance stage, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102925.
• Whiting A., Williams D., 2013. Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16(4), 362-369, https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041.
• Youssef E., Al Malek M., 2023. Investigating the impact of social media platforms use among children on formal and informal learning: From the uses and gratifications theory perspective, Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 2024(2), 3026, https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i2.3026.
• Yuan F., Li M., Liu R., 2020. Understanding the evolutions of public responses using social media: Hurricane Matthew case study, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101798.
• Zhao X., Zhan M.M., Liu B.F., 2019. Understanding motivated publics during disasters: Examining message functions, frames, and styles of social media influentials and followers, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(4), 387-399, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12279.